








4 o 







* .x'^ 



K o '^'^ 






m. 






,<> -^ 




Wi. « 



■..".„ .^•^"^ .'>«^% -"-^ .^ ..-^ 







in'2911 with funding from '^'\ '^'"'•'''a>^ 



r^Me Sprary otCon^ress 



•^-o< 




^^^. 






VI 



..,.#■ 



:^^i-/ .^^\ ^!*4^^ '^^'^ 



.0^ 






.^^ .:^. 



fs^^-^ 












o. 










'*/', littp://www.arch1ve.orgy^etajlS/bQ,6kofstant^ardsuOC}h^i'' ^ ' 






National Tube Company 



BOOK OF STANDARDS 



USEFUL INFORMATION 

CONTAINING 

TABLES OF SIZES AND 

OTHER USEFUL INFORMATION PERTAINING 

TO TUBULAR GOODS 



THE ENGINEERING DATA FOR THIS BOOK 

EDITED BY 

PROF. REID T. STEWART 



Price, $J.OO 

J902 



^sr 



^ 






1 



COPYRIGHT, 1902, BY 

NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY 

PITTSBURGH, PA. 



c| vT-^ 2- 



^-^fyj^ 



L 



ENGRAVED AND PRINTED BY 

CENTRAL BUREAU OF ENGRAVING 

NEW YORK 



^ 



'-'-- t a^ 



National Tube Company 



MANUFACTURERS OF 



BLACK AND GALVANIZED 

WROUGHT MERCHANT PIPE 

Of All Kinds in Sizes from }i to 30 inches. 

BOILER TUBES 
Of Mild Steel and Charcoal Iron 

For Stationary, Locomotive and Marine Work. 

CASING, TUBING and DRIVE PIPE 

FOR WELL PURPOSES. 

GAS and oil LINE PIPE. 

CYLINDERS, 

Lapwelded and Seamless, tested loo lbs. to 3,700 lbs., for Com- 
pressed Air, Carbonic Acid Gas, Anhydrous Ammonia, 
Etc., Etc., Etc. 

WATER AND GAS MAINS. 

CONVERSE AND MATHESON 
LEAD JOINT PIPE FOR MAINS. 

Seamless Tubes, 
Shrapnel, Projectiles and Miscellaneous Forgings, 



^ 1 d ^ 





National Tube Company 


WORKS AT 


1 MCKEESPORT . ... PENNSYLVANIA 


PITTSBURGH 




MIDDLETOWN . 




PHILADELPHIA . 




CHESTER 




OIL CITY 




ELLWOOD CITY 




CHRISTY PARK . . . 




VERSAILLES 


I 


WHEELING . 


West Virginia 


YOUNGSTOWN . 


Ohio 


WARREN 


" 


SYRACUSE . 


. New York 


COHOES 


" 


NEW CASTLE . . . . Delaware 


GENERAL OFFICE 


Frick Building, PITTSBURGH, PA. 


LOCAL SALES Ol'l'ICES 


Havemeyer Building . NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. 


420 California Street . SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. 


267 South Fourth Street . PHILADELPHIA, PA. 


Western Union Building . . CHICAGO, ILL. 


The Frick Building .... PITTSBURGH, PA. 


Nation.^l Tube Works .... ST. LOUIS, MO. 


FOREIGN OFFICE 


Dock House, Billiter Street, LONDON, E. C, ENG. 


Telegraphic Address, Tubuliform, London 


^n ' —n^ 



Preface 



In the fottcyiving tables of Standard dimen- 
sions of Tubular Goods, it has been our aim to 
group together in one book all of the dimensions 
and data pertaining to standards as manufac- 
tured by National Tube Co, at this date, 'with 
the object of making this book a practical and 
valuable aid to all users of 'Pipes, Tubes, etc. 
The use of Tubular Goods has become so ei- 
tensi<ve that a great variety of articles necessary 
for different purposes has to be manufactured, 
and a large amount of data has accumulated 
on the subject, and Tve trust that our effort to 
put this before the public in a compact form 
m)ill pro<ve of 'halue. 

We ha'oe also taken up certain subjects 
closely related to the use of pipes ^ tubes, etc, 
and furnished such general information and 
engineering data pertaining to same, as, ive 
think f ^ill be useful and appropriate in a book 
of this kind, <with the idea of popularizing such 
information that <would lead to the intelligent 
application of tubular goods for purposes ivhere 
engineering skill and judgment should be exercised. 
This data ^was prepared for publication by Prof, 
^id T, Ste<wart and is largely compiled from 
modern <well-kno<Tvn engineering authorities on 
the subjects. 



i^ 



Tables 



STANDARD DIMENSIONS 



Tubular Goods 



AS MANUFACTURED 
BY THE 



National Tube Co. 



^^^T L. I* H "^ 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



^ 



t-i P- 



II 



T-l Olir-lOOO-^OOOiCSCOT-llO CQC'^T-Ht^-r-ilO IC 
C^TtH1000T-l<r>G<iCD«Di>lCOC:5C010t-C?i-U>O0i0i 



OOiCiCOOCQiOlO 
t-^CQCOlOCOOlCOOit^-rHCOOOt-C^GQOOO'iO'^^OOi 



C^CO-TH^Ot-Ot-CQCO-r-iOCOiOCi- 



O C5 ^ iO 



TH-rHO'^COCOCO'^iCCOQOO^CO^ 



COTHCiOiCOOit^QOi:CiOJ> 

O'^OCOCOOiOiOlOOOlCDOOlOCDCOT-io.-J 
l0O05OC0C00iC0i0<X)G0Q0C0«000G0'^CQ0^ 
Oi-l-rHCOlOC»^OCOi>COOOJ>OiOiOOi>OJ.- 



CQ CO Oi 

CO o o 



T-HCQC0^}:-0iC:?»O( 



GOOOOCJOi-rHC^CO-rHOO-r-l 

QOOit-^iOOO-xHiOOTH->-Hi:D^lOOOJ-rt<<:DO 
(^JCvJlOlO^DlOOCOCOCiC^iOOCOOt^OCiCO 
i-lO'iCOOOOCOTHOO'^xtH^iOCJCDCO^O^t- 



CO 

O COOD 

i-^ CO 



lO->*05-<:t<CiOilOOO^OC5?DOOC<>01xHCOCOCDC5000i 
^^^JO0000C0iO05l0C0^-*O^iOC0t-t-i>l00i 
OO-rSiOCiOC^JCOO-^t-OTHO-rHOOOOOO'^iOCD 



05i:0'r-l0505-^lO0i-^0?CDCDi>G0i>C0»0O00 0'>C01O 
t-OiO^COCiCOTHCOOCOOiOCOOt-T-llOOlCOt^THiO 
CQ?DT-iC0 07-rHC505^O05i0-t-it-'^000iO(?-">J:-0iO 



05CO'<*OlO'*'<#i>«Di>?D050- 



C? Tti CD lO lO 



Oi'^COC?TjHi>OOt-t-CDOOCDOOiOlOCOT-iJ>0000 
COCOOSC-'JC^'^COt-iCOCDCD-^OJO-^COC^OOCOt-'OO 
WCO^CDQOOCOCOO^OiOOiOOOOOiOlOOO 



■i-lT-lC?C<?C0C0^^i0Ot-i>00OTH03 



iOOlCOOiOOOlOiOOOOOCOiOl010»0000 
^10COOOOCOCOOiC00010010010COCOCDCDt-i>£- 



TH-rH-r-lT-l(??(MC0^'^lOlOCDt-000iOT-IC> 






TH-rH-r-lWCMCOCO^'^lOCOt-OOOSOi-IO? 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



^ 



^ 



^~. 



COT-iOiCOTHOOCOO'>1000C?01000CO':DCQO?-?*<'-i 

oi<;o-rHO'?^'*oiooo5ooiOT-H»OTt<i-ioiOi<;ocooio 
o■T-l(^?coTtn:oooO'^(^^ot-^(^>■rH-rt^-H^.-coT-lC5 



TH(MCOC0^10CDGO-rHO'>-*CDOi 



00-r-(C<J'<*i:-0')t-GaC^1000^COT-iOi^«D-*0'r*H 



0?C:?101CCO»OCOCOCOCiO'?CDOCOOt-<lDC-">COCDOO 
THO?CO»OOOCOT-iGOThl'*i:0>005COCO^CD^i>i>«3 






^: 



CQ0?O-^000S01t^i>00'*01 

cooicot-cooi05i:ooo'>o»oci' 



i O t- CO lO. O -rH ^ 
c:? CD T-l iO 05 CO tH 
' -rH O 00 Oi O O Ci 



(?3?OTH010iT-ilCOiTH(?3COi;DJ>COt-COiO!DOOC?lC 
i>05 0?C00iC0T-lC05DC00i«0©0Oi>-i-H1001C0J>»0 
CQO-rH«OOJ-i-iCQ05'*005iCTHi>-^OOOiOO?i>0 



OC0i>0ii>G^^C0THO'<ti'r-l-r-!Oi0i>OOOOO 

0(WCQ'^iooooiO(?5oooc<?'^<:oj:^cooooc>o 

T-lT-l-r-i^-i-li-iTHCiO^CJCOCOCOCOCO^lOlOiOlOlO 



iO'rt<THC?CD-rHC>'J-^C010C300000COT-i»OlOlOOO 
OOiC^J^COlOt-OJCOT-iOSlO-^OOi-llOC^CQCQiOiO 
CQO^-'^lOt-OSO'i^OiCOQOCOOOOiOOl^COCDCOt-t- 



T-l-pHT-lC<)C3C0C0-*'*l0Oi>G005T-i 



iCOiOOOiOOOiOiOOOOOCOiOlCiOtOOO 
O-^t^'^lOi-HCOO^-t-OOOO'lDCiCQCQCQOlO 

'>*iio«ooooco<:Da5coooir50iooio<x>cDOi;oi>j> 



■i-iT-i->-i-t-ic-"?c^cO'*^icici;oi>oooiOC} 



i-lT-lTHCQO'iCOCO-*'*»C«Di>OOOSOCi 



5-S 



o 2^ 



"Ha 
"So 



T3-a 
"* fc OJ 

> !- 2 

o o 2 

oj oi 3 



el's c> 

o Ci «J 

^- d a 

"Sai- 
ls-- 
IS 3 






'S 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY 



to 

c 
o 

u 
CO 

3 



I 

CO 

I 

8 
g 



^ 





G 
1 


^ ^ -r-i th -r-i th 00 : c c - ^ : : :: 

■I— 1 -rl 1— 1 1— 1 tH T- 1 


Nom.Wgt. 

per ft. 

lbs. 


-^ lO C5 00 i:© lO 00 CO C5 T-H 00 03 
t-TtlCDOi-^OOlOt-^lO-rHi-tCOCD 


^C.OOOCOOO,OOg.|^g^gg^ 


en 
OS 

PS 

> 


3 2 


J:-COJ>CSJOCOC0^050C5T-Hi>10'* 
O0?Q0^O00t-0>i>00lC-*Oi0O 
lOt-OiOOiCOOiOt-T-iCOCOQOlCCO 


tHt-H HWxtHlO^DOOOiTHlOOOTH 
1-1 tH T-KM 


u 
a; 


Oi-i(Mi:DOii>^Oi>t-OiOiCDT-iTH 


T-iC^'^iO£-OiO.>OOJ>i:- 
tH TH C5 00 


X 

W 


'*ooo-*lCO«^^■--^':D^lOcD(^^^o 

iOCOlOCDCOCOOSCQCDOCOOt-CDW 
lOOOCO-rHOO'^'^'tOtOCSCDCOrtHCD'^ 


T-iWC^^COOi03lOOi'*'*iO00 
tH 1-1 1-1 C5 CO ^ iO 


u 

Di 
U 


13 
c 

S-H 


£-0^000^^<XiCOOJt--^10t-00 
CC>O?-^00i— lOOi— it-COlOOiOr-iiCOS 
t-CoSt-^OiOT-HlOOOi-it-CO-^lC 


THrHC5CO'*10£>OOOii-IC^10QOrH 
1-1 tH 1-1 1-1 O? 


X 


OlOS-^iOCii-iC-'^CDCDt-OOt'COiO^O 
C0C0C0i-ii:0?0C005C0C0Ot:-i-i»00i 
CD C5 1-H O? 05 -* O 05 lO TH i> ^_ 00 CJ o 

CcJcO^»OlOi>050G<>'^iOJ:-OCOf^ 
i-Ii-ItHtHtH(??0?03 




a; 
Pi 


OO-^^OOCOWOQOC^CQOOOIOIOIO 
CQCOCOCO^^iO«DCD<»i>l>000000 






13 

CI 

1-1 

(3 


^CQi>iooOTH»o-^<:oi:0'#co»oioio 

--^iC^OOOOOOOSlOOOi-lCOCOCOC-t-t^ 
CQ-rJH10000^i>C^i>T-lJOOOOOOOO 


T-lrHi-lCiC^COCO^^lCCD 


13 

c 


OOiOOOiCiOOOOOOOiOiOlO 
ODOCOCDOSCOOOiOOOOiCOCDCO 


T-li-lT-Hi-lC5C^CO^-#iO»OOi>00 


i 


^^ N^X "i^ ':^ X 

i-l-iHT-l<M<MCOCO-*^»OCDi>00 

• 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



"^ 









t-lO^CQ-r-l<:D00i^T-IC<J£>'^00iC»O 
lO Oi «D ^ CO C5 oi tH 1-1 -rH tH 



»C 05 '^ i> i> tH CO 
lO^OO^-i-IC005»0'r^«000£>0'<:tH 
lOCOOSCOOCOCOOOlOOt'-'XilOlO-* 

TtH CO C3 G<? CQ -r-i tH -rH 



THT-li-lC5C3COCO'^'*lOCDi>00 



5^ 






CO CO -* 00 OJ CO 05 -to 
COOii>lO-rHO'?OCOt-iOC0^00501COOSO^OS -Ci 

•x^ 05 oot-i oo ioo5 :o coth ooo£-co lo lo-* CO -co 



OOC505£-iO^COO? 



»0 05 -* i> t- -nH CO J> lO 'OS 
'^ i> CD lO '^ O O T-H T-i CO OS lO -tH CO 00 t- O ^ 05 iO • Oi 
T^i O CO »0 CO Oi CO O CO CO O Ci 00 t- CD O JO "^ CO CO -a 



OSt^lO-TjHCOC^O^C^THTH-r-l 



■rHt-<i-l(?5C^COCO'*^iOCDi>00050 



w 




CL, 


tn 


PLH 


rr 


h 


!7J 


K 


;-H 


O 


a 














n 


OJ 


D^ 


a 


<i 


E 


Q 






rG 


H 


be 

C 

0) 


C/5 



< w 



hJ C/5 



0500t-0^00?>-rHOOOS 

CD»C'<*iCDi>coiOlO»000^'3<»OCO'Tt<t-0500'*i-l 

(^JlOi>.rHCDCDi>COOOlOCMOOSOOi>CO»O^^COCOCO 



^Ot-CD'^CO<N:>5T-HTHT-l-rH 



»OOi^i>i>T-iCOJ>101005 

-^r-cDio^ooi-iTHC005)0^cDooi>o^asiC(??oi 

'^OCOlOOOiCOOCOCOOOSOOt^CDiOlO'^COCOCOW 



Oii>»0-rt<COO?C?C?-r-lr-lTH 



T-l-i-l-i-KMCQOOCO-^^iCCOt-OOOSO-rHOi 



B^ 



^ 



NATIONAL STUBE COMPANY 



6n 



U 111 



9 ill 



^ 



Si 






(51 




1^ 


ggS^S^g§8^^gHg8ig§3Bg^^ 




0')C.'?COCO-*^^lOX>«OOCDC:.t-00010")OOOC^O 



■rH -r-l T-^ T-H T-W rH i?C> O? C5 <^:j CQ CO CO ^ Ol! CO o"i 

COO»000:0}>OO^COCOOOO»0-*COO'?THlOt- 

COCiCOt^TH^t-^»Ot-CDi:~CiOOi>O^OOCO<»0 

•OOOT-lC0CDCl-*Ci-rHO00C0 0'>«0^-05-i-iai^ 

CO 

-*i0i:Di>C0CiO<7''?C0C0i0'*f>Ci00i>O-rHCil0 

T-lTHT-lTH-,-(-rHT-l-rH-,-lT-l-rHCQT-lC3 

oajOicno-rHiOcocD^^QOooiOoooooooooooo^ 

t-OC0«D05<M^C000OO0")(^JC0-^^^^t01Oi> 
CiCiCiOCQCDOiOT-HCiCit-i^CDCOCOOCDt-i-CQ 

COTtHOi>OOOi-r-<C5-*lOlC£-J>05-r-3-r-J-rHTHCOCOo6 
T-lT-lTHT-lT-H-rH-r-l'rHO.'JC^C^G^CiOlC^ 

^>■rH100:C<>OO-*00C0t-£^T-l■^^G^?Oxt^l00i'* 
TH05-*'aiCDT-i^--*CiT-i-rHCDt^00C0O0J00»O0iC: 
J>-C010C01C-*<>?C5O10C0C0-*J>i;D0iC0O0iC0<:0 
^T-l05i>^GQOf>10C30000i>100?05^C'?0000 

Ol-^OliOOCOi-iOOit^C-COCOOOCOCOCOCOGiCiO 

coiocoojT-HC5X)':oiococoo?c-"?oo50sciCii>i>io 

O00CD'*CQ0it-10C0-rH-rHC501t-^^xhi'*CQ0:?00 
£- i> 00 05 O O -i-H C5 CO ^" ^* ^ '^ lO ?© CD <aD CD i> t^ 00 



COG<?05<?3tH^t-<0 



CD CI CI • CO 1-1 



i0050505000^^t-<COt-iCOOOOOi-iOOO 
OSOOOOJC^C^COCO^O^O^'^Ol^O 
OTHT-l-rHT-l-i-ll-l-rHTH-rH(MT-lCJl-lT-l-rHC<JCO 



CO CSi CD 
JO (?? lO 

T-l 05 tH 



C305C^ C?CQGO^CO^'*^J>CO t-C'iOO 

CDaOCOOO-rHCDT-iCOOOf-iCiCD'*0»OCD10lCOO'^00 
O0?»Otr-O3^iCt'-Ci0?O'<*lC0i>0i00t-CDi-IOC0 



a 


C^«(^^C5COCOCOCOCO^TtlTJ^-*'rt^-^TT^^^10lOlO 


<u 


c5§^ ^§tH ^Sot^t^ C^cicQoiSS 


>< 
U 


03C<iCQC0C0C0C0xH'<*-^"riH'*'*lOlOiOiOlOiOlCCD 



CQ O? CQ CJ CO CO'CO CO^'^'^^^'^iOiOlOlOlOiOiC 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



?^ 



NM XM3 N^o \^ \^ ^^"^ "^30 Vl<~^ "^ \jt<V^\jJ< .M\50 \00\90 \(M\(M\(N\!M 



^3* 



^ Q 









\^ o 



^\tH\i-I\ I >-l\ i-lX iH\i-l\r-l\.-l\-H\i-N 

-lT-l-r-l-<r«^THTtl-rH'*T-lT-(THT-lT-lT-l 



Oi050005Git-iOJ>--r-lOiGit--^C?OOOOOCQlO-^OiT-t 



C0C0^C0^-*C0i0^-^«0^?0£>^aD:0t-OC5C0^ 



10C5QOiOC5COOO•rt^-*C500-r-lO-l-lOCO^>'*00^-lCOO 
i>t-C30t:-it-OiO?T-iiOCOCOlOOOOCOO:)TjHt^i>0 0?iO 
lOC-iCOOiCOCOOCQ-^lOCiCOCOCOOOTHiOOOt-CQO 



"rtl ^ '^ O'i <N CQ 10 
i> t- t- C- i> £- 00 

O? C<? O? ^ '^ ^ -^ 






oo:> 

^ CO o co^ 

»0 O T-H t- Ci 



w 







•. 


a 


(1) 






« 


fl 


w 


' ' 


fy 












D 


"]_ 


u 


ti) 


r^ 








U 


w 



■rH CO i:- c? 1:0 t- c.> 
Tj< i:- CO Ci t- £- o 
C^ «D ^ O"? CO 1— I to 
10 rt< T-i i^ 10 CO 00 



oot^io-^co^-^-^ 

OSCOOilOtOC^OCO 
O'? CQ Oi O ?0 lO Oi ^ 



T-H T-(i>05 O 
i:- CO '^ 00 
OOOO C? CO Ci 



to rH 

cc 01 
CI o 
00 CO 



O O O CO CO CO -r-l 
»0 iO lO T-l tH T-H 05 
00 00 00 00 00 00 Ci 



■I-I1CCOCOCDCDCO-* 
OiJOCOCOOlOSOit- 
OiOi-Hi-lOOOOi 



■X) 00 Oi tH C5 
-rH 10 05-«* 00 



-* 10 

CQ CO 

1-1 03 



COO-rHCQCOOOOOOO-T-iOiOOST-lOT-lCOCO-rHxHO? 
0?i>t-OCOOO^GOOiJOOOC5r>>00-rHOOt-0005 
CiC<iC3-rHC?CQ-r-IC<iT-iT-l05T-H05i?3-r-lWC^C."i(?5C3C5 



-^Ot-OOSOlOCOiOixMlOt-O'JOt-^^t-O^COCO 
0iCDl000T-i'>:t<^O;0T— lOOCDCDOO-^t^OlOiiOCO-rH-rH 

lOioiocococococot-t-t-oooooooo'oioTHoJco^io 

10 10 10 10 10 10 iO 

oi c^ CQ c? C5 05 '^J 

zo zQ 1^ zo (^ (^ ^ 

?000?DCD«Dt^i>J>0000000000050-r-lC.'iCO^lCCD 



^ ^ 


8 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 


National Tube Co. Standard Line Pipe. 


1 




.c 


u^^i 








Si 


^h^' 


O fl rt 

^5 




11 

2p 


III 




ill 
2^ 5 




. 1 


HI 

2 




2 


2.375 


.154 


3.609 


nu 


8 


8.625 


.281 


25.00 


8 


2J^ 


2.875 


.204 


5.739 


8 


8 


8.625 


.322 


28.177 


8 


1 3 


3.5 


.217 


7.536 


8 


9 


9.625 


.344 


33.701 


8 


3J^ 


4. 


.226 


9.001 


8 


10 


10.75 


.2865 


32.00 


8 


4 


4.5 


.237 


10.665 


8 


10 


10.75 


.3145 


35.00 


8 


4}^ 


5. 


.246 


12.49 


8 


10 


10.75 


.366 


40.065 


8 


5 


5.563 


.259 


14.502 


8 


12 


12.75 


.340 


45.00 


8 


6 


6.625 


.28 


18.762 


8 


12 


12.75 


.375 


48.985 


8 


7 


7.625 


.301 


23.271 


« 












National Tube Co. Standard Oil Well Tubing. | 


J3 0) lU 




11 


be <A 


B <u 


B^% 

SI a 




1i 
'1% 


m 


oil 

aS'o 


^-p 


^^ 


g4 




^ 5 


^H 


§^.a 


m 


2 


2.375 


.1725 


4. 


nVq, 


41^ 


5. 


.246 


12.49 


8 


2 


2.375 


.1935 


4.50 


11}^ 


5 


5.563 


.259 


14.502 


8 


2^ 


2.875 


204 


5.739 


11^ 


6 


6.625 


.28 


18.76 


8 


2^1 


2.875 


.221 


6.25 


llVo 


7 


7.625 


.301 


23.271 


8 


3^^" 


3.5 


.217 


7.536 




8 


8.625 


.322 


28.177 


8 


3 


3.5 


.2445 


8.50 


IIV^ 


8 


8.625 


.363 


32.00 


■8 


3 


3.5 


.2925 


10.00 


11^ 


9 


9.625 


.344 


33.701 


8 


3J^ 


4. 


.226 


9.001 


8 


10 


10.75 


.366 


40.065 


8 


4 


4.5 


.237 


10.665 


8 


12 


12.75 


.375 


49.98 


8 


4 


4.5 


.2595 


11.75 


8 












National Tube Co. Standard Drive Pipe. 


5 (U^ 


<5g 


It 

a-^ 


5 

111 


a So 


2 <D «J 

a^sa 

C oj 

2 s 


III 


11 


m 


og.!' 


2 


2.375 


.154 


3.609 


nj^ 


6 


6.625 


.28 


18.76 


8 


2^ 


2.875 


.204 


5.739 


8 


7 


7.625 


.301 


23.271 


8 


3 


3.5 


.217 


7.536 


8 


8 


8.625 


.322 


28.177 


8 


3^ 


4. 


.226 


9.001 


8 


9 


9.625 


.344 


33.701 


8 


4 


4.5 


.237 


10.665 


8 


10 


10.75 


.366 


40.065 


8 


41^ 


5. 


.246 


12.49 


8 


12 


12.75 


.375 


49.98 


8 


5 


5.563 


.259 


14.502 


8 












^ 1- -L^ 





^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



"^ 



1 
<4 



^ 



U^i 






Inc 
ter 
am 
er. 


H?; 




<^[jqQ 






__ 








rG . 




■gci 


C O, 


H?! 


sSis 


^^ 


_ 


2S5 






Inch 
tern' 
ame- 
er. 


-Hie. 




ooyP 




2<S5 






-^ .• 




-fic^ 


^^ 


«l« 


^.^i^ 


«^ 





StSS 






.CVi i 




-Sfli 


7 Inc 

Exter 

Diam 

ter. 


■* 


-w5 


-So; 


O 0, 


fl& 


< 


^ a 


'^^ 




^0. 








XI fl 1) 




-gfli 


6 Inc 

Exter 

Diam 

ter. 


-t 




- 


-go; 


-d . 
o a; 


2 a 




a a 


i^ 


^s 


^Ph 








-d c ?i 




-Sfli 


5 Inc 

Exter 

Diam 

ter. 


:^ 




1^ 


^ 


1^ 










<u 






45 












c3 












' 






03 












OJ 




w 

N 


S 












o 

CI 


OT 



d 



d^ 



<N ff* (N CO cc eo eo CO CO -rj* -^ii -* 

^' Tj< ci O 00 ■<* w" o «o' (5* 00 ■^' 
Oi-iOJCOCOOOt-OOO^CO 

THl-n-(,-H,-H,-l,-.,H,-lS<(J<(N 



00 (N o as (N 05 CO «o CO o i> ^_ 

l> lO OJ 05 l>-' 1-H Ol O -rt CO* o o 
OJOr-ci-iC<-»T*<«3J>OOOi-i 



> «3 (N OS CD 05 to M CO Oi 0« «0 
JOiOOT-lWCO'^OCOQOOi 



)ooaoaooooi050505osoo 



CO O W 05-<it 
i-iOGOi-UOOlCDOiCOeOC 



OOS(NJfl05iOC50»05 
•^■^OOOCOCDt-t- 



co' oi IN ^* t-* (J* iO 
CO CO •^ -^ Tj< W lO 



2;j3^$^s§s^^gss 



35?^ 



^^ Tfc^ 


10 




NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 




1 

8 

i 

1 


Noni.Wgt. 

per ft. 

lbs. 


Ol-rHTtH'XJOiTHt-OOtOlCQCD'^-rHlO-r-lOl 


1 

a 
o 

1 

c 
o 

l-H 

0) 

a 

it 

a 

^ be 
.2 2 

il 


r-iTHT-iTHCJWCOCOCO^'ri^lOCOt^OT-i 


pa H 
h4^ 


'I 


THO-r-l^-l-HlOC—Ot^COt^OOWOl— ll>-i> 

j>«50i-*-r-ioo?Dio<:oo?-rH000500<:oio 

^" CO C? C? O'i T-H tH tH* 1-1 tH -rH T-H T-l 


3 


OiOi>COCi000005C01C-rH001005^i>CD 
TH10^00OC»C<?00t-f>0i-rHiO-*C0C0-^ 
00040^_OiCDiCCO(?3T-;OOCOQOi>CD»C 

COC0C5(?^T— ItHt— It—Ii— It— It— iT-i 


en 
< 

CO 

> 
c« 
V. 

<l 

Pi 

h 


1 


T-l t- CO O ItO C<J 00 £- C5 -rH 

O^Ci^OOCOOO-^OiO-^Olf>00?D»Oxt^ 


THT-H-r^-rH-rHCQCOCO 




coiooocoooicaoit-t-Oic^ 

lOOt-T-fCOOTOi'^OOlCCOiXiOiOaiCiTH 
T-iOO^-rM£-COQOCOi---rH-*J>CO<:Oi>^Ti^ 
iCOOC005lOCOOOO-rHCO?D050COC?Oi 


tH tH tH Ci CO 




^CQT-iCO?DT-Hi>«DCOOOTH 

10t-J>10-rHOOOC5G010-r-HO?D'^l0^10 
OOCQCDO^i>OCOCOOJ(r5^«DOCOt-00 
i>C<ii>^T-i05050500:jOOiCOiOO'J^ 


-r-iTHc?coco^iot-oooi-rHC5icoiaooo 


w 
u 
2; 
w 
oi 
w 
fa 

U 

P!j 

u 


73 

u 


iCO»OT-l<:0(W0i'*O':D03i>'<#iO00C0-* 
-*C0i-HOG0t-?Dl0^i0xH0^C^01i^.T-ll0 
10CO-r-lOii:D^-t-lOSi>-r^C^Ot-(?3i>OOC5 


CQCO'^-^lOCOt-t'GOCiO-r-l-rHCO^t-O 

-r-l T-l T-l tH T-l -rH C^ 


13 


O^t-C^OOCOOl-^OiOOCD-rHOt-OOO-rH 
^0?TH050DC010C005THO:GOCDCOOlOOi 
■rHOJt-^C^OOOCD-^WOSt-lOT-lt'OOCB 


COCO'^lOOi-t-OOOSOOi-iW-^lOOOT-i 

tH-tHi— It— IT-Hi— It— i05 


W 
u 

5 

h 




COCOCOCOCOCOC<JCQOTT-lTHT-lOOOiOOOO 


w- 


I0i0i0ici0i00i0i05000'*^00i0l0 
05C»35050105000 0'?(?}OiCOCO'*i:OCO 


pi 
w 
h 
W 

< 

Q 


Q 


1— lO-i— ICOt— lOOOCOOOTHCO-rHCOCOOt^ir- 
OOOCOiOCOOCQiOt-OCQiOt-Cii>CDCD 


rH-rHT-l-rHC<)C^C?0?C0C0C0C0^'^lO<:D 


d 
d 


^:^;^ :^^;,<^ :^::^„^ ^ 

i-i-pHT-lT-H05C5C<)C<?C0C0C0C0-*-^l0Oi> 





^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



:^ 



I 



^ 



Nom.Wgt. 

per ft. 

lbs. 


gggoogoooooooooo 


COCD-r-HitiGOO'J'lDOlOCOlOGOCCiTHOit- 


if 


1 

£3 


00C."i00C5Oi0C0'*J>Cit-0S'*T-lOO 


in 


'*^_COCO0^C:?C5O?C^C<J-r-lTHT-H-rHTHT-l 


w 

V) 

a; 
w 
> 

< 




T— 1 00 05 tH 
005C>'J^'*10i>C5COOOCOCOOO-r-ll005 


'^^?Dt^G0OOi-HC0l005C0i>O0?'rt< 
■r-i-rH-rH-r-lT-lC5 05COCOCO 




^ Ci-r-l 05 
OCQOSOOCOOSO-'iO^-f-IO^OO^^T-lCO 

1— lT-^T^T-lT-lCQ(^^C0-Tt^lOlO«0 




10 i>0 CO 

CDrH-^C0OC0^rHOJ>?0C00iC0l0«0 
C?CDOO-rHi>01i>0-*-rHTHC005i>-00 


OC000100t)0■7C0?C■n-l-*Tt^oCQOlO^D 

l0^^>C0^C0l0t-oS-?^00^0C0l-^O 

T-i-i-iT-l-rHCQCQ00CO^lOCDi> 


o 
12; 
w 

w 




CDCOOiOOIO-^CDOI^OJOCOiOOOCQ 
O-r-l-rHT-lC^eO^'rJHlOt-GOOSOCOCOOO 


^^8?§^^^^^;SS§?3g^S5S 


s 


Otl^iX)OOOS-r-IO-)-^100iCQ1000-r-ltCQO 

cot'T-iinco-*Goc5«0'TjHcoT-iOioocD'* 

-r-lO^-x^llOOOOGST-HC^lOOOT-lCOOOSC? 







^0 


^ ^ :^ 0000 

OOJ>OlO-^^COCOO?OiTHOOOOO 




THT-lC^O^C<iC50?05C?3C:jCOCOCOCOCOCO 




< 


Q 


t--*|05<:O^O^CiGOCOCOt-TH10l0101C 
<:OCC>1010»010lO^^'rt<COCOW(?^WCQ 


J>GOC10-.-iC3CO'*10i>OiT-lC01CJ:-Oi 


Q 

d 


00050t-IC<)C0^10?000005'^CDOOO 



a^ 



12 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



^ 



o 

Sw 

PQ;z; 

6 
u 

w 



^ 




^ 


, 


*i 


^ 


)-i 


o 


!u 


;z; 


o. 



tH tH T-H <>> C-> C<t 05 (M Cv> CO CO CO CO CO xt< -^ "^ Til »0 I 



W H 



r:cv 

'A Qi 
W W 



i:- (X> Oi -^ i-H i-H (^< OO O Oi CO t- «:- iO CO CO Tt< cv? 1-1 o o 



-HCOOfO->0>C<JCVjTHr-lT-lT-lr-l-rHi-lT-lTH 



CJCO«>COOlCiOi000000000000OiCOCOCOlOT-H00>C 

■.-I »o -^ 00 o o o 05 Ci CJ5 o^ c.? c» 00 r- t- J - t- oi th If? 

GO O »0 T-l O:' C5 Oi CD CO CD lO »0 lO CO 0"J CQ Ol tH o o o 



COCOC^Ot— It— It—It-HtHt-Ii— It— li— I-tHt—It-It— It-It— IrH 



tH i> CO o »o t^ <£) C<J o oo o? o »c »o »o tH 
OxH05C;)l>00>0C0C0Oi^C0C0THC0C0CD0.>t-C0T-i 
J^-^T-ICO^OOOCOOaiOiGSCJiOiOOOOi-l-rHCiOi 
C? CO xJ^ iO CD t- i> i> GO 00 00 OS O Ol O OJ CO CO -* »0 t' 



C0»000C0T-H0iO0iTHC0 10i>0'>TH00TH»OO-rH 

lO CQ t- CO xH O? CD (>!( CO JO T-H CQ JO 00 CVJ C-"? C9 -^ xH O? lO 

■I-lOO^^OiCOJO-rt^^-oo■r^T-^-r-l■^oocD^oooo?«:- 

looocooo^•rt^co(^^^-^oooioooiaioot^ai(^i^ot- 



T-l T-H O'J C<) Ci Ot) CO CO -^ Ot> CO ^ JO JO JO CD oo Ol o 



■Tt^(^JT^cocDCDCDT^•r^•r^^^^>^-CDCDCDcooOT-^ 

JCt^i>JOTHTHi-ICDCDCD000D00Oi000000JOT-lJOCD 

OOWCDOTH-^^t-r-r-OOOCOCDCDCDOJO^^CD 

t-C^t--^t-l-r-l-r-ia^050iO:.CiOiO:)0'00 0>CDO'JO 



tH T-H O"? CO 00 CO Ot) CO Ot) -^ ^ -^ JO ^- J> L- 00 OJ T-H o> 



joo»ocoooc:iTH'<dHJOi>oo3-<^JO-t-ieoiooo'^05co 

THCOT-l'rHOi(??'rHOO-rHC50-r-<C<JOOt~0005CD»OCOCO 
JOCOT-tOOJOJOxHCOCOCQ-rHOOSOOCDJO^COi-IOiCD 



CiCO-^xHJOJOJOCDCDCDC-C-COt-OOOOOOCJiOO- 



Wr-OJOOCOCOCOOiOiOi-^^^OiJOJOJOOCD-r-ICD 



COCO'^JOCDCDCDt-iOt-t-.t-t-OOOiOiOiOOT-tOJ 



COCOCOWC^THOO^THOT-IOOir-lT-IOOiOOOOS 



JOJ0l00505O'*0iO'>*O■^00OO■TH00■Ti^T^^x^^0D 
OSOiOiOOCOCOOCJCOCOCO^OiCJCOTjHCOCOCO'^ 
OOOrHT-lTHTHTH-rHT-l-rHTHr-lTHi-lT-lTHTHT-lTHT-l 



O O O Cv> CQ O O C<) O 0> O 0> '^ O O O ^ C^ C--> C<J -rtH 

•t-ICDt-iOOOOCDCiOOO-i-iGOCOCOOt-iCDCOOOOCOOOO 
OO O CO JO * - t- t- O O 0:1 O) CM Of JO l^ C^ t- Oi o.> -^ t~ 



OiC?T-ICM<MO5OiC?(MO}O3CO0t)CO 



i-lTH-i-IC<?<M(MO5(MO}O?C<lC<iC<tC0COCO0t>COC0^ 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



13 1 



H 
o 
'^ 

tn 

n 

M 

M 

o 

w 

o 
is; 

w 

C/3 



^ 



a 

o 




^flOOiCOGO^OCOOCOt-CO 
O (?.> C< JO t~ O CO tH C/D »0 O CO 

i-I T-H T-H i-H* T-! CI W CO »0 CO t- GO 


IS 
It 

is; 

u u 


'Ji 

P 

•-H 


•OCOCOOCO-^GOOSOSOT-tH-* 

CO O 0» O CO t^ JH CO »0 »0 i- CO 

O rt< Ci CO O? Oi i- ^ Ci CO t- t- 


-^COCOCJC^TH-r-l-rH 




iooGOTHi-r-(X)a)o-HQo^ 

Oi i-H t- lO CO Oi O O* Ci O C< Ci 
COCil-COOt~COCOCO(X)l^CO 


CO C? Ol 0> W 1-1 1-1 -rH 


w 

en 




OCOOOOCOOCO'-t^COlCt^OO 
COCOCO-^JOCOCOOt^OOO^ 


tH tH o"J c:> 


0) 


CD CD CS CO Oi t- t> CO CO t- JO o 

CO Ci rH CO C» Ci j'~ JO ' • ~ ' • • 
Ci> JO Ci tH 

tH tH C> 0> CO JO tH -rH T-I(M 


'5 

(Li 
W 


OOOSCSOCOtHQO 
-rt<CO-r*CO-r-ICOOTHCOCOGOGO 
OJOGOr^CO'-t^COCiGOOJ-^^JO 
C5 CO '^ O l~ JO -t< 'Ttl tH t- CO J.- 


T-l rH 0< O CO -f CO -t * ~ tH CO 
tH T-H C^ 0> 


W 

u 

W 

w 
fa 
IS 

D 
O 

5 


5 


t- CO CO GO ^ C5 -H I- T-l CO CI 
CO O? 0< O Oi t- CO '^ tH GO CO ^ 
Ci JO I- JO C^ O GO CO lO O JO CO 

OCJ CO CO -rfH JO CO CO O) C> -H JO CO 

■t— 1 tH tH 1— 1 


c 

u 


^COOJOOCOi-HO.'JOCOCOCi 
CO C? C<? O C5 t- CO CO JO O Ol 1 - 
JOTHCOT-l(X)CO-*OCOOi'+lO'i 


CO -^ -H JO JO CO I- O CO -H CO t- 
tH T-l rH tH 


5 




cococococoeococ<?ooc5os 




iiiiiiil^H^ 






1 


JO (>t JO JO JO JO lO } - C> C> -IH -H 

CO C"i iX) CO GO CO CO JO -X-OJ JO o 
Oi-HT-H'+lcOCiT-ICOCl-tlCiO* 


■^■t-HrHT-i-rHO'iC.'iCO'+l-HJO 




T-l■r^■r^■^-tT-^(M<^?<^»'rJ^Ti^lOlO 



0X3 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



^ 





Nominal 

Weight 

per Foot. 

Pounds. 


C?CO'TjH10«Ot-COOO-r-:-r-('*'* 




■rH -i-H tH <?:) 








i 

en 
(« 

> 
en 
tz; 

« 


3 


«001COt-050C010C?^-r-iO 






lib 

c 


13 
a; 


OOt-iC<)COCO»OCOOOOCO^ 


3 

^ 


tHt-IO? 


H 


X 

U 




^ 


T-H T-l T-H CO 






1 

8 


u 

'Z 
bi 

o 

6 


G 


t-TH^OOr-ICJCDt-COlOT-HiO 


T-l T-H T-l o-:> C^ C-> C3 CO CO ^ lO 


H-1 

i 


G 
X 


OO-rHCOOOSOSWOit-lOCJCO 

^:-^>lX>loco^'*Oi<^^'r^T-lOo 

■i-ll001CO«Dl>i-lO?05THi>0"? 


■rHT-l-,-HCiC;j(NOOCOCO^^O 


1 




w 
u 

5 
h 


(NC5t-COCOCOCOCOC5GilOO 
i>t-i>0O0OQO0O0O0O0OCiC^ 
OOOOOOOOOOOtH 












5 


G 
G 


C010J>00£-OCOOOi>CO-rH<:D 
(JiCO'^lOiXit-OOOOOTHCOt- 




^^T-H^ 




s 

X 

W 


lO O lOO O lOO 
OO § § ^ ^_ 00 O O ^_ CO § o 
r-I T-i -M tH tH C^ 













"O 






rt t-,G 


x^ 




h D-G 


1—1 1—! 










h " 










minal 
eight 
Foot, 
unds. 


T-l O 




C"? CO 




oi^^P 


o-jco 




^^^d. 














C5 0? 






oj 


C5 O'? 












CO 


0) 


CO Oi 




Cd 


§ 


«5 Ol 




















s 


00 00 




w 


o t- 




Cfi 


coco 




« 




Oil.-- 




w 




<^ T-H 






G 






en 


' — ' 


-1 — i 


. 


(Tj 


00-* 


?i 


Oi 




lOCO 




H 


Vh 


CO -r^ 


£ 






^-iOI 


Si 




w 




1 




u 

w 


G 


T-l i:d 


fn 








Oi 00 




G 


C? CO 




'"' 










^ 




G 


■rHlO 

CO-rH 


n 


oi 


0) 




J3 


o 


tS 


-*" iC 










lO 




^ / 


lO t- 




"-^En 


t'OO 




K" 


00 T-* 




^CQ 




h^ 












13 

G 


lO 






oc^ 






^ 05 






(D 


05 W 














c 


y^ 




«" 


1 — 1 






. 






w 




lO 




H 


G 


T-l ItO 




u 


IJ 


• CO :o 




< 


X 


tH T-l 




Q 


w 






















CTj 








G 


^ 






H 


tH 1— 1 






o 








z 





ff — 




^^^^ 




NATlONAIv TUBEi COMPANY. 


15 .F 


STANDARD DIMENSIONS OF COUPLINGS 




FOR 




STEAM, GAS AND WATER PIPE, 1 


j 
1 


BIyACK AND GAI^VANIZED. 




1 Size of 


Nominal 


Nominal 


Nominal ^ 


Average 


! Pipe, 


Inside 


Outside 


Leng-th i Thread 


Weig-ht of 


1 Nominal 


Diameter 


Diameter 


of per Inch of 


Coupling" 


' Inside 
Diameter 

Inches. 


of 
Coupling- 


of 
Coupling- 


Coupling Screw 

1 


in Pounds 


Inches. 


Inches, 


Inches. 




'A 


ii 


H 


^ 1 27 


.035 


X 


if 


H 


if ! 18 


.050 


H 


f^ 


% 


1% 1 18 


.080 


Vz 


ft 


V^ 


1^ 1 14 


.14 


H 


If 


lA 


1>^ 


14 


.25 


1 


Hi 


m 


1^ 


11>^ 


.42 


IX 


1^ 


2 


2>^ 


11>^ 


.63 


i>^ 


IX 


2X 


2/8 


n/z 


.86 


2 


2,V 


2ff 


2^ 


ny. 


1.38 


^% 


2M 


S/ir 


2/8 ; 8 


1.90 


3 


3X 


3M 


^% i 8 


2.67 


3>^ 


m 


4^ 


W, 


8 


3.90 


4 


Hi 


5tV 


^ys 


8 


4.40 


4>^ 


4X 


HI 


m 


8 


4.70 


5 


6A 


6X 


^% 


8 


8.50 


6 


6H 


73% 


^H ' 8 


9.70 


7 


m 


8A 


4^ 8 


11.10 , 


8 


8/8 


9X 


4^ 


8 


13.60 


9 


9tV 


10x\ 


5>^ 


8 


17.40 


i 10 


lOyV 


11>^ 


6>^ 


8 


31.10 


t ^1 


iHf 


12M 


6>^ 


8 


83.20 


12 


12tV 


18^ 


6>^ 


8 


44.20 


13 


13H 


ISi^i. 


6t\ 


8 


49.20 


■ 14 


14|| 


163/8 


6A 


8 


61.00 


! 15 


15H 


__17if 


6A i 8 


64.00 


1 






^inp=^ 




rS 



i^ — 




^ 


16 


NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 


if 


STANDARD DIMENSIONS OF COUPLINGS 




FOR 


t 




REGULAR CASING. 


■ 1 

1 


Size of 


Nominal Nominal Nominal 




Average 


Casing-. 


Inside Outside i^eng-tli 


Thread 


Weig-ht of 


Nomiual 


Diameter Diameter ^f 


per Inch of 


Coupling 


Inside 


of i_ of Couolina- Screw 


in Pounds 


Diameter 


Coupling- 


Coupling- 




Inches. 


Inches. 


Inches. Inches. 


i 


'^U 


IJi 


m 'h\ ' 14 


.93 


2 




2X 2X 1 14 


1.20 


2X 


2II 


2M 2X 1 14 


1.62 


2K 


2i| 


S% 3 14 


1.66 


2^ 


2|| 


3i§- 3 14 


2.00 


3 


sA 


3^ 33a, 14 


2.42 


3j4 




h\ of^ 14 


2.50 


3>^ 


3ii 


43V ^T% 14 


2.66 


3^ 


3|4 


4>^ 3^3^ 14 


2.90 


4 


^i 


4H 0^ ! 14 


3.71 


4X 


m 


5 35^- ! 14 


3.949 


4K 


4if 


53V , ^H 


14 


4.156 


^U 


4it 


5>i 3>^ 


14 


4.726 


6 


5A 


5fl 4>^ 


14 & 111^ 


5.146 


5t% 


5^ 


6^V 4>^ 


14 & ily. 


5.936 


5>^ 


51^- 


HI i 41^ 


14 & ll>i 


7.480 


6X 


^i^ 


7/^ 41^ 


14&lli^ 


8.40 


^H 


^fi 


7^ 4^ 


14 & 11>^ 


9.30 


1% 


7|f 


4 1 ^H 


14&11>^ 


11.60 i 


m 


7ff 


m : 5>^ 


11^ 


14.60 


8X 


8M 


9|| . 6}i 


11>^ 


16.40 


8>^ 


i 


m ^H 


11>^ 


16.60 


,^>f 


lOt;^ Q}i 


11>^ 


23.70 


lOX 


lox 


iiH &ys 


UK 


25.10 


io>^ 


10f# 


llff Q/s 


11/^4 


28.00 


11>^ 


iifl 


12p 6^^ 


11 J^ 


29.40 


12>^ 


12|f 


14" 6V^ 11 1^' , 


38.40 


13^ 


13p 


15J. 6>^ i IIW 


40.20 


14>^ 


14% 


16^ 6>i llj^ i 


58.00 


16K 


15X 


17X , eyi, 11>^ i 


60.00 







fp — 

■ \ 


-sf 






NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY.' 


17 ■ 


^ 






i 

1 


' STANDARD DIMENSIONS OF COUPLINGS ^1 


\ 




FOR 


{ 


\- 




LINE PIPE. 




1 

1 Size of 


Nominal 


Nominal 'nominal 


Averag-e 


Pipe. 


Inside 


Outside Length Thread 


Weig-ht 


j Nominal 


Diameter 


Diameter ^,^- per Inch of 


of 


r Inside 


of 


of |f.^««ii«o- Screw 


Coupliiiff 


Diameter 


Coapliusr 


Coupling- 


; 


in Pounds 


' Inches. 


Inches. 


Inches. 


Inches. 




X 


M 


M l^s 18 


.09 


Ks 


It 


F : i>^ 18 


.12 


% 


If 


Hi ^ 1^ 14 


.24 


H 


H 


1^ 1 2>^ 14 


.39 


1 


Ht 


IH i 2^ 11^ 


.53 i 


IX 


1>2 


2^ ! 3 UK 


1.07 ] 


' i>^ 


Iff 


2i|- ' 3 ll.?^2' 


1.14 j 


2 


2^ 


27^ 1 33^ 11^ 


2.33 


2>^ 


2M 


3M 


4X 


8 


3.08 


1 3 


3^V 


4/s 


4>^ 


8 


3.97 


i ^% 


33^ 


4ii 


4X 


8 


6.00 


' 4 


4^^ 


^h 


4X 


8 


6.30 


^>^ 


m 


5H 


43i< 


8 


8.60 


5 


5X 


6^8 


5ji< 


8 


11.60 


6 


6t% 


7if 


5^8 


8 


14.00 


7 


7i^ 


8>^ 


5^ 


8 


16.00 


I ^ 


m 


9>^ 


^^ 


8 


23.70 


1 9 


m 


l^i^ 


6t% 


8 


26.00 


10 


lOH 


llji 


6>^ 


8 


39.50 


11 


11^8 


127/^ 


m 


8 


42.80 


12 


12tV 


13/s 


m 


8 


46.10 ; 


13 


13H 


15^ 


^T^ 


8 


65.60 1 


14 


141! 


\m 


7A 


8 


71.00 ' 


^ 15 


15H 


I'M 


7A 


8 


76.20 


t 






. FI?^ 













r*~. 




If 


' 18 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY- 


STANDARD DIMENSIONS OF COUPLINGS 


FOR 




DRIVE PIPE. 




Size Of 


Nominal 


Nominal 


Nominal 


. 


Averag-e 


Pipe, 


Inside 


Outside 


Leng-fh 


Thread 


Weig-ht of 


Nominal 


Diameter 


Diameter 


of 


per Inch of 


Coupling- 


Inside 


of 


of 


Coupling Screw 


in Pounds 1 


Diameter 


Coupling- 


Coupling- 






Inches. 


Inches, 


Inches. 


Inches. 




1^ 


Jg 


2Ji- 


2% 113^ 


1.07 


1^ 


M 


2/8 


11^ 


1.15 


2^^ 


2^ 


3li 


11>^ 


2.53 f 


2>^ 


3-y 


4% 


8 


3.40 


3 


3M 


4i 


41^ 


8 


3.88 


3^ 


3|f 


4x6 


8 


6.12 


/' 


%%. 


4t% 


8 


6.30 


4K 


5tb 


4fH 


8 


7.00 


5^^ 


5JI 


^Te 


5j3g 


8 


8.50 1 


6 


6te 


sS 


5t% 


8 


13.10 


7 


7M 


5th 


8 


15.50 


8 


8M 


^^ 


6/^ 


8 


23.80 


9 

10 
11 


lotl 

11% 


iifl 
12% 


eH 1 8 

6|^ 1 8 


25.20 
39.50 
42.80 


12 


12/5 


13% 


7>| 8 

7% 1 8 


46.10 : 


13 


im 


15x% 


68.00 


14 


i4e 


1«% 

173/8 


71.00 i 


15 


15|| 


7>| ! 8 


76,20 1 


STANDARD DIMENSIONS OF COUP 


LINGS 


FOR 




TUBING. 




i Size of 


Nominal 


Nominal 


Nominal 




Averag-e 


1 Tubing-, 


Inside 


Outside 


I^eug-fh 


Thread 


Weig-ht of 


;, Nominal 


Diameter 


Diameter 


of 


per Inch of 


Coupling" 1 


1 Inside 


of 


of 


Coupling- 


Screw 


in Pounds 


' Diameter 


Coupling 


Coupling- 








I Inches. 


Inches. 


Inches. 


Inches. 






1>I 


IK 


23^ 


m 


UK 


1.07 


1-|| 


If 


m 


UK 


1.14 


2 


2l5V 


3t* 

4>| 


iiK 


2.33 


2% 


2-i| 


3>| 


113^ 
113/2 


3.14 


3 


3i 


43«J 


43^ 


3.99 


3>^ 


4i-i- 


43^ 


8 


6.00 


4 


4^ 


5i% 


4% 


8 


6.30 i 


4>^ 


4|| 


II 


41^ 


8 


8.60 


5^^ 


534 


s 


8 


11.60 ! 


i 6 


6^ 


7*1 


8 


14.00 1 


, 


" 1 







^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



19 



"^ 






T-l Tl 00 



S 

I 

Oh 
< 

H 



H-1 

Oh 
CO 



•3dld JO 

•a 'o ^o-Bxa 


c' " 


-<1' 


iO 


CO 


t- 


00 


o e* 


•0^9 'SJloa 

9did ;qSn 
JO ;ooj J9d 


3° 


«5 


00 


05 






O 1-1 

5i S 


O 

O 
(1) 
















•saSuBU 

JO JlBd 

JO :^IlSI^^ 


^ 


« 


2 


g 


% 


^ 


g 2 


snog 

JO 9ZIS 


1^ 


^ 


:^ 


i^ 


^ 


;^ 


;§!: ^ 


■stuog 
joq^Suai 




? 


^ 


lO 




S 


o ? 


•S9IOH nog 
JO 9j:^u90 


i^ 


S 


S 


^ 


f 


1 


« in 


•qSubi^ ui 
S9IOH iiog 
JO jaquitijvi 


■* 


•^ 


■^ 


•<*< 


?o 


«D 


o 00 


•9SUBI^ 

JO qtiH 
jossauJioiiiJ, 


« g 


g 


g: 


(M 


I 


I 


o* eo 


•aSutJXH JO 

ao 


1" 


g 


Ol 


1 


^ 


i 


f E 


•spua -Id 

'adfd JO joo^ 
J9d jqSpAV 


J CO 




-. 

<£>' 




o 




S 83 
2 %\ 


•9jnSS9J(I 

aj^S 


3^ 


§ 


s 


g 


s 


s 


S S 


•9dTrI JO 
^S9X IlIK 


02 O 


i 


i 


i 


i 


i 


1 1 


•9dTJ JO 

ss9a5ioiqx 


^ c 

^ " 


- 


o 


o 


05 


05 


S . 


•9dld JO 


|co 


-# 


iO 


50 


t- 


00 


O (N 



^ 



^ 



^ 



20 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



i 

a 

i 

i 



<u o 



i2 o 

3 3 



^ la 



^ "-^ '^ 
00 O > 



a-S 



PU 
PL, 

Q 

i 

< 









^a 



•9dld JO 

•Q 'o ;3^xa: 


^■cO^O<»l-Q00500*M;^iOOCOOCJ^ 


's^iog'saSuPtj 
q:>iAv uuini03 
dciinj JO jooj^ 


^SS88g8gS8^§g^g§8§ 


;3^^-;:J2^555;JS^^^iHSSSg| 


o 

o 

0) 

c/5 




JO aiBj 
JO ?qSi9AV 




•sjiog 

JO 9ZIS 


1 1^;^;^;;^;^;;^^^^^^^^;^^^^^ 


JO qjgu9T 


GTj-io?oj>t-i-00O5O5O5O5O5asoia5O5O3 


•9SUBIJ 

JO 9aju93 




ui S9IOH ;ioa 
JO jaquin^ 


'*-*?0:0«5<»«>CDQOCOQOCX301N<N«DtO 


JO qnH S^c^^^wwwOTMwS^^^^^^ 
JO ss9u>[9iqx *-* 


•a -o ^*=°s^^?5S^sss§§l^s^§j« 


•spua -Id 

•9dij JO ;ooa 
a9d iqSpM 




•9jnss9aj 

9JBS 


^'liiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 


•9dld JO 

^S9i um 


iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 


•9dld JO 
SS9U5lDiqX 


^. . . . d: : . c = . : . : — 


•9dlJ JO 

•a -o p^xa 


tfJeoTj<ic«5i-ooc50C*cOT)<io«ooooo»'a" 



15^ 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



21 



°fe 



^.1 



HH ^ 



SI 



^ 



•3dtJ JO 



qjlAV '3dt(j 

JO JOOJ[ 

J3d iqSpjVV 



•S33uB[,J 

JO jp J 
JO iqSpAV 



•sjjoa 
JO azjs 



■sjiog 
JO qi3u3T 



flT)<iO»050«5l>t-OOQ0050500<MO*T}tiO«QO 0(NTf<«OQOO 

eooo-rHi-iTf<QO'r«<i^ioc«eoQOt-eot-0»oo-*05j>i>ooc» 
j^eooi-<co»OQOc*o-^oocooios?Oi-(0»oao«50oo5Q05Ci05(w 
^ (xj o 1-H eo Tjl lo ^^ oi o ^^ 05 o ■<9'' o TO t-^ T-H JO io « j> o ^' ITS T-i 

J tH .1 rH »-n-(i-ii-( OJ (N Oi eo CO '* Tl< ■* lO lO C- 00 O •N ecco OS 

I>t-t>Q000050500<N(NWOt:-i>00050(N'X>tOOOO(?J«3 
■r-l,-l,-l^,-c,-(^rH,-l,-(0<OiOi(MOJCOCCeO 

I— (•^•^injCeOtD£>t-OOa005050i-lOJ03-.3<10t-05^CO»0£-05 
T-i— n-irtTH,-ii-i,-iC«W(j<0<W 

u5jOOQOl>COl>Ot-05DCOCOtO'<*<0«i?JOQO<33-!»<005000-<S< 

oC*(NO»er3CO-«s<io050t>t-no-rHiocoi>0(Ni^OO-^oo»-ic- 

2 THi-Cr-li-l(N(J<OteOCO'<*<VOOO 



•aSuBia ui 
S910H l[oai 
JO 3J3ua3 



•aSu-BU ui 
S3IOH Jiog 
JO aaquin^ 



•aSuBjj JO 
ss3u:jlDiqX 



C3I>OOX105 0SOOi-ii-(COWTt*«OQOOOOSOTH«OTjlt-Oii-iCOQ 



•aSuBij JO 

ao 



•spug 

Id adjcL 

JO looj 

J3d jqSi3;vy 



•3jnSS3J(J 
9JBS 



•3d;j JO 



•adtj JO 
ssaujjDiqx 



■gdtj JO 
a"0 53Bxa 



rf<0«Oi:0500«OOOQOGOOOCOQOQO©?eJ<N?050tDOOOO-* 

Cosooi-i^cJc^coccJOiooQOOo— ic?eo»oi>05iwcoeoo 

1—1 1-1 TTi ,-1 ,-( Ti 1-1 ^ T-i — 1-1 M 1-1 ->{ OJ (M W (M Ci Oi G^ CO OQ 03 Tf 
.t-QOiOO?00!DQONO?0»0«»iO--^OJOO»0-<i<Cr5t-OinO 

t/5t-eocoo(r»05'-'-<Tt-i-n>t-t-oocciococ*oO'^cocooO!0 
•Htaa6a> i-i' w s* •<* lo <o co" i* in i^' i-i co ?d ci i-< oo' -^ lo co ■-- 1>^ i^d 

>— 1 1-1 1-1 1-1 1-1 1— 1-1 OJ 0< ©i (N CO CO CO CO •* lO CO 00 05 O ff« CO 

C«QOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 

^ooooooooooooooooooooooooo 

^^^^^^^^^^^^^„^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

yiOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOQ 
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOI^JO 
Tmi010iO»COiO»0100»OJOOOO»0»00»0«C300»0»00 

g. ,,,,., -S. , . ^ :...... = 

^ .2 

o. 00 CO t- 1- 1- 1- «|2„»;^:^:^:^:^;:^:^:^:^-K<^^;^.s^-J2 

"i^ -K ;;^ ;^ ;^ ;^ ;^ ;;^ 

c-Ti<»oo«050i>t-ooQOOJosoo(j?e»-<*<ooooo©*-'#«C500 
I— 1 i-< 1-1 1-1 1-1 1-1 1-1 1-1 1-1 ©J o? c< N o< eo 



53V 



22 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



■^ 



rn 


0) 


Ui 


J 


O 


a 

o 


Z 


< 




hJ 


oj 


m 


Oi 




fl 


o 


O 



So 

§« 

CO hJ 



^OC 



■9did JO Ujj 

•Q 'o i^'Bxa ^ 






9did jo_ 5o6a 

J9C 



. J> 05 t- t-- «0 »l -* 
1 00 t- i-c O I- OS i-H 



<M(NQ0»rtO5Q0-<J<Q0»O 
«5»Ot-©ia505t-5Dt- 



[jd JO 500j 
9d iqSpAX 



)03Q0C*O-^0JtHOO( 



ww<t»oi»t-ooo500j«cJ>050coi2 

f-lT-ci-iT-li-li-iT-li-lOi(?*Oi5v8S<03eOeO 



S9Su-B{j; JO 
jred JO iitSi9A\. 



1-J 



r-ii-iC»o*ct(?icoeoeoTj<»oot-QO 



•siiog 
JO azis 



•siToa 
JO q^Suaq 



9SUBU ut 

S910H ?Ioa 'jo 

9aiU93 



sapH liog Jo 
J9qranjsj; 



JO ss9UJi3iqx 



•9Su-B^j; JO 
•Q-O 



^:s 



i^iss^lsslgigggg^js^ 



OOOOOJ(NNOJOi(NC»COOOOTttQO 



OrttQOOQ 



ii-ii-ii-iT-n-(i-n-iTHi-Hi-(i-(i-iC*'J<0<Oi 



|lOOt-OOOi-lTH©JCO»OQOi 






•spna -Id 

9dlJ JO lOOJ 

J9d iqSi9yW 



•UIB91S 



•9did 
JO JS9X iniM 



•9dig 

JO SS9U3l9TqX 



'OO0i0SQ0Q0t>OO-*00i-(Tt<O 



'^l~OGOi-HOQOCO£--rtOit-lrtaOGO»OtO 



-^OOOOOOtit^t-l^iiOiOiOlOiCiC 






•9did JO 



CoCOOO^OJ^OOGOOgl^OOOO 



^ 



Q 

i 

i 
i 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



^ 



W 

§ I 



ft 



•9dlJ JO 

•Q 'o ?3^xa 



3;a 's^pg 

9dl J JO lOO J 



^aoo50oo»o*T 



'^3<OOSCO'i-it0050(NOJ-<*t-.tOO»OTl< 
l_]eO-<3<'VlOOCOt>t-Q0030i-lTt<CCi05^ 



•saSuH^j JO 
iBjjOiqSp^ 



•siiog 

JO 9ZIS 



•siiog 
JO mJguaq 



sapH ?log jo 
9jjua3 



9SUBIJ ui 

S9IOH ;iog JO 
J9qiun>j 



•9gUB|j; 
JO SS9U>lDIl[X 



•9SUBIJ JO 

a o 



•spua 'ij 

9did JO looa 
a9d ;i{Si9^ 



•UIB9iS 

9jnss9jg 9J-BS 



•9dij 
JO 1S9X IHK 



•9did 

JO SS9U^3Il{X 



■9dld JO 

•Q 'o p^^a 



Tl^THi-lT-li-lrHTHOiOJCJCJOiOOeOOQ 

1-1 oj oi o o (^^ -r* • 



1-4 



g;^;;^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^:? 



,CC->S<»0«0i>Q00SOTHC0O00O0»lOI> 



s:^:^:^:^;^^^;^;;^^;^:^ 



g lO !0 t- 00 O ^ ^ ©* « loQO rH 10 V5 ^O 






^gS2Se2i»'«»o«50ooooo 

^OOOOOOt-l-t-t-lOiOOlOJoS 



fi -s-s^;^;^^^^;^^;!^^^-^-^:^:!: 



«00C»OO(N«T 



y 24 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



^ 



m 



iJ W .2 
W Q ti 

CO ^ 

H 
W 






p 



Q < 

►-•2 5 

£ o o 

w - 



-5 -2 



^ 



•9dld JO 



•d;9 'siiog 

adij JO ;oo'^ 
J9d ^qSpyVV 



•S9SUB[^>| JO 

apd JO iqSi9A\ 



•s:>Toa 

JO 9ZIS 



JO q;Su9q 



•9SUBU UT 

S9IOH ^OQ JO 

9J;U93 



•9Sn-BXj; UT 

S9IOH ITog JO 

J9qmn>i 



■9Sn'eu 
JO ss9U^DiqjL 



•9Su^IjJ jo 

•a -o 









t/3C0O?01/5'r-CJCCOO-i-H050i5CH.--<*>00OC0O 

'^ c*' o ci ^-^ i-H o o oj in CO s> CO oj ^* lo 22 "5 *> ::; 
XXXMMXX(^MXX(^MMM«X!^X 



50(No«ooeoinooooQO(M»ci>»opoooo 



/-* ^a-^ u^ *tj i;^^ I—' >.'.■ *ij "Jw uu u(j i*^ 1.J V— «j.j v^ O O O 
•^0<COTf<iO<»t-aOOiO-^«D050£^C<OT)<r-i 

T-H T-iT-i ■,-.©» o< CO -fl. ^ m lo 



:^^^:^ 



•spu3 -Id 

9dld JO 100j[ 
a9d 5qSl9yV\. 



•IU-B9JS 
9anss9jj 9J-BS 



•9dtc[ 
JO ;S9X lUK 



•9dij 
JO ss9u>[3iqx 



j2 :s::?^:^:?^;;^;^^ :^:^;sx^:^;^ 

Ceceocoe>3C3eocoeoeo-^Ti<->ii-<#-<#io«oioioio 
iit-ooa50T-.coTPioJ>ooOjH2J<5s^o5;-.;rj;«D 

W 1-1 T-( 1-1 T-l -r-l 1-1 1-H OJ W C* (J* OJ Oi CO CO CO 
«DQ0Q00000(JJ(N0Jl?<0?«0«0«0OOO-^Q0Q0 

Si-irH,-(T-c,-ci-i,-i,-iT-n-i,-ii-ii-n-i,-i<Jje»(NC< 

"^J ^^ ■ ^~^^~^^ 
C Tl 1-1 1-1 T-i ,-.1-1 rt T-l Oi Oi (N 0< <N CQ CO CO CO CO 

.ir>»n5^QOJ>J>-HiOC?05i-i!>'COt-05cocjeoo 
t/]e«ooooco«DOc:5 05ooQO^-«5o■Tj^oOl-lTt>o 

-^ i-I Ti« o Ti^ t^ o i-< lo 00 eo' i> i-< oi J> lo GO 00 io o" 

J,-,,_ii-iO<WCO-*-*-.1«OiO?0<fflJ>QOO-«Tt<10 
mOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 

oooooooooooooooooooo 

I— i 

t/^OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 
oOOOOOOOOOOiOiOiOOOOOOO 



•9dld JO 

•a "o P'Bxa 



I TH T-l T-l T-l 1-C 1-1 ,-1 Oi C<f C* (N Oi «0 



I 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



SPECIAL LIGHT LAP- WELDED PIPE LAP- WELDED PUMP COLUMNS 

Fitted with Cast Iron Lugged Flanges. Fitted ^'t|^J,^^^^'"|j^^Jj^«eed Pump 



1\ 





LAP-WELDED PIPE 



LAP-WELDED PIPE 



Fitted with Cast Iron Collar Flanges. fitted with Ca^stJ^™" Single Riveted 





LAP-WELDED PIPE 



LAP-WELDED PIPE 



Fitted with Cast Iron Double Riveted pitted with Solid Welded Flanges. 
Flanges. 



^33? 





137 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



*'fe 




CAST IRON 

THREADED 

FLANGES. 

Master Steam Fitters' 
Standard Sizes. 

Bolting for Light Pressures 

Not Exceeding 

Seventy-Five Pounds. 



Pipe 

Size. 


Outside 

Diameter 

of 

Flange. 


Thickness 
of Face. 


Number 

of 

Bolts. 


Size of 
Bolts. 


Bolt 
Hole 
Circle. 


Weight 
per Pair 
in Lbs. 


Inches. 


Inches. 


Inches. 




Inches. 


Inches. 




2 


6 


^ 


4 


y^ 


4^ 


8 


2>^ 


7 


H 


4 


Vz 


5K 


12 


3 


^Vz 


Ya 


4 


t/ 

/z 


6 


14 


3K 


85^ 


W 


4 


Yz 


7 


20 


4 


9 


w 


4 


Y^ 


7K 


24 


4K 


9X 


if 


8 


Y^ 


73/ 


25 


5 


10 


\% 


8 


Y^ 


8>^ 


30 


6 


11 




8 


Y^ 


9>^ 


34 


7 


12K 


IxV 


8 


Y^ 


10^ 


46 


8 


13K 


Ij^ 


8 


Y^ 


11^ 


54 


9 


15 


1>^ 


12 


Y^ 


13X 


66 


10 


16 


lA 


12 


Ya 


14X 


74 


12 


19 


IX 


12 


Y 


17 


112 


14o.D. 


21 


l>^8 


12 


/s 


18^ 


147 


15 " 


, 22X 


1/8 


16 


^ 


20 


162 



^ 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



27 



SPECIAL 

Steel Lap -Welded Pipe, 

FITTED WITH 

CONVERSE PATENT LOCK JOINT. 

(Cast Iron Htib.) 




SILVERTIN, 



^ 



Size. 


APPROXIMATE WEIGHT. 


O. D. 

Inches. 


Nearest 
B'R'm 
Wire 


Plain 

Ends, 

per foot. 


Hub. 
lbs. 


Lead, 
one side. 


Complete, 
per foot. 




Gauge. 


lbs. 




lbs. 


lbs. 


2 


13 


1.91 


5 


1 


2.00 


3 


12 


3.33 


9 


2 


3.94 


4 


11 


4.89 


14 


^% 


5.81 


5 


10 


6.85 


19 


3 


8.02 


6 


10 


8.26 


21 


4 


9.65 


7 


9 


10.65 


32 


5K 


12.74 


8 


9 


12.21 


35 




14.54 


9 


8K 


14.58 


37 >^ 


■ 7K 


17.08 


10 


^Vz 


16.18 


41 


8 


18.90 


12 


7 


22.35 


58 


10 


26.13 


14 


7 


25.25 


73 


12 


30.00 


15 


6^ 


30.00 


85 


15 


36.40 


16 


. 5 


39.60 


132 


1'7^ 


46.25 


18 


X" 


47.00 


149 


30 


56.25 


20 


Te" 


65.15 


217 


38 


78.50 


22 




78.50 


280 


50 


96.00 


24 


^" 


93.50 


342 


58 >^ 


114.50 


26 


Vi" 


102.00 


380 


70 


138.00 


28 


k 


110.00 


430 


85 


151.00 


30 


tV" 


136.60 


475 


100 


168.60 



s 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



su^ 



WEIGHTS OF FITTINGS. 

Converse Joint* 

As a matter of convenience and to give an idea of the 
average weight of Converse Patent Lock Joint Fittings, 
we submit the following list of a few standard patterns. 

All ends are Converse Lock Bells, except where other- 
wise stated. Bell connections for cast iron pipe are 
indicated by an asterisk (*) ; bell connections for threaded 
pipe, by a single dagger (f). 



REDUCING TEES, 



Size. 


Weight 


Size. 


Weight 


Size. 


Weight 




lbs. 




lbs. 




lbs. 


3x2x2 


34 


6x5x5 


81 


14x14x10 




3x2x3 


30 


6x6x5 


97 


14x14x12 




3x3x2 


36 


7x4x7 




16x1 6x 4 


330 


3x4x3 


35 


7x7x4 


81 


16xl6x 6 


355 


4x2x4 


43 


7x5x7 




16xl6x 8 




4x3x2 


39 


7x7x5 




16x16x10 






4x4x2 


35 


7x6x7 




16x16x12 






4x3x4 


36 


7x7x6 




10x16x14 






4x4x3 


37 


7x6x6 




18xl8x 6 






4x3x3 


40 


8x4x8 


107 


18x18x10 






4x4x6 


55 


8x8x4 


91 


18x18x12 






5x3x5 




8x5x8 


117 


18x18x16 






5x5x3 


57 


8x8x5 


118 


20x20x 6 






5x4x5 




8x6x5 


100 


20x20x 8 


64( 




5x5x4 


60 


8x6x8 


103 


20x20x10 






5x5x6 


70 


8x8x6 


97 


20x20x12 






6x3x3 


60 


8x6x6 


87 


20x20x14 






6x3x6 


60 


10x10x4 


118 


20x20x16 






6x4x5 


76 


10x10x5 




24x24x 6 






6x4x6 


68 


10x6x10 




24x24x 8 


. . 




6x6x3 


59 


10x10x6 


iii 


24x24x10 






6x6x4 


70 


10x10x8 


136 


24x24x12 


. . 




6x5x4 


79 


12x12x4 


161 


24x24x14 






6x4x4 


58 


12x12x6 


156 


24x24x16 






6x5x6 


•• 


12x12x8 


160 





... 



^Or 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



"^ 



CONVERSE JOINT FITTINGS. 

CROSSKS. 



Size. 


Weight' 
lbs. 


Size. 


Weight 
Ibl. 


Size. 


Weight 
lbs. 


2x2x2x2 
3x3x3x3 
4x4x4x4 
5x5x5x5 
6x6x6x6 


21 
39 
57 
71 
104 


8x 8x 8x 8 
10x10x10x10 
12x12x12x12 
14x14x14x14 
16x16x16x16 


156 
205 
306 


18x18x18x18 
20x20x20x20 
22x22x22x22 
24x24x24x24 


... 



REDUCING CROSSKS. 



Size. 


Weight 
lbs. 


Size. 


Weight 
lbs. 


Size. 


Weight 
lbs. 


3x3x2x2 




6x 4x 6x 4 


78 


lOx 8xl0x 8 


218 


3x2x3x2 




6x 6x 6x 3 


103 


12xl2x 6x 6 


166 


4x4x2x2 


39 


8x 8x 4x 4 


98 


12x 6xl2x 6 




4x4x3x3 


46 


8x 4x 8x 8 


131 


12xl2x 8x 8 




4x3x4x3 


60 


8x 6x 8x 6 


129 


12x 8xl2x 8 




5x5x3x3 


50 


8x 6x 4x 4 


132 


12x10x12x10 


261 


5x3x5x3 




8x 8x 6x 6 


118 


14x14x12x12 




5x5x4x4 


71 


8x 8x 5x 5 


127 


16x16x10x10 




5x4x5x4 




lOxlOx 4x 4 


125 


16x16x12x12 




5x5x5x4 


71 


lOx 4xl0x 4 


123 


18xl8x 6x 6 




6x6x4x4 


77 


lOxlOx 5x 5 


162 


18x18x10x10 




6x6x3x3 


67 


lOx 5xl0x 5 




18x18x12x12 


646 


6x3x6x3 




lOxlOx 6x 6 


166 


20x20x 6x 6 




6x6x5x5 


120 


lOx 6xl0x 6 




20x20x10x10 




6x5x6x5 


102 


lOxlOx 8x 8 


i98 


20x20x16x16 


... 



MISCEIvIvANKOUS CROSSES. 



Size. 


Weight 
Ibf. 


Size. 


Weight 
lbs. 


Size. 


Weight 
lbs. 


4x4x6x4 
6x5x6x4 
6x4x4x4 
6x4x6x3 


92 

110 
90 
93 


6x6x6x4 
6x6x6x3 

8x6x8x5 

8x4x8x8 


105 
103 
126 
131 


8x6x8x4 
8x4x6x6 


136 



^ 



Some of the weights in these tables of Converse Joint Fittings 
are not given ; the reason being that there are not Standard pat- 
terns for the sizes where weights are omitted, and the patterns of 
some other sizes are made adaptable for same. This would cause 
a variation in weights, and for this reason it is thought best to 
give no fixed weights for fittings so manufactured. 



^ 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



1 



TEES. 



Size. 


Weight, 
lbs. 


Size. 


Weight, 
lbs. 


SIZE. 


Weight, 
lbs. 


2x2x2 


17 


8x 8x 8 


127 


15x15x15 




3x3x3 


29 


9x 9x 9 




16x16x16 




4x4x4 


45 


10x10x10 


178 


18x18x18 




5x5x5 


56 


12x1^x12 


192 


20x20x20 


957 


6x6x6 


70 


13x13x13 




22x22x22 




7x7x7 


84 


14x14x14 


359 


24x24x24 





MISCELLANEOUS TEES, 



Size. 


Weight, 
lbs. 


1 

Size. 


Weight, 
lbs. 


Size. 


Weight, 
Ibi. 


6x 5x 4 
lOx 4x10 
lOx 5x10 
lOx 6x 6 


79 

... 

iio 


lOx 8x10 
10x10x12 
lOx 8x 8 
12x 6x12 


135 

182 


12x 8x12 
12x 8x 8 
14x12x14 
16x 8x16 


282 
600 



REDUCERS. 



Size. 



to 2 
to 2 
to 3 
to 3 
to 4 
to 2 
6 to 3 
6 to 4 

6 to 5 

7 to 5 

8 to 3 
8 to 4 



^ 



Weight, 
lbs. 



27 
22 
27 
39 
36 
55 
36 
40 
46 
52 
60 
53 



Size 




Weight, 
lbs. 


8 to 


5 


70 


8 to 


6 


63 


10 to 


4 


90 


10 to 


5 


94 


10 to 


6 


94 


10 to 


8 


107 


12 to 


5 


154 


12 to 


6 


154 


12 to 


8 


138 


12 to 10 




13 to 12 


90 


14 to 13 


88 



Size. 



16 to 6 
16 to 8 
16 to 10 
16 to 12 
18 to 16 
20 to 12 
20 to 18 
20 to 16 
24 to 12 
24 to 18 
24 to 20 



Weight, 
lbs. 



295 

256 
256 
442 
395 
505 



J 



f — 


NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 


31 






ELLS, 


• 






wt. 1 




wt 




Wt. 


1 Size. 


lbs. 


Size. 


lbs. 


Size. 


lbs. 


2x2x90° 


12 i 


7x 7x45° 




14x14x22^° 




i 2x2x60° 


. . 


7x 7x30° 




14x14x10° 




2x2x45° 


9 


7x 7x22i° 


39 


15x15x90° 




2x2x30° 


8 ' 


7x 7x10° 




15x15x60° 




2x2x22i° 




8x 8x90° 


95 


15x15x45° 




2x2x10° 




8x 8x60° 


71 


15x15x30° 




3x3x90° 


25 


8x 8x45° 


69 1 


15x15x22^° 




3x3x60° 




8x 8x30° 




1 15x15x10° 




3x3x45° 


12 


8x 8x22i° 


64 


16x16x90° 


420 


3x3x30° 




8x 8x10° 


50 


16x16x60° 




3x3x22i° 


13 


10x10x90° 


148 


16x16x45° 


265 


3x3x10° 




10x10x60° 




16x16x30° 




4x4x90° 


32 


10x10x45° 


93 


16xl6x22i° 




4x4x60° 


25 


10x10x30° 




1 16x16x10° 


. . . 


4x4x45° 


23 


10xl0x22i° 




! 18x18x90° 


. . . 


4x4x30° 


17 


10x10x10° 




i 18x18x60° 




4x4x22i° 




12x12x90° 


205 


18x18x45° 




4x4x10° 


1 


12x12x60° 




18x18x30° 




5x5x90° 


ii 


12x12x45° 


132 


18xl8x22i° 




5x5x60° 




12x12x30° 


108 


18x18x10° 




5x5x45° 


32 


12xl2x22i° 


112 


20x20x90° 


840 


5x5x30° 




12x12x10° 


95 


20x20x60° 




5x5x22^° 




13x13x90° 


230 


20x20x45° 




5x5x10° 




13x13x60° 




20x20x30° 


620 


6x6x90° 


57 


13x13x45° 




20x20x22i° 


365 


6x6x60° 


48 


13x13x30° 




20x20x10° 




6x6x45° 


41 


13xl3x22i° 




24x24x90° 


1143 


6x6x30° 


39 


13x13x10° 




24x24x60° 




6x6x22i° 


30 


14x14x90° 


247 


24x24x45° 




6x6x10° 


30 


14x14x60° 




24x24x30° 




7x7x90° 


72 


14x14x45° 


163 


24x24x22i° 


550 


7x7x60° 




14x14x30° 


... 


24x24x10° 


... 


j 




Y'S. 








Wt 




wt 




wt 


Size. 


lbs. 


Size. 


lbs. 


Size. 


lbs. 


3x3x3 


33 


6x6x6 


123 


12x12x12 


350 


4x4x4 


70 


8x8x8 


180 


18x18x18 


1145 


5x5x5 


95 


10x10x10 


262 


20x20x20 


2400 


1, r 



^ 



■^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



PLUGS. 



Size. 


wt. 

lbs. 


Size. 


Wt. 
lbs. 


SIZE. 


wt. 

lbs. 


2 
3 
4 
5 


1 
3 
5 
9 


6 

7 
8 
9 


10 
14 
19 
22 


10 
12 
14 
16 


25 
30 
40 
54 



MISCELLANEOUS. 



CROSSES. 


TEKS. 


ELLS. 


Size. 


wt. 

lbs. 


Size. 


Wt. 

lbs. 


SIZE. 


wt. 

lbs. 


3x3xlfxlt 
4x4x2tx2t 
4x4x6*x6* 


22 

56 
124 

75 
184 

83 


2x 2 X ft 
2x 2 xli^t 
3x 3 xl f 
3x 2fx3 
4x 4 x2 f 
5x 3 x2 t 
6x 6 x2 t 
10x10 x4it 
10x10 x7 t 
4x 4 x4 t 
2x 2 x2 f 
6x 6 x6 * 


11 

11 

22 

43 

44 

40 

97 

163 

165 

49 

16 

115 


6x 4tx90° 

6x 5tx90« 

12xl2tx60° 


70 
65 

180 


4x4x4 x2t 

6x6x8*x8* 


REDUCERS. 


6x6x4x2f 


Size. 


Wt. lbs 


4 to 2f 
12 to 12* 
16 to 16* 
8 to 8 * 
8* to 6 
6* to 6 


17 
247 
450 
61 
62 
46 



Fittings on the above Miscellaneous List may vary 
in weight 15 per cent. All combinations of Converse 
and threaded pipe, and Converse and cast-iron pipe 
connections will be uncertain weights, as patterns are 
changed for each requirement. 



OV 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



38 1 



SPECIAL 

Steel Lap- Welded Pipe 

FITTED WITH 

MATHESON PATENT JOINT. 






Thick- 
ness 
Nearest 
B. W. G. 


Approximate Weights. 


Lead 
Space. 




O. D. 


Per Foot 
Complete. 


Pounds of 

Lead 
in Joint. 


Size of 
Rings. 


2 


13 


1.91 


'X 


ys 


t\x^ 


3 


12 


3.40 


1 


y 


T\^y 


4 


lOK 


5.25 


^H 


i^ 


y^y 


5 


9K 


7.30 


2 


A 


y^y 


6 


9K 


8.75 


^H 


^ 


T^XI 


7 


9 


10.75 


4 


t\ 


^xl 


8 


8K 


13.00 


5 


^v 


^xl 


9 


^y. 


14.65 


6y 


7 
3^ 


>^xl 


10 


8 


17.08 


7^ 


/^ 


tV^I 


12 


6 


25.12 


11|^ 


% 


KxlX 


14 


5K 


31.00 


13^X 


y 


MX 11^ 


15 


^Vz 


35.42 


15 


y 


)^xlX 


16 


3K 


42.00 


16 


y 


>^xlX 


18 


IK 


56.00 


26K 


/s 


>^xlX 


20 


0>^ 


67.00 


30 


H 


l^xlX 



"i— 1 !^ 



34 



S^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



WEIGHT OF FITTINGS. 

Matheson Joints 

Heavy-faced figures indicate openings tapped for 
Standard Pipe. 

TEES. 



Size. 


Wgt. lbs. 


Size. 




Wgt. lbs. 


2x2x2 


11 


6 X 6 x 


4 


96 


3x3x3 


19 


6 X 6 X 


3 


93 


3x3x4 


35 


6 X 4 X 


4 


100 


4x4x4 


35 


6 X 3 X 


6 


90 


4x4x4 


39 


7 X 7 X 


7 




4x4x3 


35 


7 X 7 X 


6 


115 


4x4x3 


35 


8 X 8 X 


8 


159 


4x4x2 


37 


8 X 8 X 


6 


173 


4x4x2 


36 


8 X 8 X 


4 


172 


4x4x1 


34 


8 X 6 X 


8 


176 


4x4x6 


98 


9 X 9 X 


9 




4x3x4 


35 


10 X 10 X 


10 


256 


5x5x5 


41 


10 X 10 X 


8 


270 


5x5x4 


58 


10 X 10 X 


6 


268 


5x5x4 


58 


10 X 10 X 


4 


285 


5x3x5 


56 


11 X 11 X 


11 


353 


6x6x6 


91 


12 X 12 X 


12 





ELBOWS. 



Size. 


Degree. 


Wgt lbs. 


Size. 


Degree. 


Wgt.lbs. 


2x2 


90 


9 


8x8 


30 


60 


3x3 


45 


11 


8x8 


45 


77 


3x3 


90 


18 


8x8 


90 


137 


4x4 


45 


22 


9x9 


45 




4x4 


90 


33 


9x9 


90 




4x3 


90 


32 


10 X 10 


13 


66 


5x5 


45 


36 


10 X 10 


16 


78 


5x5 


90 


45 


10 X 10 


18 


79 


6x6 


30 


29 


10 X 10 


25 


90 


6x6 


45 


45 


10 X 10 


28 


98 


6x6 


45 


45 


10 X 10 


30 


98 


6x6 


90 


79 


10 X 10 


36 


110 


7x7 


45 


57 


10 X 10 


45 


126 


7x7 


90 


100 


10 X 10 


90 


235 



^^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



^ 



ELBOWS. 



SIZE. 


Degree. 


Weight, 
lbs. 


Size. 


Degree. 


Weight 
lbs. 


11 X 11 
11 X 11 
11 X 11 


45 
60 
90 


160 
192 
255 


12 X 12 
12 X 12 


45 
90 


372 



CROSSES. 





Size. 




Weight. 


Size. 




Weight. 










lbs. 






lbs. 


2x2 


x 


2x 


2 


13 


6x4 x 3x 


3 


125 


3x3 


X 


3x 


3 


28 


7x7 x 7x 


ij 


135 


4x4 


X 


4x 


4 


42 


7x7 X 6x 


6 


153 


4x4 


X 


4x 


3 


43 


8x8 X 8x 


8 


200 


4x4 


X 


3x 


3 


46 


8x8 X 8x 


4 


229 


4x4 


X 


2x 


2 


45 


8x8 X 8x 


6 


230 


4x4 


X 


2x 


2 


43 


8x8 x 4x 


4 


209 


4x3 


X 


3x 


3 


45 


8x8 xl4x 


16 


1190 


5x5 


X 


5x 


5 


66 


8x6 X 8 X 


6 


220 


5x5 


X 


5x 


4 


69 


8x6 X 8 X 


4 


235 


5x5 


X 


4x 


4 


74 


8x6 X 3x 


3 


238 


5x4 


X 


5x 


5 


72 


8x4 x 4x 


4 


218 


6x6 


X 


6x 


6 


108 


9x9 X 9x 


9 




6x6 


X 


4x 


4 


117 


10 X 10 X 10 x 


10 


337 


6x6 


X 


4x 


3 


120 


10 X 10 X 10 X 


8 


339 


6x4 


X 


4x 


4 


127 


12 X 12 X 12 X 


12 





Heavy faced figures indicate openings tapped for 
Standard Pipe. 



asv 



r- 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



REDUCERS. 



Size. 


Weight 
Lbs. 


Size. 


Weight 
Lbs. 


Size. 


Weight 
Lbs. 


3x2 




6x4 


21 


9x8 




4x3 


11 


6x3 




9x7 


.. 


4x3 


14 


6x3 


25 


9x6 




4x2 


12 


7x6 




10 X 9 




5x5 


19 


7x5 




10 X 8 


50 


5x4 


17 


8x7 




10 X 6 


46 


5x3 




8x6 


39 


10 X 4 


52 


6x5 




8x4 


43 


12 xlO 


75 


6x4 


22 











PLUGS. 



Size. 


Weight 
Lbs. 


Size. 


Weight 
Lbf. 


Size. 


Weight 
Lbs. 


2 


1 


6 


7 


10 


23 


3 


2 


7 


13 


12 




4 


3 


8 


15 


14 


58 


5 


5 


9 


•• 


16 


88 



Heavy-faced figures indicate openings tapped for 
Standard Pipe. 

Some of the weights in these tables of Matheson Joint 
Fittings are not given ; the reason being that there are 
not Standard patterns for sizes where weights are omitted 
and the patterns of some other size are made adaptable 
for same. This would cause a variation in weights, and 
for this reason it is thought best to give no fixed weights 
for fittings so manufactured. 



^53C? 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



37 i 




PLAIN UPSKT. 



UPSET TUBES are becoming very generally used for 
Marine Boiler work ; in many cases the ordinary, as well 
as the Stay Tubes, are thickened or upset on ends, 
greater durability and strength being claimed for same. 

The difficulties encountered in upsetting ends of tubes 
are not generally appreciated, and upsets are often asked 
for that are either very difficult or practically impossible 
to make. As a guide for ordering such tubes a set of 
tables has been prepared showing the practicable limits 
that should be observed in tubes of this kind. If a 
greater diameter is required for upset end than that 
shown on table giving maximum upset — this can be 
accomplished by expanding the end after upsetting as 
is shown in the cut below. The tables are all based on 
an upset 23^ inches long which is the usual length for 
Boiler Stay Tubes. If shorter length will answer a heavier 
upset than those shown on maximum table can be 
secured. 



^ 



.i::^ 



UPSET AND 
SWELLED. 



^ 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



=^ 



^5DC 



o 

H 

w 

CO 
Ph 
ID 

>^ 

P< 

:zi 

M 

Q 

p4 

O 
O 

o 

w 

PQ 
< 



w 
o 

W 
< 

Q 

w 

Q 
en 
H 
D 
O 




Outside Diameter 
of Upset. 

(> <( 


^ 1 


?5J5^S8^^^^cS 


lOlOiOiOiOlOlOlOlOiO 


;?^ 
^ 


8BSa^^gS^g§§§§ 


xtH-*-*-*^^-*10iOJO»0 


^ 

^ 


C0iOi>0iO03^iO00-rH^00 


^-*^-*^-*-*^-*-*-*-* 




ooocvj^toi^oiocoooicoi;© 

CO^xH'^^^^lOlOlOlOO?© 
-* -tH ^' -^ ^" -* ^ -^ ^ -* ^' ^ ^' 


^ 


TH-r-l-rH-rHC^CQC^CQC^iCOCOCO-*^ 


"^t' "^t* "^d^ "^d^ "^^ "^d^ "^^ ""^ "^'t' "^d^ '^'t' "^^ "^^ "^'t' 


^ 


COCOCOCOCOCOCO"^ -^ -^ -rfi ^ -^ -^ 


CO 


ggg§gg^^^S3SSB52^ 


cocococococococococococococo 


CO 


^o^^o^^ooojogcocog 


cocococococococococococococo 


CO 


THTHT-lTHCv)03C<iCQC<iCOCOCO-5<'rti 

cocococococococococococococo 




Q0OCQ^»Ci>Q0OC0CD0iC0CD05 
OOOlCiOSCiOSOSOOOOT-i-r-iT-i 


CQO."J03C3CQO"*C3COCOCOCOCOCOCO 


05 


COlOi:-OiOC5-*1000-r-i-*OOTH^ 


05 0> O^ d CQ C? 03 oi d d 03 (?5' C3 C5 




^o^^io^oogggcogg 


C<?05CQCQ0?CvJO:jC503O^C^C?C5CQ 


o^ 


^i5$:^S8g^^^^o5^^^^ 


C3 (y> <^^ C5 C5 05 05 C5 c? c^' oi c<) oi 03 




■rH-!-lT-l-!-lT-l-r-l-r-lC5C30JC5C<J0503 


-I— 1 


COiOir-OiOC^^iOOO-rH^OOT-H'* 


•l{DUt JO 

UI s; 

JO SS31 


113UII03Q 

qnx 


^OOiOODCOOSOOO-n^CO^lOCOOO 
CO-'^OQOOi-iCOiOOO-r-i^t-OCO 
TH-r-l-r-l-rHG<JCQCQC;)CQCOCOCO'TtH'* 


•tlDUI JO 

puB -O 

UI S3 
JO SS31 


UOnOEJJ 

•A -a 

qnx 
in^iHX 


<=> Oi CC t^ '^D lO ^ 

TH 



I? 



i 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY, 



■"^ 



g 3 







u 

0) 

3 

o 




lO 


OCQlOOOOCOOOOC^t- 
C<)OiOJO:>COCOCOCO^-* 

iClOiOiOiOlOlOiOlOlO 






g^oggg^oot^glg^ 




■rH^ioioioicioioicioio 


m 


^ 


OC^iOQOOCo<:ooocQt-c9<:o 

t-i>i:-i>G00000Q0050iOO 






>O£-OC01O00THC0i>C<?J>THC0 

'^ ^ lo lo o lo o o <:d t- t- 00 00 


'rtl-*-*^'*-^^-*-*-*^)^-*-* 


^ 


^ 


OCQlOOOOCOOOOO^i>0?0-rH«:> 
03CQOJOiCOCOCOCO^-*10iO<:D«D 


'"' 


'^^^^'^^^^'^^^'^-^^ 




CO 


COCO-^'^'^xtH^^^^^'^-rtH^ 


<; 


CO 


OCitOaOOCO<X)OOC5i>0'J«5T-lCO 
t-i>i>i:-Q000G0000S05OOT-lT-l 


Q 


cocococococococococo-^^^^ 


Q 
2 


CO 


10i:-OC01O00-rHC0i>0"ii:--rH?0-rH 

^-<*lOiO»OlO<:O«DCD£-t-0000Oi 
CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 


o 


CO 


OO^lOOOOCOCDOOOJiX^iOT-iO 
OiCQCQC^COCOCOCOxtH-xHiOlO'X'CD 


cocococococococococococococo 




05 


^S;§§§S;:5?5^S^S^55^^ 




C505COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO 






OC510000CO?OOOC^if>C3CDi-l?D 
i--C-i>i>00000000010SOO-i-ii-H 

C5 0JCQC5C5C505C5C505COCOCOCO 




05 


10i>OC0)O00T-IC0t-C-"?t--rHC0T-l 

-*^ioioioio?o:o<r>t--i>ooooc5 




O? (^? Ol O^ C5 CO O^ 03 O? O^ CO C3 C5 Oi 




Oi 


OC?iOOOOCO«DOOC<Ji>C:)CD-r-(«D 
C0 0"?CQCQC0C0C0C0-rt<-*101OOC0 




Cv) d GQ C9 cd 03 O^ 03 O? C3 C5 03 C<j C^ 




1—1 


tH T-I CO* C^* CQ CQ C5 C5 O? CC> 05 C5 CQ C3 






OCOiOOOOCOOOOCOf-COO-r-icD 
ti£-£^£-OOOOOOOOC350500THTH 

^' ^ ^ ^" ^' tM* ^ y-^ tH ^ C3 C<i (N C3 


qoui JO 

UI S3 
JO SS31 


|BUIID3Q 


'^OOIOOOCOOSOOOtHCO^IOOOO 
CO^^OOO-r-ICOlOOO-r-l^t-OCO 
tHt-I-MtHOJCOC^COCQCOCOCO'*^ 




HDUI JO 
pUB 

UI s; 
JO ssat 


UOpDBJj 

'A "a 

qnx 


O 05 00 i> «D lO '^ 
•t-l 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



■^ 



^ 


H 


p 


p 


u 


W 


u 


m 


w 


H 


D 


W 


H 


2 


^ 


p 

w 




h4 


2 




H 


^n^ 


< 


O 


Z 


Ph 



^ 







Outside Diameter 
of Upset. 




lO 


00 tH -rfi 00 O «0 00 
OO ^ ^#1 ^ lO iO «o 

lO JO lO lO lO lO lO 






OOCDCSOOJOtHOO^ 
T-lTH-pHCQG<iO500-<^ 

lOiOlOlOlOlOlOJO 


cr: 




^ ^' ^' ^ rH lO lO lO IC »0 


u 




'** -*' -*" ^ ^ ^ -* -^ '^ »o IC 


w 

< 


^ 




00 




CO 


t-OOOOO-i-i^OOOOOOOilO-rHOO 
i>000000050i0500THT-lC^OOOO 


Q 


OOOOOOOOOOOOOOtH^'*-*-*-*^ 


Q 


00 


C?lO0000O0500iOT-l00^O<:D00 

iOiOiO';o«'<:Dt-i>ooooa500-r-i 


o 


00 oo 00 00 00 00* 00 oo' 00 00 03 ^' -*' T)^" 


oo 


^gOO^^^^OgggOjHOO 


oooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 






oooooooooooooo'oooooooooooooo 






l>0000000i0i05OOT-l-rHGQ0000 
CQC<)C<io?C5C<)C3000000O0O00000 




C5 


COiOOOOOCOOiOOiO-rHCO'-^OOOO 
lOJOlOCOOOt-t-OOOOOSOOTH 

ci Oci W C<j CCJ C? C5 O? C3 <?5 CCJ 00 00 00 




C3 


i>00000-rH^OOOOOOOilO-r-IOO 
C3000000'*'^'*t010«D«5i>0000 

C5 C5 w oj ci d ci ci ci d d d d d 




1—1 


d d dddddc^dc^c^ac^c^ 




tH 


^i-iT^i-iT-t^T^ddddddd 


ui soqnx 

JO SS3U5I0iqx 


'rt<00lO00000500OT-l00^l0':000 
OO^OOOO-r-lOOlOOOTH^t-OOO 
TH-rHTHrHCvJC^iC^lMC^OOOOOO^'rlH 




HDUIJOl 

pUB-O 

UI S3 

JO SS3U 


lOlJOBJjJ 


O 05 oo i> CD »0 Tt^ 

TH 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 41 



PIPE BENDS. 

The attached table gives the advisable radius and the 
greatest and least radii to which standard thickness 
pipe may be bent. 

If the radius must be reduced from the minimum given 
in the table, the thickness of the pipe must be increased. 
For such bends it is best to submit sketch. 

When the radius is greater than the maximum given 
in the list, the bend is apt to look like a series of kinks, 
owing to the Bender having to take short heats, unless 
the radius is so great that the pipe may be bent cold. 

With offset bends try to make according to Drawing 
F.-261, rather than Drawings F.-257 or 262. The 
straight length between the bends is of advantage to the 
pipe Bender. 

With the welded flanges there must be a short straight 
length of pipe adjacent to each flange. On sizes under 
4 inches this should equal, at least, one and a half diam- 
eters. On sizes over 4 inches it should equal, at least, 
one diameter of the pipe. In all cases it is better if equal 
to two diameters of straight pipe. 

BENT TUBES. 

These are more diflScult to bend than standard weight 
pipe. Try not to vary from the advisable radius given in 
the table. With tubes it is frequently necessary to in- 
crease the thickness over that of standard boiler tubes in 
order to bend them. 



^ 



rf^ 



M -^ 

42 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. J 




TABLE OF RADH 






FOR 




PIPE BENDS. 




Pipe Size. 


Minimum 
Radius. 


Maximum 
Radius. 


Advisable 
Radius. 


Inches. 


Inches. 


Inches. 


Inches. 


3K 


10 


25 


15 


3 


12 


30 


18 


3K 


14 


35 


21 


4 


16 


40 


24 


4K 


18 


45 


27 


5 


20 


50 


30 


6 


24 


60 


36 


7 


28 


70 


42 


8 


32 


80 


48 


9 


36 


90 


54 


10 


40 


100 


60 


11 


44 


110 


66 


12 


48 


120 


72 


14 o. d. 


60 


140 


84 


15 " 


68 


145 


90 


16 " 


76 


150 


100 


18 " 


90 


165 


125 


20 " 


120 


180 


150 


22 " 


132 


198 


165 


24 " 


144 216 


180 


%, ^ ^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



STOCK PIPE BENDS 

AMERICAN OR ENGLISH STANDARD 
THREADS AND COUPLINGS. 




43 1 



Pipe Size. 


Radius 


Centre To 
Face "A." 


Inches. 


Inches. 


Inches. 


% 


IK 


2 


^ 


1t\ 


21^ 


% 


ItV 


3^ 


% 


IM 


3% 


% 


3A 


311 


1 


2t\ 


4^ 


1^ 


3 


5% 


IM 


3t\ 


5H 


2 


4t\ 


6U 


W^ 


6H 


9tV 


3 


8 


10 


3^ 


9^ 


13tV 


4 


10% 


14% 


5 


14f^ 


18^ 



1=^ 



^ 



44 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



^ 





OFFSET BEND, No. F. 257. ANGLE BEND, No. F. 260, 




OFFSET BEND, No. F. 261. 




OFFSET BEND, No. F. 262, 





L 



[80° BEND, No. F. 258. 



90" BEND, No. F. 259. 



^ 



r~ 


DIMENSIONS 

OF 

National Trolley Poles 

AND 

DEFLECTIONS 
UNDER STATED LOADS 


^1 


^f»— 







46 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



*^ 













o 


£- 


r- 




^ 


on 




















"* 


1—1 






1— 1 


















T^ 








CO 


















(?^ 


GO 


05 




CO 


Oi 












c^ 


i> 


.,_( 


to 




















(^ 


i> 


'<:*< 


Oi 




















feJ 


CO 


























o 


CO 


r- 


GO 


00 
















(^ 


o 


-* 


-rJH 


CO 












i 




Pi 
Q 


00 


1 


o 


CO 


1—1 
00 


00 












o 


lO 


Oi 


CO 


Oi 


CD 












Q 

a. 


1— 1 


CO 

CO 


CO 


CO 


00 


00 










^ 


^ 


■,_! 


.,_( 


.^ 


CO 


CO 










W 


o 


CO 


1—1 


lO 


o 


JO 


CO 








_G 




Pi 


T-l 


lO 


CD 


CO 


t- 


i> 


00 








,jj 


^ 


-* 


»o 


o 


lO 


on 


GO 


^ 


CO 


o 


fl 






n 


o 


C6 


CO 


t- 


T— 1 


lO 


CO 


CD 


^ 


CO 


^ 






^ 


'^ 


iO 


>c 


CD 


CD 


i> 


}> 


00 


oi 


CO 


(^ 


"* 


Oi 


i> 


CO 


^ 


•rt^ 


^ 


CO 


CO 


^ 




to 


0- 


8 


Oi 


lO 


00 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


GO 


GO 


o 




§ 


•z 


'— ' 


TtH 


'*' 


Ti3 


lO 


lO 


CO 


CD 


i> 


00 


PLH 


^ 


CO 


CO 


r- 


00 


o 


Oi 


-* 


CO 


CO 


O 








Cs 


lO 


00 


o 


CO 


1> 


1—1 


lO 


o 


00 




JH 


n 
























g 


•< 
o 


T-l 


CO 


CO 


^ 


-* 


^ 


lO 


»c 


d 


CO 


n3 


<^ 


CO 


CO 


CD 


o 


CO 


iO 


CO 


CO 


OS 







(4 


hJ 


§ 


CO 


o 


CO 


lO 


i> 


T- 1 


^ 


00 


^ 


W 




> 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


^ 


■^ 


^ 


»o 




(^ 


CO 


Oi 


^ 


CO 


CO 


tH 


CO 


T-t 


O? 






o 


T-H 


CO 


CO 


00 


1— 1 


CO 


CO 


tH 






o 


C5 


CO 


co' 


CM 


CO 


CO 


C5 


CO 


CO 


CO 


"^ 




(^ 


tH 


CO 


CO 


lO 


GO 


00 


CO 


■rH 


'^ 






w 


t', 


(^ 


-^ 


lO 


CO 


i> 


00 


o 


CO 


-^ 


r- 








■^ 






























1— ( 


T-l 


■r-l 


T-l 


1—1 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 






CO 


■^ 


^ 


CD 


o 














< 


g 


o 


o 


CO 


T-l 


i> 


'^t* 


"^ 


■r-l 


o 


f^ 






H 


o 


i> 


i> 


00 


00 


Oi 


o 


tH 


CO 


CO 












d 


d 


d 


d 


d 


tH 


T-H 


•r-l 


T-l 












CO 


.^ 


.,_l 


o 


o 


00 


^ 


^ 


o 
















00 


oo 


c> 


CO 




CO 


CO 


CO 




. 






ao 


IHX 


CO 


CO 


CO 


(?:? 


03 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 




w 
^ 




^ 






o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 














»o 






»o 






• 


M 




00 






o 






o? 




o 


CO 


o 




(U 








a 


•o 


o 


- 


- 


CO 


- 


o 


CD 


o 


- 


.:!i 












i> 






i> 




t- 


t- 


i> 
















t- 


CO 


CO 


CO 


.,_l 


CO 


■r-l 


(^ 


-,— ( 


CO 












co 








00 


■r-l 


00 




a.) 






•yi3 


IHX 


^ 


■^ 


^ 


CO 


GO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 




Q 
Q 




r-i 






o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 












iO 






lO 






p^ 




o 






o 






CO 




o 


c? 


o 


^ 


<+H 


>! 




T— 1 


•a 


o 


o 


- 


- 


CD 


- 


o 


CO 


o 


- 


o 












00 






00 




00 


00 


00 




^ 












iO 


CO 


o 


t- 


CO 


lO 


CO 


lO 


<M 












CO 


CO 


o 


CO 


o 


J> 


■rH 


t- 




biC 


^' 




- 


*xo 


IHX 


CO 


lO 


lO 


-* 


-* 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 






1—1 






o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


13 




a 


o 


i 


> 


: 


z 


: 


: 


:: 


8 

oi 


: 














OS 






























CO 


CO 


J^ 


t- 


OS 


OS 


tr> 


JO 






•;qSp 


AY 




CO 

CO 




CO 


1—1 


T-( 


-1-H 


OS 


C7 

o 

■r-l 


OS 
00 








'aaqxu 


CIM 




tH 


Ci 


CO 


"^ 


iO 


CO 


1> 


00 


OS 



^ 



53?/ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



^ 



47 








S5 

« 
W 

< 

Q 
W 

en 

W 

en 
O 

s 

w 

h4 
Ph 
W 

Q 
o 

p; 

i5 


W 
S 

o 

Di 

Q 
W 

!3 

D- 
(1. 
< 

Q 
& 
ID 

2 
s 

CO 
W 
> 



u 

!5 
iJ 
a. 
O 

en 


1 


8.05 
8.91 

1400 
9.39 




o 


Oi>00* 


a 

O 
u 

be 


i 


?0 CD t>00 


i 


CO OJ J> CJ O «D O? CO 
10lC«0£-o6oOOiO 

T— 1 




1 


ooo5oot-i:Do?co^ 

«DOiOiCOOiC-rHOOOOO 
tJh" lO lO CO J> i> 00 Oi ci th' w 


«o 


1 


§^^^§^§^^^^00 0.^0. 




'^^lOiCCOCOCDt-OOOiOT-ic^cO 

tH tH T-H fH 


1 


CDCQCOCDlOOOiOCOiOlOO 
COi>0?»OOTtiOO'^000»OCOCOTH1000CO 


COCO-<*^iCOlCCOt'i>00050T-lO>CO»0 
tH 1—1 1—1 I— 1 tH 


1 


OCiC0«5OC0«DT-HCD(?J00-^0?00OOCi 


(NC5C0C0'*-*^10iC«0C0t-0000OT-<<M 

1— 1— 1 tH 




i 


S^;^?3§^^S5^J^^§Sg§^i2 




<>?O'->C305COCOCOCO'*-^»C»C?DCOi>00OS 




i 


: : .§§Sg^§55^^^S^§§S 




. • i-io?CQ03o?(r>coco'oo-^'-^io»oco 




s 


' • . . ' . ' ; th -r-< 1-1 TH o:j GO o) (?i CO 






00 


•:h3 


IHX 


O CO oco 
d odd 




a 


O 




'o 


Q 



b 

tH 

1 

O 


•:mdihj. 


•^ COrH C5 CQ 05 00 tH 00 
00^ ^ "* 00 ^ iO ^ ^ tH iO ^ CO ^ 00 CO ^ 
CQ- ^ COG<J- C?- - C0 05- C?" WW- 

d ddd <6<6 '^ <6<^ 




•Q 


o 


I> CD t> CD d »c d »0 iC 


i 


tH 


a 


IHi 
O 


CDCOt-hiOCOt— iCOtHtHCO-i— It— lOOlCOCQOi 
"^COC^COCOWCOWOJCOOiC^COWCOCOW 


3 


IC lO lO 

w> >o„ -O?^ ^ o^ ^ (r?^o«. ^ 

CD- - O- - CD- V. O- - CD » O- - 
00 00 i> i> ^ z6 






•;qSp 


A\ 




t-lOOOSOCD-r-iaDO-^OS'^OCDOTt^-^ 
C550-r-iOOT-i'^»Ot-iOOTH0500C005COOO 
OiO1000000i>t-CDCDt-COiOiC»OiC»CTtH 








aaquir 


IK 




O-rHCiCO'Tj^lCCDt-OOOSOTHWCO'^lCCD 

T-(TH-I-(T-l-r-lTHT-(T-t-I-l-l-IOiWClC^CQC3W 



e^ 



48 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



^ 











^ 


o 


-* 




^ 


CO 












Q 




^ 


o 


Oi 




s 


CO 












^ 

w 


W 


C^i 


l> 


00 




CO 


00 










o 


lO 


t- 


lO 
















5^ 


o 


05 


iO 


o 


















o 


c^ 
























05 


Oi 


CO 


t- 


00 














o 


C3 


00 


CO 


c? 














0^ 




o 


CO 


00 


CO 


Oi 














3 


Q 


c^ 


CO 


CO 


i> 


i> 












o 


05 


05 


Ci 


CO 


o 












g 


CO 


tH 


iO 


1— 1 


CO 












P 

Pi 

CO 


< 
CD 


D 

2 


»-l 


iO 


CO 


CO 


i> 


t- 










o 


CO 


CO 


CO 


^ 


CO 


CO 










1 


o 


o 


00 


CO 


i- 


-^ 










lO 


lO 


lO 


CO 


CO 


i> 








o 


.,_l 


CO 


CO 


CO 


1—1 


CO 


CO 


GO 


C7 




< 


o 


^ 


on 


tH 


lO 


Oi 


iO 


Oi 


Oi 


CD 




tt 
^ 


1— 1 


^ 


-:J^ 


»o 


la 


lO 


CD 


CD 


t- 


00 


o 


o 


CO 


o 


•^ 


CO 


s 


CO 


o 


o 






o 


on 


1—1 


'^ 


r- 


o 


Oi 


on 


•rtH 




O 


g 
ffi 


CQ 


CO 


■rt< 


■^' 


^ 


JO 


IO 


IO 


Co' 


J> 


<^ 


CO 


^. 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CD 


t- 


^. 


CO 




H 


< 


§ 


1— t 


CO 


Oi 


CO 


50 


Oi 


tH 




a 


T-l 


CO* 


CO 


CO 


CO 


■^ 


TlJ 


'^ 


IO 


CO 


Q 


CO 


CO 


CO 


i> 


00 


CO 


oo 


CO 


CO 








(3 


iO 


t- 


Oi 


tH 


CO 


r- 


Oi 


JO 


Oi 




fa 


t« 


00 
























W 
> 




CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


Ttl 


"^ 


^ 


1^ 


CO 


^ 


t- 


CO 


o 


00 


o 


o 




O 


<^ 


05 


o 


CO 


CO 


lO 


on 


Oi 


-* 


f- 




to 
O 


CD 


. 




















M 
^ 




•<— 1 


CO 


C3 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


o 


CO 


00 


CD 


00 


Oi 


CD 


Oi 


CD 


CO 




W 


,1 


o 


CJ 


CO 


"^ 


ia> 


o 


00 


Oi 


CO 


-•^ 




<1 


o 




T— 1 


■1— 1 


T-l 


tH 


1-1 


1—1 


1— t 


CO 


CO 




CO 


00 


CO 


CO 


T^l 


CO 


■^ 








o 


CO 


00 


CO 


Oi 


■^ 


CO 


^ 


CO 


CO 




H 


H 


s 


o 


^ 


i> 


*^ 


(XJ 


Oi 


tH 


CO 










o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


1—1 


1—1 










c? 


1—1 




o 




00 


o 












•3DIHX 


1— I 
CO 


^ 


: 


CO 


: 


1— 1 


CO 


:: 


:: 


Q 




^0, 




o 


o 




o 




o 


o 














IC 




^ 


»o 






W 




GO 


•Q-O 


o 


^ 




CO 


^ 


o 


o> 


o 


^ 






o 


- 


- 


CO 


-* 


Gr 


CO 


o 


■• 










i> 






t- 




t- 


t^ 


t- 












t^ 


CO 




CO 


.rH 


co 


-,—1 


o 


1—1 










CO 


o 






00 


1—1 


00 




00 


M 






•aaiHX 


'^ 


^ 


.. 


CO 


CO 


CO 


C5 


CO 


CO 


Q 
Q 




O 




o 


o 




o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 




o 






o^ 




o 


^ 


o 




§ 




■^ 


ao 


o 


V 


^ 


CO 


^ 


o 


CD 


o 


- 








oo 






00 




00 


00 


00 


CO 










lO 


CO 


o 


r- 


CO 


»o 


CO 


JO 












CO 


o 






t- 


1—1 


i>. 








^ 


■3DIHX 


CD 


lO 


lO 


^ 


^ 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 




J 

T— 1 




o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


•ao 


CO 


, 


- 


: 


;: 


;: 


, 


o 
o 


, 










05 














Oi 










'^ 


iO 


CO 


CO 


{^ 


■,—1 


■>* 


00 


y~l 




•;qSia 


Ai 


2 




1—1 


tH 


1—1 


2 


^ 


.^ 


S5 




• 


jaquit 


^N 




a 


s 


^ 


g 


1— t 
CO 


^ 


§§ 


^ 


^ 



NATfONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



^ 





p 

« 
Pi 

§ 

< 
o 

M 

w 
Q 

o 

w 

•4 
M 


Q 
Jz; 

o 

& 

Q 
W 
J 
11, 

pL, 

Q 

CO 
O 
•<! 
O 

> 

I 


1—1 


7.24 
8.08 

1400 

8.44 




1 


CO W OS «o 
o CO i> 00* 


a 

d 


i 


IC CD CD t-' 


i 


-rH lO Co' CD i> i> 00 


be 


1 


Wt-COt-COiXM-r-lOO 
'*'^1C10CDCDJ>0000 


1 


i 


G<>-<*iCDO^OJCOiOC;)000 
CDOiCOS-^OOCJOSCD^T-i 

CO'^'^^iOlOCDCDt-OOOS 


to 


i 


O^CDOOOCOiOOSOiOOOOOOiO 
OCOOOOOOOtHOOCOOCDCOi-iOO 


9 


Co' CO CO ^' -#" -*' iO lO CD i> i>I 00 OJ C6 


(4-1 


1 


■r-l05^CDC''?00iO-rt<00OC<?-^0000CDCDO 
'<*CDOC5CDOOT-lCDOCD-i-lCDOi0005l>0 


O 

^d 


C3OiC0C000C0^'*lOlOCDCDi>t-C0OST-t 

T— 1 


S 


i 


■rH07 00iOC5-r-lTHOOT-IOOiOOCD-r-lWC?»0 

oooc3-*t-Oii-(-*oooiioo5^c:si>cooj 




T-l C3 <m' CQ C5 05 CO CO CO '^ ^" '<d^ »0 lO CD i:-^ Oo' 




i 


^ ^* ^ ^" ^ ^' Cj^' C? cj O-j CO CO CO CO 'tH -^dH »c 




s 

T— 1 


ddddddi-H-r-t— .^■r^-r-l-r-I'r-ic^'w'G^ 






00 


XOIHX 


o odd 


ti 


•a 


o 


i: : i: §§!§§§§§. §. : 

CD lO CD »C »0 lO '^ »0 '^' '^ '<^' 


CO 
CO 


Q 
Q 


o 
1—1 


•3DIHX 


-.-1 CO-^ Oi CQ Oi 00 -^00 
00^ ^ ^00^ lO „ ^ -^ JO ^ CO ^ ooco^ 
Oi - V- CO C^ - O? V. - cow- C3 - w w - 

d dd d dd d dd 




a 


•o 


W^ ^ W^ OCQ^ OCDOCD^. >. O, ^ 
CD- - CD- CISCD- O lO O IC - - O- - 

i> d i>d diodio »o 


o 


pq 


CO 
t—l 


•XDIHX 


CD CO T-l lO CO tM CO -rH COtH OOiCOWOi 

^ <^ ci> <6> <:i G <z> <:=> <z><::i ci> <:^ c> c> cz' 




•a 


•o 


lO lO lO 
W^^O^^W^^O^^W.O-^ 
CD- - o- - CD- - O- - CD-: O- - 

00 00 i> t-^ d d 




•^qSiSAV 


-rH-r-lCSlOOiCD-^OOCOCOCOOOlOWCDCOOS 
i^OOGOCDOOWCOlOCOOOOt'CDWi^WCD 
O500i>00i>J>t:'CDCDCDCD»OiOlO»OiOTj< 




• 


J9qUlT 


^N 




COCOCOCO^^^^^^^^^^OlOO 



^ 



50 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



q 

p 
<j 

o 

V> 

^^ 

w 
Q 

o 


s 

o 

00 

Q 
W 

Ij 

Q 

£ 

(/) 
Q 
< 
O 
1-1 
c« 
W 
> 

5 

Iz; 

o 


o? 




^ 

t- 




o 

8 


o 
o 

00 










o? 


CO 


^ 

c- 


CO 
















CO 


CO 


00 

1—1 














§ 




b 


CO 


CO 












i 


lO 
rH 




JO 


b 


CD 










T—t 




^ 

"^ 


00 
1— 1 

»o 


JO 


§ 

CO 


CD 








§ 

^ 


8 


^ 

^ 






^ 

.JO 


JO 


1-1 

CD 


CO 

b 


8 


o 
o 


CO 


CO 
CO 


88 

CO 


C5 
tH 


lO 




o 

CO 
JO 


JO 


00 

JO 

b 


o 
o 
o 


03 


o 

CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 

■I— 1 




00 


JO 


s 

00 




CO 


05 


8 


CO 


CO 


CO 

JO 

CO 


JO 
00 

CO 




§ 


-1— 1 


CO 
00 


->* 

1—1 


o 


CO 




JO 
CD 


00 
CO 


CO 


tT 


T-l 




1—1 


CO 
1—1 


O 

JO 


tH 




CO 


CO 




o 

00 


•30IHX 


05 

CO 

b 


00 

b 


- 


b 


= 


00 

b 


O 

CO 
CO 

b 


o 

CO 
GO 

b 


o 

CO 
CO 

b 


a 


o 




:: 


: 


JO 

^ 


: 




JO 


8 


: 


p 

Q 
i-i 

s 


o 

T— 1 


:moihj. 


b 


b 


- 


1— 1 
CO 

b 


o 


1—1 
CO 

b 


^ 

b 


b 


b 


a 


O 


00 


^ 


- 


00 


- 


00 


00 


8 

00 


- 


PQ 


b 

Ho 

tH 


■>IOIHX 


to 

Of 
CO 

b 


CO 

b 


8 

JO 

b 


CO 
■rt^ 

b 


CD 
O 

b 


CO 

b 


CQ 

CO 
b 


JO 
CO 

b 


CO 
CO 

b 


a 


O 


CO 
b 


- 


: 


- 


: 


^ 


- 


8 

OS 


- 


•:mSpM 


i 


CO 
5 




1—1 


1 


CO 

o 


00 
05 


1—1 
OS 


00 


• 


asquit 


m 




s 


^ 


JO 
lO 


§ 


JO 


s 


g 


8 


CD 



^ioc 



CI 

o 

be 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



"^ 



-f iO CD iO 



tH IO >0 to CD I- go 05 



CO -rfH Tt< IQ »0 CD CD J.- t- CO 05 



COCO'^^'^lOlOCDCOt-OOQOCiO 



O? O? CO CO "tJ^ '^^ ^ lO JO CD CD I- C» 00 Oi 1-1 O'i 



C> O"? C? O^ CO CO CO 



~H -t^ ^ »0 IQ CD t - t- GO qa 

:- O Oi iO Oi Ci OJ GO 'X) CD 1-1 -t* t- 05 
H -^ lO t- O CO t- O CO O) CO Ci lO O^f 

^f C> C> ?> CO CO CO -H -^ -^ to iC CD t-^ 



on c> o « 0> O"? CO CO CO -* -^t^ 



COCi 

toio 



CD O"? 
CD I- 



C> CO 

O CD 
GOOD 



5IDIHX 



OO 
CO 

^ o 

- 01 



OO 

o 



a o 



•aiDIHX 



lO CV-? 0> 

O"?. ^ CD> OOCDOOOO^ O^ 

CD- - lo- 00*00 10 010- :: o- 

CD »0 CD »0 »0* lO -+ IO '** ~f< 



COtH OS CiCi GOGO-i-lOO 

rt< CO ^ IO „ _ tH »0 ^ CO CO GO CO 

CO (?-■? - c> - - CO o:» - o'i C-101 ot 

OO o oo' oooo 



a "o 



5I0IHX 



a'o 



JO JO o> o> 

V, 0> , O 0» O CO O CD ^ O 

^ CD- o CD - o JO o JO : - o- 

CD t- CD CD JO CD JO JO 



CDCO-r-IJOCOr-IOO-rH COtH OC5C0 07 0S 

O-+^C0l--:t^00'-t^00^ '^GO., OJO-^i-iJO 
^ CO C"J CO CO O? CO O? > CO Cv? - CO 0> CO CO c> 



o ooooooo 

JO 



OO 



ooooo 

»0 iO 

Ol ^ ^ O ^ ^ 01 ^ ^ C:> ^ ^ OT; o^ 
CD- -o- -.CD- -O- S.C0-O- - 

OO OO t- t- CD CD 



•;ilSl9M 



»0 J- *- 0> GO ? - 0> O CD -rH CD CO O CO tH Ci CD 

—HiOCD'tiCOO-^-^i-HCOCOOiOOCDOiO 
Ci GO < - CO * ~ * - f_~ CO CD CD JO lO JO lO IO IO -^ 



■jsqiun^ 



J 





^tj — 






















1- 


N 




63 




NATIONAL 


TUBE COMPANY. 








j 




bid 

.s 

(:o 

-M 
d) 

.Si 

CO 

o 

bi) 
a 
i> 


Q 
W 

t2 
tn 

g 
O 

w 
Q 

o 

w 

< 


Q 

Q 
U 
J 

cu 

s 

D 
O 

Ph 

Q 
O 

> 

O 

w 
Is 


2600 
6.43 






1 


b 
















Oi 




b 


b 


















Ci 




to 


CD 


















i 




iO 




05 
-I— 1 

CD 
















1 




^ 


1—1 




id 














1 


CO 








^ 














-I— 1 


CO 


1— t 

00 

CO 


CO 






b 


to 


b 


b 






i 




to 

CO 


00 


00 

ZO 

CO 


co" 


^ 
■^ 


-*' 


o 

T-H 

b 


8 

b 






tH 






00 


CD 

o 

oo' 


1—1 
CO 

co' 


co' 


tH 
Oi 

CO 


^ 








GO 


00 

05 


00 

T-H 

oj 


00 




CO 




T-l 

CO 


co' 


88 

CO 






i 


1—1 


CO 

CO 

T— 1 


T-l 


00 

tH 


T-l 


00 
1—1 


»o 

CO 


»o 


8 






1 


b 


T-l 


T-i 

•l-H 


tH 


^ 

T— 1 


1—1 


tH 


o 

tH 


tH 








05 


•:hoihx 


CO 

o 


o 


- 


O 


- 


00 

b 


8 

o 


z 


^ 






•ao 


o 
o 


:: 


: 




: 


o 
o 


CD 


o 
o 


- 






&3 
1-3 
Q 
Q 

3 


b 
■t— 1 


•3DIHJ, 


b 


CD 

b 


- 


CO 

b 


b 


C5 
CO 

b 


b 


b 


b 






ao 


00 


r 


- 


00 


: 


o 
o 

oo' 


^ 

00 


§ 

00 


- 








T— 1 


•33IHJ, 


i 

b 


b 


b 


CO 

b 


CO 

o 
b 


JO 

b 


CO 

b 


b 


CO 

b 






a 'o 


CO 

b 


: 


^ 


: 


: 


- 


- 


s 

b 


- 






•:HlSi9AV 


(35 

i 


CO 




1—1 
1—1 


00 

§ 




C5 

8 


1 


-rH 
gg 








•jsquinN | ^^ 


8 


00 


g 


§§ 


s 


s 


S 


S5 


1 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



63 





p 

w 
Pi 

«11 

Q 

w 
p 

to 
CO 

§ 

H 
U 

w 

w 
Q 

§ 

w 

.4 

m 
< 


O 

ai 

00 

Q 
W 
J 

Pl, 

< 



2 

< 

s 

> 

5 

w 

Ph 


8 


6.60 

1500 

7.08 




o 

T-l 




i 


i 




i 


Oi i> 00 o- 




i 


t-TH£>T-IQOO-^C''JOi 




i 


OiOGOCSO-iC5<X>-^T-i^CO 

CO o T-H '^ T-; CQ <:o CO Oi t- CO 

COCOTH'*10i010i;OCOi^QO 




i 


C-iCOCOCO'^'^^lOlO«Oi>i>o6os 


(4-1 

o 


o 

o 


(MO'?CQeOCOCO^Ti<-rjHlOlOOi>{>Q6oib 


« 


-* 


g§s§§§^,s§^^sg^^gs 




-i-H o:> c:j c^"? 05 CO CO CO CO -^' 'Tt^ lo io o i> J> od 




i 


Tl^ lO {>. 05 TH cv?_ ^^ i> OS CO lO 00 C? i> C? i> ^ 
^ T-l -rH tH c:j (?;> c? d C> CO CO CO -* '** lO lO ?0 




i 


OSO-r-IOi^lOCOOOOSC^COlOOOi-liCOOCO 
O tH tH T-l th -r-i T-l T-1 1-1 C<i O? C-:J C5 CO* CO* CO* '** 




s 

TH 


(^:?c:?£-THTH005COt- 

£-(>:? 35'*C0i0OO00T-i0SCiC0t-?DC<?«0 

'*»OiOi;Oi>i>GOOiO»THTHC^Tt<iOi>CS-i-l 

OOOOOOOOOtHt-ItHtHt-HtHtHC:? 






? 
t- 


•:h3ihx 


b b bb 


1 


a 


o 




53 

1 

(4-1 

o 


►J 

Q 
Q 


b 

1—1 


XDIHJ, 




•a 


o 


lO lO lO o? o? 

j> i> j>?o <:oioi:dio lo 




Eh 


1—1 


■:a3iHJL 


coco— ^IOCOtHCOt- COtH OiCOf^tOi 
'^ CO O? CO CO O^ CO Ol - CO O? ^ CO C-"* CO CO CQ 

c> <^ <::> ci- c> <6 <^ S (Zx^ c> c> 'Z:' cZ' <6 


Hf 


•a 


o 


§—§-:§:: 8- : ^z 8: : 

00 00 i> i> b b 




■:nlg;97W 


05 -^ CO o t- t^ o:> o"? C5 o o t- lo -^ o lo CO 

THCO'*lT-iCOGOC5C.'>C5'*t^'*COClC>OS^ 




• 


jaqrar 


IN 




00000S0505C505050S0S0505OOOOO 

T-l TH T-l -I— ( tH 





T-l TH T-l tHtH J 



^ 



54 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 









o 


o 


o 




(^ 


•^ 










Q 


Q 

1 


§ 


T-H 


CO 




§ 


lO 












CQ 


o 


CO 




CO 


co' 










O 


i> 


'^ 


CO 














V 




CD 


-T-H 


lO 
















o 


C^ 


lO 


CO 


CO 














^ 


Tin 


00 


CO 














o 


cv* 


CO 


o 














p^ 


c 


"'^ 




















H 


Q 


(>^ 


iO 


IC 


CO 














o 


o 


CO 


CO 


-^ 












<; 


o 


oo 


o? 


lO 


Oi 




































p 


E^ 


o? 


-^ 


lO 


»o 


lO 












(^ 


CD 


c<> 


CO 


o 


CO 










1X1 




o 


CO 


f- 


o 


"* 


00 










< 

Cf) 

Q 


8 


■^* 


'^ 


lO 


lO 


IC 










^ 


c? 


lO 


CO 


CO 


^ 


^ 








g 


Oi 


c^ 


lO 


00 


CO 


t- 








g 




1—1 


CO 


'** 


'<d^ 


^ 


lO 


lO 








(^ 


03 


oo 


CO 


c? 


CO 


o 


oo 


CO 


on 


H? 


tH 


-^ 


t- 


o 


CO 


CD 


TH 


^ 


Oi 


t- 


o 


s 


CO 


CO 


"-^l 


-"^h" 


-^ 


iO 


iO 


lO 


CD 


o 


lO 


o 


T-i 


00 


t- 


i> 


Oi 


CO 


IO 


to 
w 
Q 


^ 


o 

CO 


CO 
CO 


CO 


CO 


o 






CO 


OS 

IO 


^ 


C<J 


-"^ 


•I— 1 


^ 


o 


07 


o 


on 


on 




CD 


00 


o 


CO 


lO 


00 


tH 


""^ 


o 


en 
> 


^ 


OJ 


c<? 


CO 


co' 


CO 


CO 


'^ 


X*H 


IO 


Q 


GO 


CO 


T-t 


o 


.^ 


Ci 


o^ 


CO 


"^ 




O 


o 


tH 


CO 


lO 


f^ 


o: 


tH 


^ 


t- 


CO 


to 


o 




















o 




T-l 


Cvi 


c^ 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


^ 


o 


'rti 


05 


■,_! 


CO 


CO 


lO 


'^ 


00 


OS 


w 


o 


i> 


00 


o 


T-H 


CO 


lO 


t- 


05 


CO 


»4 

m 




00 


tH 


■I— I 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


co' 


CO 


CO 


o 


-r-l 


CO 


1—1 


CO 


lO 


.,_! 


lO 


^ 


^ 


H 


^ 


s 


CO 


-* 


lO 


CO 


t- 


OJ 


o 


c^ 


IO 




T-l 


1—1 


tH 


•t— 1 


T-l 


T-l 


CO 


CO 


C3 








C9 


y—t 




o 




00 


o 










•:hdihjl 


1—1 
CO 


^ 


:: 


GO 


r 


tH 


CO 


- 


:: 


Q 


^ 




o 


o 




o 




o 


o 














lO 






»o 


1^ 




K 


£- 


•ao 


o 






CO 




o 


CO 


<^ 








o 


- 


- 


CD 


- 


o 


CD 


o 


- 








t- 






t^ 




r- 


t> 


i> 










t- 


CO 




CO 


•^^ 


CO 


.,_( 


o 


.^^ 


, • 






co 






T-H 


00 


T-H 


00 


o 


00 


W 




•:HDlHi 


T*H 


"^ 


v. 


CO 


<r> 


CO 


o> 


CO 


o> 


>j 


= 






















Q 
Q 


1 

OS 




o 


o 




o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 




o 






^ 




o 


^ 


o 




s 




a "o 


o 


- 


- 


CO 


- 


o 


CD 


o 


- 






00 






00 




00 


00 


00 










lO 


CO 


o 


c— 


CO 


iO 


CO 


»o 


CO 






•2IDIHX 


05 

CO 


§ 


s 


^ 


^ 


j;5 


CO 


CO 


1—1 
CO 






o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


a o 




- 


^ 


- 


- 


: 


- 


g 


- 








Oi 














OS 








CO 


05 


CO 


1^ 


00 


i>> 


CO 


CO 


(^ 


•^msp 


M 


T— 1 


T-H 


tH 


t— 1 


§ 

tH 


g 


^ 


a 


§ 






lO 


CO 


r^ 


on 


05 


o 


T-l 


CO 


CO 


1 


a«H"* 


ax 




o 
1— I 


o 

T-l 


o 

T-H 


o 

tH 


o 

tH 


T-l 
T-i 


tH 
tH 


tH 


T-t 



^rt 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



^ 





W 

q 
w 

o 

H 
U 
W 

a 

W 

Q 

§ 

w 
<) 
H 


& 

W 

S 
O 

oo 

Q 
U 

s. 

en 
Q 

<: 
o 

> 

s 


1 


ICCD 


1 


CD 




T-l 


-<:*^ lO CD 


'd 


1—1 


10 05 co^ 
tH JOC5CD 


3 


1 


'^CO-r-IOOrtHOO'^T-l 

i>T-ii>ocDOTfiT-iGO 


?, 


CO-^Tf^lOiOCDCDOJ^ 


be 


1 


COCO'*-<^!OiOOCOCDt>OOOi 


1 


i> 


OiO^CD05COCD05lOO£>eOOiQOtO 
<^■^COCOCO-TJ^-«:J^TJ^10CDCD^^-^>•GOCS 


CD 
1) 


1 


^t-T-lCOC-OOt-OJOOCOOOlOCQO^WCO 


O 


(NO'JCOCOCO^'<*i'^lOlOCDCDi>OOOiOTH 


O 


1 


0?&OOt-I^005W^^?SS^§^ 


Tl 


O^ (>■? (?•■? CQ CO CO CO CO ^ '-dH lO lO CO CD £^ 00 05 




1 


§^S^§ggS^^^§^^28g 




th — < c? o:? O'J 03 OJ CO CO CO "* ^ lO lO CD CD t- 




1 


O^COlOCDGOOTHCOCDCS-rH^t-T-iCD^O 




T-l T-l th -r-i th cQ o:j o:j o> o> CO CO CO 'rj^ -^ io lo 




i 


C0-HlOC0lOC0C00iC0'<*O00 0-J-*00OCD 

ooosoT-io^cO'^ioi>oiT-icvjioe>0'^i> 




o o T-< T-l -r-i 1-1 T-l 1-1 T-l T-l o"i CQ o? o:j CO CO co' 




8 

1—1 


O 05 CO "* t- »^ CO CO 00 o 

T-iioo'>cDO'jcDT-ioi(:or-io^cDi>'<#ooo 

^'TtHlOiOCDCDt-t-QOOiOTHCQCOlOt-OO 




dddddddddd-.-iT^T-(THTHTHTH 






? 

t- 


•NDIHJ, 


O CO O CO 


i 


•a O 


i= :: i: ^^^s^^^z z §. z 

CO lO CD lO »0 lO* -!*< lO ^ "TtJ 




Q 

Q 


OS 


•XOIHX 


■r-l COtHOS C3C5O0t-(0O 
oo ^ » -^00^ lO , ^ T-l »0 ^ CO „ ooco^ 
05- - cooi- c^- - coc<i- c:j- o.?c3- 


a -o 


iO iO lO c? o? 

^. . ^z ^^z ^^^^z z sz . 

t- to j> CD CD lO CD lO \0 






b 

CD 


•XDIHJL 


coco— 'LOCOtHCOt-i COt-i CSC0OJ05 
O T*- 00 t- rf 00^00 ^ '^ 00 ^ O lO -* tH O 
^ CO 0> CO CO C3 CO <?-? - COCi Z CO O^ CO CO o^. 


oooooooo oo ooooo 


h4 


a -o 


00 00 J> t^ o CO 






^qSxa, 


^ 


COO'*COCDiOO")lO— iOOCOOIOOOthth 

Ol tH o:» Ci tH CD t^ O 00 o:j LO CO 07 CO O"? 00 CO 

GC/Dr-r^t-cococoiocDOioio^iuo-*-^ 






jaqcun 


^N 


xjHoot-oocio-HOioo^iocor^oooso 

^^t-ItHt-Ht^WCQCQC^C^C^CQCQCQC^CO 




' ■ 


' ' ' ' 


-, ^ ■-, T-. ,-.,-, T-. ,-.,-, T-, T-l 1 



J 





"lil — 
























^^JJ~" 


■ 


56 




NATIONAL 


TUBE 


COMPANY. 






; 




a 
St 

& 
1 

<u 

1 

M-l 

o 

1 

<M 

M-l 

o 

c 

0) 

t-r 

- 


w 
w 
p^ 

in 
<J 

P 

W 
Pi 

CO 

p 

o 

i4 

m 

<5 
H 


i 

Q 
U 

CL, 

< 

;? 

O 

O 
H^ 

u 
> 

s 

o 


1 


i6 


CD 






^ 

d 












1 




oo 


T-H 

CD 
















1 




CO 


C5 

«D 
















i 


? 

^ 




^ 

JO 


^ 

lO 














i 


^ 

^ 






lO 

T-l 

lo 


JO 
lO 












1 


CO 


00 

1—1 


^ 

^ 




JO 


lO 
JO 










tH 


Oi 
CO 


CO 


CO 


1—1 


^ 


s 

JO 


JO 








T- 1 


o 

1—1 

CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


^ 

•^ 






^ 

JO 


JO 




TH 


C5 




o 

CO 


^ 

CO 


lO 

CO 


CO 


CO 
1—1 




tH 

lO 




1— 1 


^ 


tH 
lO 


CO 


1—1 
00 

C3 


o 

CO 


CO 
CO 


^ 

CO 


o 

Oi 
CO 






1 


t 


o 

C5 


Oi 

TH 

C5 


CO 
C5 


CO 

JO 


C3 




^ 

CO 


co' 




1 


g 


«D 


lO 

T— 1 


■1—1 


^ 


05 


C5 


05 










■:mdihx 


T-l 

CO 


53 

d 


- 


o 
d 


z 


QO 

d 


d 


: 






•Q-O 




- 


- 




- 


8 


t- 


8 


= 




Q 


C3 


•SDIHX 


CO 

o 


d 


: 


C5 

CO 

d 


d 


CO 

d 


d 


d 


tH 
00 

d 




•Q-O 


8 

00 


- 


- 


lO 
00 


- 


8 

00 


00 


00 


- 






T— 1 


•^lOIHvL 


o 


d 


d 


d 


d 


d 


d 


d 


C3 

CO 

d 




•a -o 


Oi 


: 


: 


- 


: 


: 


- 


8 

Oi 


: 




•;qSi9Ai 


■I— 1 


tH 


o 


o 

T-l 


i 


1 


tH 


i 








•jaqxur 


^N 


s 


tH 




CO 

T-l 


T-l 


tH 


§5 

T-l 


tH 


T-t 




^n 
























■■■■Tp 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



^ 



57 



a 
o 

u 



O 

S 

h4 



i-r 

w 
Q 

o 

w 

m 
<i 
H 



0:)C0'^^'«:i^lClO?D«Di>Q0 



C5CCCOOti"^^^iO?OCDl>00 



c<? e<? CO CO cO'*'^"<*i»oio"Oi>i>oo 



C^WOT C<JCOCOCO'^^i010«Oi:Di>OOQOOS 



tH O? Cj C5O3OJCOCOCO'^'^»ClC«O«Di>00 



i05THCO'^i>0'^«00-<*00- 



OOQ000->*'*t-G00it-?0OOO00i>10 
T-iCJC0'*?0t-00OC?*Ct^OC0«0O'*C5 



CQ03(??c<icoeoco'^'*^ 



<N ooooo 

C0OTH0005«0^0SC0THTtlOOO<M00O 
C-000i0iO-i-iC<}C0l0i>00OC<J-^J>05C0 



0>0? (NCQC3C0 



COOiOOS'^OOCJOiOiC-rHOOOCOOSlC 



ooooooooooo- 



> o o o 



•ao 



^OIHX 



•a 'o 



"XOIHJ, 



•a -o 



0» ,. „ CD ^ OOCDOOOO ^ O 

«D - V. io - ooiooicoioc: - o 

CD lO CO lO lO lO "** »0 ■^' "'d^ 



CO-r-l Oi 03O5 00 tHQO 
^ ^00^ iO ^ „ tH lO _ CO. ooco 

>- coo?- c*- - co(M- cQv. c<ic5 



iO lO Oi CO 

. CQ . O Oi „ O CD O CO V. 

- CO- O CD - O JO O lO - 

CO t> CD CO lO CD lO 



CD CO T-l lO CO i-H CO tH CO-M OS CO Oi 05 
O-*00i>^00^00 . ^00. OlO-^T-liO 
"TtH CO Ol CO CO O} CO OJ - COO{- COOiCOCOOJ 



oooooooo 



oo o oooo 



Oi » V. o . 

CO - - o- 



iO 

CO - ^ o 



lO 
. Oi . o , . 
- CO - o - - 



•;ilSi9A\^ 



i:^CDOiOilOCOCOt-'*05i:^CDCO'^'<^i>00 
CD00Ol>05'rJHlO00eDOC0-r-lOC0i-iCDT-l 
00i>f>-i>-CDCDC010>OC0Ot01O-^ lO -"stl tJI 



•jsquiriK 



'*'"*'<*• '*"<:t<'<*i'^-^'<*i'^101CilOlO»0»0 10 



^ 



58 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



^ 



n3 
O 

O 

be 



(L) 



^ce 



CO I »o 



^ 



g 


to 
OS 


g 


CO 


GO 
GO 


^ 


CO 


CO 


^ 


'^ 


^ 


iO 


^ 


s 


^. 


(M 




g 



W CO CO CO 



(?:» (M CO CO 



T—l 


g 


s 


S 


8B 


^ 


^ 


^ 


§ 


^ 


C5 


O 


<?3 


o? 


CO 


CO 


CO 


Ti^ 


-* 


1 


§ 


CD 
tH 


^ 


^ 


§ 


§ 


T- 1 


-^ 


00 


tH 


CQ 


GQ 


CQ 


(?5 


w 


CO 


CO 


CO 



tH T-l T-l OJ 



XDIHX 



00 o 



•a -o 



SDIHX 



a "o 



'3I3IHX 



o « 

O CD 



CD 



C^ 1-1 
rH 00 

CO (M 



TH 00 

CO CJ 

O O 



O -r-l 

O 00 
CO C5 



O O 

O CD 

00 00 



(N o 

CD O 
»0 lO 



»o o? 

t- 1-1 

CO CO 

o o 



CO CO 



•a "o 



•:nlSi9Ai 



CD £- 



2 g 
O 05 



tH lO ^ 
O tH CD 
05 00 00 



•jsquinx 



33^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 59 j" 




Q 

P 
w 
p< 
p 

o 

w 
Q 

o 

i4 
P5 
<J 


Q 
15 

O 
« 

s 

Q 
U 

2 

en 
Q 
■< 
O 
(J 
en 

> 
S 
W 

z 

t3 

o 


i 




00 


^ 

o 






"^ 




n-i 


1 


O5 00«5O3 


2 


o 

1 


COCOCO-*'*lCiC?D 


bJO 


i 


CvJOSOO-^O'^iOlOOOOOW 
lOt-T-l-^iXiOCOGOCiOO^ 

C^05COCOCO^''^'^1010?0 


1 


1 


OiC5C<iCOCOCOCO'^"-*'l01CCD?Dt-^ 


0) 


i 


OSOCOiO^O^OO^Oo8it^^O£>§ 





•r-lO?0?(^>0>COCOCC»CO'r^^Tj^iOlO?D£>^>o6 


Ml 


i 


OOOOSlOOOCOi-HCO-rHOST-i'^C-OOiOlO 

ioi>05T-icoioi>oco<xioo:)i>oi05'^TH 


o 


■rHT-l-rH(?3C5C<?0?COCOCO'rJH'^^l010^}> 




1 


^^§g^8§^^s^5^^a§s^sg^ 


T-li-iTHi-(-rHC<JCQOTW03COCOCO'*TJHJO»0 




CO 


S§S^^g?§^g5^^§g^SEB^ 




O-^i-i'-'i-iT-iT-iT-ii-iciWC^C^COCOCO'r^i 




i 


G<J 00 «D00O 

C00S0iiOl0TH00T-l0Ji>OC0f-<00?D00«0 

«D«DJ>.000500WCO-^«OC-050C01000 




OOOOOTHTHr-lTH-rH^-r-li-lWC:)CQ05 




s 

1— 1 


':OOi00O5iOCDO5CD^i>(?5Q0C0 

T-i^OSWt^O'^OCOCOOCDiO'^OOOSCO 

COCOCO^'^lOlOCOOt-OOOOOiOrHCi'^*! 




OOC^OOOOOOOOOOt-i-HTH-rH 




Q 


'? 
t- 


:h3ihx 


O CO oco 
d odd 




•a 


o 


O - t: lO - O O IC O lO o »o ^ - o" - 
<:d »o ?o ic ic ic -* ic -* '^ 


I 


Q 
Q 


o 

1—1 

1 

00 


510 


IHX 


tH COt-H Oi W OS 00 -r-l 00 
00^ ^ ^00^ »0^ ^ T-iiO^ CO. 0OCO„ 


•a 


•o 


i>l d }>d oddio d 


"So 


pq 


■t— 1 


•:hdihx 


CO CO tH lO CO '—I CO ■<— I CO 1— t O 05 CO W OS 
-«# CO CQ CO CO O? CO GQ - cow- COC^COCOCQ 


oooooooo oo ooooo 


h4 


"a 


•o 


lO lO lO 

00 00 i> i> ^ z6 






•:niSia^ 


w 




t-iGQt-iOS'^COCOCOOStHOOOOOOSCOIO 






•jaquiri 


LN 




ssg§g?i^g2^^^^g?^8osa§ 










m 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



■a^ 



no 
O 

o 






^ 



o 
o 

s 


CO 


















1 


o 


CO 


s 














^' 


^ 


^ 














i 




8 


C5 

CO 


00 












CO 


^ 


tH 


^ 












o 


co' 


CO 


CO 


CO 












i 


00 
tH 

CO 


CO 


co' 


CO 




o 








i 


88 


o 


g^ 


s 


s 


00 








C5 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


Ttl 








1 


g 


^ 


% 


^ 


^ 


^ 


■r-t 


^ 




C5 


C5 


c? 


CO 


CO 


CO 


'-t 


'■^ 




1— t 


8 


% 


§ 


88 


^ 


s 


?2 


% 


i$ 


<?? 


c^ 


C3 


<?5 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


"* 


1— 1 


§ 


1—1 


g? 


s 


§ 


§ 


^ 




g 


CQ 


05 


Ol 


o? 


c? 


C3 


CO 


CO 


CO 


1—1 


?^ 


g 


g 


■I-l 


8 


T-l 

1« 


88 


§ 


^ 


T^ 


i-H 


tH 


C3 


(M 


Oi 


C3 


C3 


CO 


1 


^. 


^ 


^. 


§ 


OS 


^ 


^ 


^. 


^ 



NDIHJ, 



a'o 



■:iDIHX 



a'o 



c* o 

so o 



T-l <>i 

00 -r-l 
OJ CO 



•r-l O 
00 o 

CO CO 



■3DIHX 



•Q-O 



•^mSpAV 



o c- 

^ 00 



(?3 iO CQ 

1-1 C- l-H 

CO CO CO 



TH CO 

OS 00 



O ir- 
es CO 
t- 00 



t^ 





1 




NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 61 


■ 




<1 
P 

w 

CO 

< 
1/1 

o 

w 
Q 

O 

w 

PQ 
< 


Q 

W 

1 

Q 

J 

& 

en 
Q 
< 

S 

> 
w 


S 




T-l 


00 


_ T 




■t-H 




bo 
7i 


o 


coco'tH 


1—1 


oi CO CO CO ^" ^' ^ lO 


1 


QO O «0 ?© i> CO CO 00 o «o o 
■r-l-<^t-05CJ10£>-r-li>THiO 


■*j 


C3 d d ci co' CO CO ^* ^' ic io 




i 


OOTHOOC00500iOC5i><M»0000 
05T-l'^10000Ci«0-rHTj<00 0'^i>CO 

T-I o:J ci cd C5 CO* co' CO* ^' ^' ^' ic »o ?o* 




i 


SSSS^i^^^^S^^g^^SSS 


T-H -r-i oj ci C? Cv:j d CO CO* CO ^" ^* ^' lO «o «o J> 


"S 


i 


U2^^2^U^^^t^^2^1^^ 


T) 


^ ^ -rH th cvi oi oi o:i oj CO CO CO ^ ^ lo »o* ?o 


c 
W 


'^ 


§8^^S^88§^§g88S§J^8 




T-lTH-rHT-i-r-l-i-l-r-iCQCvjc.-jo^COCOCO'^'^lO 




1 


?oo 

i-lOCO-rHCOC^THi^COi-ICOlOOOO'^^lO 
OOOiO-r-iC:iCO^lOt-OiO(??'^i>OCOt' 




0-rHi-l-i-i-r-lT-l-rHTH-rHC5C.-i03WCOCOCO 




i 


-^ O 00 00 00 (M OO 
■<*O00C0-r-l00C0^000000Ol0OC1C>O 

iooi:oi>ooooosoT-io5co»o<»oooc5io 




d d d d O* O O* -r-l T-l -rH ^ -r-l tH -rH CQ O-? 03 




o 
o 


CQO'*Oi05-!-lOi050000000100 

£-0-^«00'*CO(??OOCOOOiOC?OT-(-r-ilO 

CQCOCOCO-^'^-rt^lOlOCOOt-OOOSOTHO--? 




dddddddddddddd-^i-iT-i 




d 


CO 


•XOIHX 


O CO oco 
d d do 


1 


•a 


O 






Q 
Q 


00 


•5I3IHX 


■^ COi-H Ci C50i 00 tHOO 
00^ , -* 00 „ »0 ^ ^ -.-' lO ^ CO ^ 00 CO ^ 

d ddd ddddd 


•a 


o 


lO »o 
?o - - o 
i> d 


ii 


:o CO io«o lo lo 


a 




CI 

T-t 


•XD 


IHX 


OCOf-llO 

5w^oo 


M -H CO-r-l OCSC0CQ05 
Tt^ 00 ^ -^OO^ 0»0'*-r-i»0 
CO 05 - CO W •^ COC<>C0COC2 


2 


d o d d d d d o d d d d o d o 


•a 


•o 


od 00 i> i> io v-> 






•W2x9 


AV 




iC0005lO-<*l^-'Tt^T-^OCO-^»0'^«OCOOSCO 






•jaqrai 


^N 




illiiSISiiiiiiiii 


Tir — \j^ 



^ 



■^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 







p 
;?; 
W 

w 

P 
W 
etj 
P 

< 

w 

CO 

1 

w 
Q 

Pa 

o 

w 

m 


o 

fn 

Q 
M 

Ij 

ft, 
ft, 
< 
en 
Q 
'Z 

2 

< 

3 

> 

s 

w 

ft, 
o 


CO 


CD 
O 


05 
CO 




CD 
CO 














8 


CD 
CO 


C5 
Oi 

CO 


CD 














^ 


o 


CO 


CO 


CO 














g 

u 


o 


o 

CO 


CD 
CO 


OS 
CD 

CO 


CO 












bjC 

a 






o 

CO 


o 

CO 


CO 


CO 










1 

i 

o 

8 


o 

o 


— H 


^ 


C5 
CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 








o 


CD 






CO 


^ 

co' 


CO 


00 
GO 

CO 




00 


i 




^ 
oi 


C5 




^ 

oi 


CO 


05 

-^ 

CO 


00 

i> 

CO 


^ 


T—l 


-1—1 


CO 

1—1 






C5 


88 

<?5 


o 
1—1 

CO 


CD 
CO 

CO 


CO 




1— ( 


G^7 


T— 1 


^ 


1—1 


^ 

C5 


C5 






CO 




T-t 


^. 


^ 


1—1 


00 

1—1 


1—1 


CD 
1—1 

03 


CO 


^ 


So 




1 


^ 


CO 
CO 

1—1 


■r-l 


CO 
1—1 


CD 

T-l 


^ 


Oi 

1—1 


o 

rH 
07 


^ 






CD 


•aOIHX 


CO 

d 


o 


r 


d 


- 


00 

d 


d 


- 


- 


(L) 


•Q-O 


o 
o 


: 


: 


CD 


: 


s 


^ 




^ 


t4-. 

M-i 


Q 
Q 

3 


CO 


•:hoihx 


CO 

d 


CD 
O 
-^ 

d 


> 


1—1 
CO 

o 


d 


CO 

o 


d 


d 


d 


•a -o 


00 


- 


: 


^ 

00 


- 


o 

o 

00 


00 


00 


- 




pq 


T— 1 


•:hoihx 


d 


i 

d 


o 


o 


d 


CO 

d 


CO 

d 


d 


■^^ 
CO 

d 


•ao 


CD 


- 


- 


: 


: 


r 


^ 




- 




•tUlSpiW 


05 


CO 
00 
I-* 


§ 


1 


i 




1 


o 
1—1 
00 










jaqtuT 


IN 






o 


1—1 

1—1 

03 


05 

1— ( 
C5 


CO 
1—1 


-* 
(M 


in 

<?3 


CD 


t- 

^ 



^5!r 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



"^ 



63 



o 

u 

be 



(L) 
PL, 

O 

Xi 
■*-> 

bG 
a 

<L) 
h4 



n" 


T-^ 


W CD 


1 


-** 


Iz; 


1—1 




o 


tH 


CO CO -"d^ ^" 


00 




O O rJH O? O C5 tH 
00 -r-l »0 00 Oi »0 00 


Q 

(X 


<?5 CO CO CO Tfl Tfl TjH 


o 

tH 


"^OSIOOOi-icDt-iOOOCOCO 
COlCOii-dOt-O'^OS'^Oi 


O? O? oi CO 00 CO -rjH' tJH ■rl^ lO lO 


<1 

en 


O 

o 

00 


t-CDCD^OOOOOOJCOOOiOOOO 
00OC0l000O0?l00iC0J>i-l?0-r-H 


Q 


■rH OJ O? oi 05 CO CO CO CO ^ ^' lO »o «D 


i 


O'*i>-rHOi:0O00-^00CD'^C0'^0i03«0 
'^»Oi>Oir-lO^'^?0050J»0000??DO?t'CO 


P. 


^ ^ ^ ^ <ji oi oi oj oi CO CO CO ^' ^ lo lo o 


S5 


i 


^^^ggg§^J^?HS^55}ggggg 


CD 


■p-,,-i-r-i'^-rHT-i0105 0?0>0?COCOCO-!*<-!t<»0 




1 


i§ss5^g§g^^?s^ss§^§^ 




OTHTH-r-,-rHT-lTH'r-lT-40JO?030JCOCOCO-^ 


> 

s 


i 


O? i> lO'* 

Ot-OOiOlOCOO-^t^^ODOiCOOJ-r-iCOOO 

i>i>00050-r-IO?00'*COi>05THCOOOO-rH 


o d d o th -r-i T-, th -rH th -rH T-1 oi oi oi oi co' 


!5 

,13 


1 


00000?00?0'>0?«DO 

CD-rHOlCOOlOOOSOOCROSOOOl-rtH'rtlOOJ 

^iOiOi:Di>i>OD00050-r-IO)'^»Oi>C»-rH 


Oi 


ddddddddd-rHT-iTH-r-1-rH-.-ii-ioi 


g 


§ 

1— , 


•T}H051000i-ii:D-r-(000«DCOT-i050?OiO> 

CO»OOiT-HOt-0'<:t<05^05-*Oi>COlO«0 

0^0■?0■^COCOCO'ri^-rt^'rJ^lOiO«0^>i>00050 




d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d T-' 



^ 



:5I3IHX c^ = - c^ 



CO OCO 

-"05(OJ- ------- 



a o 



lO Oi o» 

Oi ^ > iO .^ OOCDOOOO^ ^ O 

«D - - »0 - OOlOOlOOiO- - O 

to IC go to IQ lO '^ IC 'rfH ^ 



•:hoihj, 


00 ^ 
Oi - 


CO -rH 


- S- 

- Oi - 


OiC» 
^ -.-1 »o ^ 
- CO Oi - 


00 
CO , 
Oi - 


Oi Oi - 






d 


oo 


o 


oo 


o 


oo 


a 


o 


o 

Oi ^ 

CO- 


- i: 


lO 


Oi 0^ 


, , 


§. . 






£- 


CO 


i>:o 


CO JO CD lO 




»o 



T 



XOIHJ, 



CDCOi-liOCO-'-iCO-i-l COi-l OOiCOOiOS 
O-^ 00 t--*00-^ 00 ^ -^00^ OiO-^-rHiO 
-^ CO Oi CO CO Oi CO Oi - CO Oi - COOiCOCOOi 



oooooooo oo 



ooooo 



)0 »o 

._.^ Oi^^O^.Oi 

ao co--o-:«D 



•:mSx9Ai 



OSlOOOOiCOi^^COCO-^t-OiOOOiOOlOO 
00-r-tCOOCOOOOiCOTHiOOOCO»OOiCOOiOO 
i>i>?Di>CO»OlO»OlO«0-^'^'^'*'*'*CO 



•jaqran^ 



OOOiO-^OiCO-rtHiOCOt'OOOSOr-lOiCO'^ 
T-li-lOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiCOCOCOCOCO 
OiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOlOiOiOiOiOiOi 



fj? 



1 64 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 









. 


Q 




i> 


^ 




^ 


05 














Q 


o 


CO 


00 




o 


Oi 














'-!5 


























s 


CO 


CO 


CO 




CO 


CO 












o 


to 


05 


»^ 




















o 


tH 


CO 


JO 


















W 


o 


o 


























» 

fo 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 
















o 


'^ 


CO 


^ 


-* 
















Ph 




o 


05 


tH 


CO 


CO 
















rr 


on 




















'd 




5 


Q 


Ol 


OJ 


CO 


CO 


CO 












q 


o 


CO 


^ 


C5 


oo 


t- 










1 








i> 


OS 


o 


CO 


CD 










2 






:3 

n 


Oi 


CQ 


c? 


CO 


CO 


CO 










bf) 


,~, 


05 


(M 


-^ 


c? 


on 


on 








a 




Pi 


o 


»o 


J> 


on 


1—1 


CO 


CO 










to 


^ 


(75 


Cv> 


CO* 


CO 


CO 


CO 








r> 


^ 


.,_l 


05 


c? 


CO 


o 


^- 


Ci 


OJ 






•z 


CQ 


CO 


-=f 


CO 


00 


tH 


CO 


iO 


05 




•4-1 




^ 


2 


c^" 


o> 


C5 


o> 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 




?o 


^ 


o 


CO 


00 


o 


c» 


CO 


CO 


CO 


^ 


<v 




ai 


o 


1—1 


c^ 


CO 


CO 


00 


o 


<N 


IO 


o 


o 




O 


en 


^ 


w 


d 


ci 


C3 


©-"» 


CO 


CO* 


co' 


^ 


^^ 


1^ 


05 


CO 


"<^ 


^ 


'^ 


lO 


CO 


o 


-* 


ti 




^; 


Q 


■t— 1 


00 


o 


1—1 


CO 


lO 


i> 


05 


OJ 


CO 


O 




S 


o 


^ 


c? 


o 


C3 


C5 


o"> 


o 


or 


CO 


n3 


Q 


00 


.,_, 


o 


00 


CO 


lO 


1—1 


IO 


oo 


U 




Q 




,^ 


CD 


00 


05 


<r> 


w 


'^ 


CO 


GO 


o> 


W 




CD 
U 
> 


S 


tH 


1— ( 


1—1 


ci 


w 


03 


o? 


o> 


00 




^ 


t- 


00 


i> 


a 


i> 


•^ 


00 


Oi 


oo 






to 
O 


r^ 


s 


^ 


lO 


CO 


00 


05 


1—1 


Oi 


TtH 


00 








1—1 


1—1 


1—1 


1—1 


1—1 


C5 


CQ 


o> 


Ol 




o 


CO 


CO 


GQ 


CO 


05 


-<* 


IO 


-^ 


o> 






W 




o 


05 


CO 


-^ 


lO 


CO 


00 


Oi 


1—1 


^ 






i_r 


wj 


Ci 










• 














pq 


0- 


T-H 


T— 1 


1—1 


1—1 


1—1 


1—1 


T-l 


1—1 


o» 


Oi 




^ 


lO 


CO 


00 


^ 


1—1 


CO 


CO 


GO 


Oi 






H 


g 


o 






CO 


'Ttl 


iO 


CO 


t- 


o 










T-l 


1— ( 


1—1 


1—1 


T-l 


1—1 


1—1 


— ' 


1— I 


oi 














c? 


_J 




o 




GO 


Q 














ao 


IHX 


1— ( 
CO 


^ 


: 


i^ 


:: ■ 


T-l 


c^ 


: 


^ 








op 






o 


o 




o 




o 


o 






















lO 






IO 








W 




«D 




o 


o 


^ 




o-> 


^ 


o 


f>-> 


o 




^ 








U 


o 


- 


- 


CO 


- 


o 


CO 


o 


- 














t- 






i> 




J> 


i> 


t- 












t- 


CO 




GQ 


1— 1 


03 


.,_l 


o 


.,_l 


2 


Q 




O 


•MO 


IHX 


CO 

o 


o 
o 


^ 


1—1 
CO 

o 


^ 

o 


CO 

d 


oo 

CD 


^ 

d 


d 


a 


•o 


§ 


: 


^ 


CO 


: 


o 
o 


CO 


§ 


- 


Vi< 










00 






00 




00 


00 


00 




O 












lO 


C5 


(^ 


f> 


CD 


lO 


Ci 


IO 


Oi 


^ 












(?.■> 


CO 


(^ 


CO 


o 


J> 


1—1 


f- 


1—1 


pq 




^ 


^j 


IHX 


CO 


lO 


lO 


^ 


'^ 


CO 


CO 


00 


CO 


bi) 




1^ 
CO 
■I— I 






o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


5 


•a 


•o 


CO 


- 


- 


- 


^ 


, 


- 


§ 


: 














ci 














a 














iO 


^ 


CO 


CO 


c> 


i> 


on 


CO 


Oi 






•^ilSp 


M. 




to 
1—1 


-* 

T-l 


CO 

o 

T— 1 


g 


g 


00 


^ 


^ 


^ 












Id 


CO 


t^ 


00 


Oi 


^ 


1—1 


a 


CO 








IN 




CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


->^ 


'th 


■^ 


Tlj 














Oi 


c^ 


(N 


c^ 


<?5 


<?J 


Oi 


Oi 


Ci 



^OT 



M U. 

NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 65 [1 


t 

(U 

0) 

CD 
(L> 

"S 

1 

Oi 

I 

"bJD 
c 

IT— 


Pi 

tH 

<! 

« 

W 
P^ 
P 

< 
CO 

1 

i-r 

w 
Q 

o 

P5 


Q 
'A 
W 

i 

00 

Q 
W 

CL, 
Oh 

<: 

w 
Q 

< 
O 

w 

w 
> 

5 

J 

PL, 


00 


CO'* 


1 


CO 


o 
-I—I 


1 COCO'^ 


s 

1—1 


CD 1-1 -Ttl -rH 
C5 CO CO CO* 


CDCD'^CDOCDCQO 
COCDOC^CDOOtHCD 


OJ CQ CO CO CO CO -* -** 


T-I 


t-C<iCOO"?OC<?^^050CD'* 
OiC^■^lO^>OC^^^OO■pHCDOT:t^ 

-rHCQCQCQCOCOCOCO-^^lOlO 


1 


00t-C<?00Ot-^C0CD^tCCDO^'*'<^»O 
10£>OTH-*lOJ>OC0t-OC000C50i^C^ 

T-3 T-5 (?-■? C5 CQ oi 0"> CO CO CO ^' ^ ^' iO lO CD J> 


8 


00C0 0>C0OC0CDOC5 0-?^CDO^CD'<:t<'* 
THCOlOCDOOOlOCOiOOqOWCDOS^OO'^ 
T-i tH T-I T-H r-l -rH C-j Ci O* <?j Co' cd CO CO TlH xJ^ id 


i 


OOT-li>00-r-IC:?C^010C0050000?COCO 
OiTH CQCOiOCD£-C5T-iCOiOi>OC^i>OiO 

o T-H t4 T-5 T-1 T-5 T-I -r-i c'i c? C3 CQ cd co' cd ^- '^ 


1 


G000THCSOCit-^Q0t^0?00OCQiX?3C<? 
i^OOOOC^^OJCOlOCDOOOTH-^CDCiO^CD 




o 


OOOOOCDTHTH-r-i-r-5T-iT-iT-^-r-3cCJ(?5C5 


i 


^'*CD'*0-*00000000 

Ci^O^O^OOCDCOCOT-l050-.-lOiT-l->-l 

CO^iOlOCOCDCDC-OOOiOOC^CO^CDOO 

OOOOOOOOOOT-i-^T-J-r-J-rH-r-I-r-l 


o 
o 


i>0'?C0050CQ^^C50CD^OCD^CDCD 
OC-">tOt-OW^OO-^COO^OiOxJHOO 
T-JC.?C<JO?COCOCOC0^^1010CDCDi>0005 

ooooooooooooooooo" 


d 


CO 

CD 


•:HOIHi 


O CO O CO 

o dob 


•a -o 


6.625 
5.562 


OOCDOOOO^ O ., ^ 1 
OOiOOiOOlO- - o- - 1 


bioidid-#io>^ ^ 1 


Q 
Q 

3 


b 


•3DIHX 


0.281 

0.343 

0.281 

0.259 

0.312 
0.259 

0.238 

0.281 
0.238 


•Q-O 


7.625 

6.625 

7.00 
6.625 

6.00 
5.562 
6.00 
5.562 

5.00 


h 


1—1 

CO 
tH 


•aOIHX 


OCOtHIOCOt-iCOt-h cOtH OCiCOO'JOi 
O-* 00 t^'* 00^ 00 ^00^ OlO^T-ilO 
-*COO:)COCOC<)COO:i- C003- COC3COC003 


OOOOOOOO OO OOOOO 


•a -o 


O^ V, .- O- ^ (75^ ^ O^ ^ 03 ^ O^ >, 

cd--o<--cd::;o--cd-o:" 

00 00* J> J> CD CD* 




iqSp^ 


^ 1 


C0T-iC00000t"*10C0O-r-lC0C000C0,-ii> 




jsqnin 


N 1 


^»OCDJ>000iO-rHC<JC0-rt<lCCDt-0005O 
'^TtH'<*'.#-.*'rJ<i010i01010»01010JOiOCO 
<N W C5 <M C5 03 C3 GQ 05 (M C^ C<i Oi C3 W (M c;? 
















u^ 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



a 
o 

u 

u 



^^ 



Q 

m 
w 

< 

p 
w 

p 

O 
u 

W 

i-r 
P^ 
tt 
P 

o 



O tH 
CO I CO 



O lO 

o 

^ I CO 



o 


s 


o 


^ 


^ 












C5 


CO 


CO 


CO 












o 


00 
03 


C5 


^ 

ci 


CO 


CO 










i 


^ 


^ 


§ 


^ 


s 


CO 








C5 


c? 


C5 


o:> 


00 


CO 








o? 


O 

T— 1 


^ 


^ 


CO 


^ 


o 

T-l 


^ 


§ 




c? 


a 


c? 


c^ 


CQ 


CO 


CO 


CO 




o? 


^ 


§ 


^ 


^ 


g 


Ttl 

00 


E 


g? 


^ 


tH 


CQ 


CQ 


C5 


w 


c^ 


CO 


CO 


CO 


i 


^ 


s 


s 


00 
tH 


^ 


00 


00 


§ 




1—1 


T-l 


CQ 


o? 


C5 


CQ 


C3 


CO 


CO 


i 


g 


T— 1 


->* 

00 


§ 


C5 

T— 1 


05 
CO 


§ 




o 
1—1 


■r-l 


-rH 


1—1 


1—1 


C3 


(N 


O^ 


05 


CO 


1—1 


^ 


g 


s 


^ 


g 


CD 

o 




^ 


^ 


tH 


T-l 


x-i 


T-l 


T-l 


C5 


05 


03 


05 


1 


1— 1 






-I— 1 


^ 

1—1 


tH 
GO 


Oi 

T-l 


1—1 
1—1 


C5 


T— 1 


-rH 


tH 


^ 


CO 


tH 
■>— 1 


tM 


CO 


00 




§ 


00 
00 




o 


CD 


00 
tH 




i 


1—1 


^ 



•5I3IHJL 



•a -o 



00 o 



o CO 



i *> 



tH CO 
CO 0-"? 



•QO 



o c<? 

O CO 
00 00 



:H3iHi 



•Q-O 



o? o 

CO o 



i> CO 
CO o 



?:- 1-1 

CO CO 

o o 



•iqgpAV 



O C5 

T-l O 



T-l CO 

Oi CO 

00 00 



Oi C5 
OO tH 



•J9quin^ 



J> tH 

CO CO 



CO 00 
to lO 

i> CO 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



67 ■' 





w 

w 

< 

p 

w 

o 

w 
Q 

to 
o 

to 


Q 

w 

o 

CO 

Q 

S 
J 
0. 

cu 

<; 

D 

o 
(I. 

Q 

W 

5 

M 

Ph 
O 

H 


1 


3 36 
3.70 

2400 
4.04 


1 


CQ CO c^ 

OCOQO 
CO CO CO 


o 

o 

CD 


Ci CD Oi 
CD O CO 

0> W CO 


o 
o 

-* 


o? o:j C9 CO 


i 


oi 0-) C^ 03 CO CO CO CO 


i 


T-i -^ ci ci ci d ci CO CO CO -^ 


i 


tH TH -r-i T-H oi CQ ci C9" Oi CO CO CO ^ ^ -^ id CD 


i 


tH T-H -rH -r-l -rH T-l -tH T-i C.'j GQ C^' W CO CO CO ^" ^- 


^ 


C^ O 00 00 

t^^^OT-i00)O0iC0CDO^C0 0"J00 0?03 
CDi>;000iOOT-iC9^lOt-00O S<J^-r}^ t- o 
O O O O tH t-h -tH tH -tH th- tH th 0.>- of CQ- oi CO 


i 


iO*OCDCD£-^OOOiOT-HC:?COOCDOOOOi 
OOOOOOOO-rH-rH-rHTH-rH-^-r-JcJC^ 


o 
o 


CDO^^^O^^CD^COO'JCQO 
COi^OllO-r-l^t-^THOOlOO^Oli-I^CD-r-l 
COCO-*-*10iCiOCDi>i>00050THC<}CO»0 
d O O d d O O O O O O O -r-I -th' -r-l T-! r-i 


-tH 


OOlOC^f— C9-1— (0OC?ODt— ICDOQOCOCQGQCS 
CD00T-HCQ10t-00CQlO05 0?C0OlCC^00iO 
T=! Ti (73 O? C^_ C9 CQ CO CO CO ^_ -* lO lO CD CD i> 

ododddddddddddddd 


Q 


CD 


•HDIHi 


8_ §. 8§ 

d odd 


a 


•o 


d lo dicioic^io'^ '^ 


Q 
P 




•5I0IHJ, 


0.281 

0.343 

0.281 

0.259 

0.312 
0.259 

0.238 

0.281 
0.238 


•a 


•o 


7.625 

6.625 

7.00 
6.625 

6.00 
5.562 
6.00 
5.562 

5.00 




CO 


X3IHX 


CDCOt— ilOCOi— IC^-^ COi— 1 001COO'?Oi 
O-^00?>--*Q0^00^ -^00 OUO^rHiO 
^S_07COCO(?5CCOT^ COC^^ coo? 000005 

ci><zi> d c^ c^ c^ ci <^ od ooooo 


•a 


•o 


8.625 

8.00 

7.625 

7.00 

6.625 
6.00 




•;qSi9 


A\ 




i>i>-*iOT-iCDl-Ct:-Clt-^0000LOi>i>lO 

cor-CiLOO'^i-'?oi>---^i-OCOO"?cacooi>o 

t-CDiOOLCL'tiC'^^iO^'^^COTlHCOCO 






aaqrar 


IN 




1 O-rHO^CO-^OCDt-OOCiO-.-lOiCO'^lOCD 

C- t- t- i> t- i> i> f> t- t- oo 00 00 00 00 00 00 

1 OiO?OiOiOJO?OlO?0?030iO?OJ030lOiO? 



Qy 



^ 



^ 



#1" -f,i;'':" ':'S!:i"-itii„ ■' ,„,, 



■>'■■ 


< 




z 




z 




HI 


«; 


Q. 


,5|: 


H 




cn 




o 








CO 


1 


u 

UJ 


;; 


i<: 








iiiiiiiM 



^cr 



^\ 



s — 


Seamless 
Tubular Goods 


— ^) 









70 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



SEAMLESS DRAWN TUBING. 



In submitting the following information on the subject 
of Seamless Tubing, together with the accompanying 
tables, etc., we call attention to the rapid strides made in 
the demand and in process of manufacture of this grade 
of Tubes in the last few years. These Tubes are becom- 
ing generally used for high grade Boiler work, where 
high steam pressures are required, especially for Marine 
Boilers, the Navy Department of all first-class Naval 
powers having extensively adopted the same. In both 
Locomotive and Stationary Boilers the use of this Tubing 
is becoming recognized as a high grade quality. The 
extending use of compressed air and other gases under 
high pressures has developed a good demand for these 
tubes for storage tanks, high pressure bottles, transmis- 
sion lines, etc. The absence of all laps or seams, together 
with uniformity of size, gauge and quality, recommends 
this grade of material as very superior where unquestion- 
ed uniformity and strength are required, in connection 
with the lightest weight available for the purpose. 

Seamless Tubes with varying thicknesses of walls are 
also being used quite extensively for Mechanical and 
Engineering purposes ; for bushings, collars, hollow 
shafts,' spindles, axles, etc., in the construction of 
different classes of machinery. 

Different grades of steel can be used, giving a wide 
range of ductility and tensile strength, which allows a 
selection of material suited and adaptable to the require- 
ments demanded. The method of manufacture of Seam- 
less Tubes is such that the possibilities of physical de- 
fects in material are reduced to a minimum. 



^cr 



55^ 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 71 

Extract from Proceedings of Niagara Falls Society of 

American Mechanical Engineers. 

December, i8g8. 

What Constitutes a Seamless Tube ? 

" Henry Souther said, in the discussion of this question, 
that the scientific and technical designation of a tube, 
whether seamed or seamless, depended solely upon the 
tube itself, and not upon the process followed in its 
manufacture. Referring to the dictionary you will find 
that the word "seamless" means without seam, which 
conveys no light upon the subject. Turning to the word 
"seam " it is found that it is defined as a joint, suture, 
or line of union, and here in the last term we find the 
key. A tube jointed in any way cannot be seamless. If, 
in the primary stages of its manufacture, it be lap, butt 
or lock-jointed, it cannot by any subsequent operation 
be deprived of the seam, and therefore cannot be con- 
sidered, when completed, as being seamless A strictly 
seamless tube may be made by any one of three opera- 
tions. First, a billet may be, by successive steps, 
punched into the form of a tube with extremely thick 
sides ; and these may then, by the ordinary drawing pro- 
cesses, be reduced to a tube with thin walls. Next, the 
billet may be bored, or the blank may be cast with a hole 
in it, and in either case then drawn to the required di- 
mensions. Thirdly, the tube may be made by the cup- 
ping process, which consists in taking a disk of the 
metal, forming it into a cup shape, gradually elongating 
the cup and reducing it in diameter, and finally by this 
means producing a tube. Bach and all of these processes 
yield a tube which is absolutely seamless and about 
which there is and can be no dispute. In all tubes formed 
with a seam the edges have first been separated, then 
united, either by lap or butt weld, or by some lock-joint 
system, and in these the joint cannot be eliminated by any 
after processes. The Custom House of the United States 
recognizes the difference between a seam and a seamless 
tube. A seamless tube is one in which the walls have 
never been separated from the time the metal was in a 
molten condition to the time of the completion of the 
tube. ' ' 



^ 



72 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



COLD DRAWN TUBES. 

The Weight Sheet for Seamless Cold Drawn Tubes, as 
given on following page, is applicable for Tubes intended 
for many different purposes . The sizes from ^ inch to 
i^ inch diameter and from i6 to 23 gauge inclusive are 
generally classified as Bicycle Tubing, on account of 
their very general use in Bicycle construction. They are 
used, however, for many other different purposes. These 
Tubes are manufactured from Open Hearth Steel of 
analysis best suited for the purpose. They have a fine 
finish and are drawn accurate to size and gauge. These 
tubes are admirably adapted for all construction requir- 
ing a maximum strength and minimum weight. They 
have great rigidity and are suited for high transverse 
strains. 

Tubes for boiler purposes, from i inch to 4 inches, and 
and from 13 to 6 gauge inclusive, are made of mild Open 
Hearth Steel, of analysis best suited to give toughness 
and ductility. The process of manufacture is such that 
only material free from laps, seams, cracks and all 
physical imperfections can be used. This insures a high 
uniformity of quality and reduces the possibility of acci- 
dent, due to imperfections of material, laps and welds, to 
a minimum. 

Tubes of thicknesses other than those given above are 
generally termed " Mechanical Tubes," and are used in 
the construction of many classes of machinery for bush- 
ings, hollow shafts and spindles, axles, collars, rings, 
ferrules, pump barrels, etc., etc. Often a considerable 
saving in machine work is effected by the use of these 
tubes in place of parts heretofore made by boring and 
turning round bars, the tubes admitting of a lighter and 
stronger construction than by using the former material. 



^ri n^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



n 



^ 



o S 

s *> 

II 

"7? C 



1^ 

1 s 

a. 

1 



to 



■^ 



^ 



^ 



■qaai jo aoiaoBj j 
u; laajBAinba 



(sqquiS) ^ 



(MOiGOOieoNOeoiop 



Tfoiotocot-oii-ieoiot- 



T-l «0 O -^^ Oi -^^ 05 iC O £> iO 1-1 o 

eoso-^'-^TfiooMJoooii-Heo-"** 



isoeoTjH^'ioocDt-odoi-Iso 



c*coci3eoT)<Tj(Ttiocoooa50e« 



■rHt-l-rH(NC*ei«S0e0Tf*O«51>Q00SO 



iooooeo?Oi-it-©*<Nio 
• ooi-icoio5oa>T-ioj>o 






)t^iO(MJ>oo<S5i-iono»oM?r?i:-eoT-4c 

.OJi-cCO-<iH_J>05i-i'*COOiO«i0055050»OCC 

■ -rH T-i i-H I-.* T-I oi ci (N oi CO so CO ■*' -o «5 1- 



ic 00 {- CO o 

. . 't-oo50cot- 

)QOoeoot>ioi-i«5 

ioi-?<oi(j^cdcoTH'*io«3cd 



tC T-i CO -< O CO ■ 
<ffl t> 5^ 00 «o J " " 

C005'*T)<COC_____ _ ,_ 

Tj<-rtH0Ot--Q005O<N-*?0i>05i 



1 OS 50 ■ 
> »0 Oi! 



i(N(N<><CiC0C0'*''*iO 



COO 

OSiO 
05 lO 



•^ 00 00 00 00 ':» 

5D W £- 05 O ^3 1 
, 05 05 000 0055 
1 tHO CO 00 05 05 1 



CD050510-^i-ICOO-^< 

■fl"i0t-05i-iC0»0Oi0c 



1 w c^ ff* CO CO ■* 



(M CO 00 (TJ C* 1-- O t 

Tj< ffj o< o J> CO 52 1 

l?*CD-r-(inCO(MCO( _ - --_ 

C0CO-<*TtiiOi»!>0000O5T-lCO-*lOJ>O5 



(NL-OCO 005 

COGOiOSJJ>^t-0< 



00 (N 

§^ 

Nco 



O^i-iQOOi 



) 05 5* t- CD C 

. CO t- t- O O O CO 1-1 : 
)Oi-i(Nt)<ioi-odOi: 



)coi> ioocoooos 



C< JOOOOO-^ o 



<r»c«ooco-*-*ir5cot-ooo50r-ioiooTriOt-o 






00 -r-l -^ T-i CO CO Tji ; 



:cocoTjiiO»ococDt-ooc5C5i-i i^ico 



■i-iocoo5QocDOi00oaot-Tt<o50 

OJ-^W-^-n^COiOrHt-CDOOOSOCOl-COl?* 
05-^-<*iC0--JC0'Nl^i-lQ0l0C0Ot-10CCCJ 
T-(OiC<JOJCOCO-*-^OiOCDt.-Q000050i-c 



iO t-O -H iO C 



;2;:SJ^S25i^ 



I'Mioc^osGOios^eoiO': 



JOOO 

^.'CO'W^^^iOcO^-^^ - '^_I' 
iOOOOOOOOOOi-iT-ir-(i-i 



SSS^-K^-K^ 



J 



^ 



74 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



Table showing "Weight per Foot in Pounds of Various 
Diameters and Thicknesses of 

HOT FINISHED TUBES. 



•33 % 


THICKNESS OF WALL. 


^ 


M 


1% 


Vs 


A 


^ 


1^6 


Va 


M 


% 


1 


2 


4.60 


5.54 


6.40 


7.18 


7.88 














% 


4.93 


5.96 


6.90 


7.76 


8.54 














H 


5.26 
5.59 


6.37 
6.78 


7.40 
7.89 


8.34 
8.92 


9.20 
9.86 














1^ 


5.92 


7.19 


8.38 


9.49 


10.52 














% 


6.25 


7.61 


8.88 


10.07 


11.18 














M 


6.58 


8.02 


9.38 


10.65 


11.84 














Vs 


6.91 


8.43 


9.87 


11.23 


12.50 














3 


7.24 


8.84 


10.36 


11.80 


13.16 


14.43 


15.62 












7.57 


9.26 


10.86 


12.38 


13.82 


15.18 


16.45 










/4 


7.90 


9.67 


11.36 


12.96 


14.48 


15.92 


17.28 










3/ 


8.23 


10.08 


11.85 


13.54 


15.14 


16.66 


18.10 










H 


8.56 


10.49 


12 36 


14.11 


15.80 


17.40 


18.92 










% 


8.89 


10.91 


12.84 


14.69 


16.46 


18.15 


19.75 










% 


9.22 


11.32 


13.34 


15.27 


17.12 


18.89 


20.58 










Vb 


9.55 


11.73 


13.83 


15.85 


17.78 


19.63 


21.40 










4 


9.88 


12.14 


14.32 


16.42 


18.44 


20.37 


22.22 


25.68 


28.80 






J^ 


10.21 


12.56 


14.82 


17.00 


19.10 


21.12 


23.05 


26.67 


29.96 








10.54 


12.97 


15.32 


17.58 


19.76 


21.86 


23.88 


27.66 


31.12 






10.87 


13.38 


15.81 


18.16 


20.42 


22.60 


24.70 


28.65 


32.27 






Y> 


11.20 


13.79 


16.30 


18.73 


21.08 


23.34 


25.52 


29.64 


33.42 






% 


11.53 


14.21 


16.80 


19.31 


21.74 


24.09 


26.35 


30.63 


34.58 






% 


11.86 


14.62 


17.30 


19.89 


22.40 


24.83 


27.18 


31.62 


35.74 






% 


12.19 


15.03 


17.79 


20.47 


23.06 


25.57 


28.00 


32.61 


36.89 






5 


12.52 


15.44 


18.28 


21.04 


23.74 


26.31 


2.S.82 


33.60 


38.04 


42 


16 


Vs 


12.85 


15.86 


18.78 


21.62 


24.40 


27.06 


29.65 


31.59 


39.20 


43.48 




13.18 


16.27 


19.28 


22.20 


25.06 


27.80 


30.48 


35.58 


40.36 


44.80 


% 


13.51 


16.68 


19.77 


22.78 


25.72 


28.54 


31.30 


36.57 


41 51 


46 


12 


^ 


13.85 


17.10 


20.-27 


23.36 


26.39 


29.29 


32.13 


37.57 


42.67 


47 


45 


% 


14.18 


17.52 


20.77 


23.94 


27.05 


30.04 


32.96 


38.56 


43.83 


48.77 


M 


14.51 


17.93 


21.27 


24.52 


27.71 


30.78 


33.79 


39.55 


44.99 


50.09 


% 


14.85 


18.35 


21.77 


25.11 


28.38 


31.53 


34.62 


40.55 


46.15 


51 


42 


6 


15.18 


18.77 


22.27 


25.69 


29.05 


32.28 


35.45 


41.55 


47.31 


52 


75 


1^ 


15.51 


19.18 


22.77 


26.27 


29.71 


33.03 


36.28 


42.54 


48.47 


54.07 


1 


15.84 


19.59 


23.26 


26.85 


30.37 


33.77 


37.11 


43.53 


49.63 


55 


39 


16.17 


20.01 


23.76 


27.43 


31 04 


34.52 


37.94 


44.53 


50.79 


56 


72 


16.50 


20.42 


24.26 


28.01 


31.70 


35.27 


38.77 


45.53 


51.95 


58.05 


% 


16.83 


20.83 


24.75 


28.59 


32-36 


36.01 


39.60 


46.52 


53.11 


59.37 


% 


17.17 


21.25 


25.25 


29.17 


33.01 


36.76 


40.43 


47.52 


54.28 


60 


70 


% 


17.50 


21.67 


25.75 


29.75 


33.67 


37.51 


41.26 


48.52 


55.44 


62.03 



^!cr 





' 


NATIONAL 


TUBE COMPANY. 


?5 




Table 


showing Weight 


per Foot in Pounds of Various 








Diameters and Thicknesses of 








HOT FINISHED TUBES. 










(CONTINUED.) 










■p 
05 


THICKNESS OF WALL. 




« 


T% 


% 


TS 


^ 


T% 


H 


M 


V8 


1 




r. 


17.83 


22.08 


26.25 


30.33 


34.33 


38.25 


42.09 


49.51 


56.60 


63.36 




'Vh 


18.17 


22.50 


26.75 


30.92 


35.00 


38 99 


42.92 


50.51 


57.79 


64.69 




14 


18.50 


22.92 


27.25 


31.49 


35.67 


39.74 


43.75 


51.51 


58.95 


66.02 




18.83 


23.33 


27.75 


32.07 


36.-33 


40.49 


44.58 


52.50 


60.11 


67.35 




^ 


19.16 


23.74 


28.24 


-32.66 


36.99 


41.23 


45.41 


53.49 


61.27 


68.67 




%\ 19.49 


24.16 


28.74 


33.24 


37.66 


41.98 


46.24 


54.49 


62.43 


70.00 




M 


19.82 


24.57 


29.24 


33.82 


38.32 


42.73 


47.07 


55.49 


63.57 


71.-33 




Va 


20.15 


24.98 


29.73 


34.40 


38.98 


43.47 


47.90 


56.48 


64.73 


72.65 




8 


20.48 


25.-39 


.30.22 


-34.97 


39.64 


44.21 


48.72 


57.47 


65.89 


73.97 




5^ 


20.80 


25.80 


30.71 


35.54 


40.29 


44.95 


49.54 


58.46 


67.04 


75.29 




H 


21.12 


26.20 


31.20 


36.11 


40.94 


45.68 


50.-36 


59.44 


68.19 


76.61 




^ 


21.44 


26.61 


31.68 


36.68 


41.59 


46.41 


51.17 


60.42 


69.-34 


77.92 






21.77 


27.02 


-32.17 


-37.25 


42.25 


47.15 


51.99 


61.41 


70.49 


79.24 




^ 


22.10 


27.44 


32.66 


-37.82 


42.90 


47.89 


52.81 


62.39 


71.64 


80.56 




M 


22.43 


27.85 


33.15 


38.-39 


43.55 


48.62 


53.63 


63.-37 


72.79 


81.87 




^ 


22.76 


28.26 


33.64 


38.96 


44.20 


49.36 


54.44 


64.35 


73.93 


83.18 




9 


23.08 


28.67 


34.13 


39.53 


44.85 


50.09 


55.25 


65.33 


75.07 


84.49 




J^ 


23.41 


29.08 


34.63 


40.11 


45.51 


50.83 


56.07 


66.-31 


76 22 


85.80 




3^ 


23.74 


29.48 


.35.12 


40.69 


46.17 


51.57 


56.89 


67.29 


77.37 


87.11 




24.07 


29.88 


35.61 


41.26 


46.83 


52.-31 


57.71 


68.27 


78.51 


88.42 




/^ 


24.40 


.30.29 


36.10 


41.83 


47.48 


53.05 


58.53 


69.25 


79.65 


89.73 




^ 


24-73 


30.71 


36.60 


42.41 


48.14 


53.79 


59.36 


70.24 


80.80 


91.04 




1 


25.06 


31.12 


37.10 


42.99 


48.80 


54.53 


60.18 


71.23 


81.95 


92.35 




25.39 


31 53 


37.-59 


43.57 


49.46 


55.27 


61.00 


72.22 


83.10 


93.66 




10 


25.72 


31.94 


-38.08 


44.14 


50.12 


56.01 


61.82 


73.20 


84.25 


94.97 




^ 


26.04 


.32.-35 


38.57 


44.71 


50.77 


56.75 


62.64 


74.18 


85.40 


96.28 




H 


26.36 


32.7.=i 


39.06 


45.28 


51.42 


57.48 


63.46 


75.16 


86.54 


97.59 




% 26.68 


.33.15 


.39.54 


45.85 


52 07 


58.21 


64.27 


76.14 


87.68 


98 90 




V2 27.01 


33.56 


40.03 


46.42 


52.73 


58.95 


65.09 


77.13 


88.83 


100.21 




^ 27.34 


33.97 


40.52 


46.99 


53.-37 


59.69 


65.91 


78.11 


89.98 


101.52 




%\ 27.67 


34.-38 


41.01 


47.56 


54.02 


60.42 


66.73 


79.09 


91.13 


102.83 




^^ 


28.00 


34.79 


41.50 


48.13 


54.68 


61.15 


67.54 


80.07 


92.27 


104.14 




11 


28.-32 


35.20 


41.99 


48.70 


55.-33 


61.88 


68.-35 


81.05 


93.41 


105.45 




1/^ 


28.65 


35.61 


42.49 


49.28 


55.99 


62.62 


69.17 


82 03 


94.56 


106.76 




ii 


28.98 


3^5.02 


42. 9S 


49.8: 


56.65 


63.-36 


69.99 


83.01 


95.71 


108.07 




29.31 


-36.43 


43.47 


50.44 


57.31 


64.10 


70.81 


83.99 


96.85 


109.-38 




1^ 


29.64 


.36.84 


43.96 


51.01 


57.96 


64.84 


71.63 


84.97 


97.99 


110.69 




% 


29.97 


37.26 


44.46 


51.59 


58.60 


65.58 


72.46 


85.96 


99.14 


112.00 




M 


30.30 


37.67 


44.96 


52.17 


59.26 


66.32 


73.28 


86.95100.29 


113.31 




^^ 


30.68 


38.08 


45.45 


52.74 


59.92 


67.06 


74.10 


87.94101.44 


114.62 







n^ 



^ 



% 



National tube company. 



Table showing "Weight per Foot in Pounds of Various 
Diameters and Thicknesses of 

HOT FINISHED TUBES. 

(CONTINUED.) 



zi 

"^ ^ 


THICKNESS OF WALL. 




^ 


T% 


% 


T% 


y^ 


T% 


Ys 


M 


% 


1 


12 


30.96 


38.49 


45.94 


53.31 


60.58 


67.80 


74.92 


88.92 


102.59 


115.93 


Vs 


31.28 


38.90 


46.43 


53.88 


61.23 


68.54 


75.74 


89.90 


103.73 117.24 


Va 


31.60 


39.30 


46.92 


54.45 


61.88 


69.27 


76.56 


90.88 


104.87 


118.55 


3/ 


31.92 


39.70 


47.40 


55.02 


62.53 


70.00 


77.37 


91.86 


106.01 


119.86 


\A 


.32.25 


40.11 


47.89 


55.59 


63.19 


70.74 


78.19 


92.85 


107.16 


121.17 


% 


32.58 


40.52 


48 38 


56 16 


63.84 


71.48 


79.01 


93.83 


108.31 


122.48 


M 


32.92 


40.94 


48.88 


56.74 


64.50 


72.22 


79.84 


94.82 


109.47 


123.80 


% 


33.26 


41.36 


49.38 


57.32 


65.16 


72.96 


80.66 


95.81 


110.62 


125.12 


13 


33.60 


41.79 


49.89 


57.91 


65.83 


73.71 


81.49 


96.81 


111.78 


126.45 




33.94 


42.21 


50.40 


58.50 


66.50 


74.46 


82.32 


97.80 


112.94 


127.77 


/4 


34.28 


42.64 


50.91 


59.10 


67.18 


75.22 


83.16 


98.80 


114.11 


129.10 


% 


34.62 


43.06 


51.42 


59.69 


67.86 


75.98 


84.00 


99.80 


115.28130.43 


Vk 


34.96 


43.49 


51.93 


60.29 


68.54 


76.75 


84.85 


100.81 


116.45 131.77 


% 


35.28 


43.89 


52.42 


60.86 


69.20 


77.49 


85.68 101.80 


117.60133.08 


1 


35.59 


44.29 


52.90 


61.43 


69.85 


78.23 


86.50,102.79 


118.75 


134.. 39 


35.90 


44.68 


53.38 


61.99 


70.50 


78.96 


87.32 


103.78 


119.90 


135.70 


14 


36.20 


45.07 


53.85 


62.55 


71.14 


79.69 


88.13 


104.76 


121.05 


137.01 


lA 


36.52 


45.45 


54.. 32 


63.10 


71.78 


80.41 


88.94 


105.74 


122.20 


138.32 


% 


36.85 


45.86 


54.79 


63.66 


72.42 


81.14 


89.75 


106.72 


123.35 


139.64 


37.19 


46.28 


55.29 


64.22 


73.07 


81.87 


90.57 


107.71 


124.51 


140.97 


L^ 


37.54 


46.71 


55.80 


64.81 


73.72 


82.61 


91.39 108.70 


125.67 


142.30 


% 


37.90 


47.15 


56.32 


65.41 


74.40 


83.35 


92.22109.70 


126.84 


143.64 


38.25 


47.59 


56.84 


66.01 


75,08 


84.11 


93.04110.69 


128.00 


144.97 


% 


38.60 


48.03 


57.37 


66.62 


75.77 


84.88 


93.89 


111.69 


129.17 


146.31 


15 


38.94 


48.46 


57.89 


67.23 


76.46 


85.65 


94.74 


112.68 


130.33 


147.64 


J^ 


39 27 


48.88 


58.40 


67.83 


77.15 


86.42 


95.59 


113.69 


131.49 


148.97 


i 


39.60 


49.29 


58.90 


68.42 


77.88 


87.19 


96.44 


114.70 


132.64 


150.29 


39.92 


49.70 


59.39 


69.00 


78.50 


87.95 


97.29 


115.71 


133.81 


151.61 


3^ 


40.24 


50.10 


59.88 


69.57 


79.16 


88.70 


98.13 


116.72 


134.98 


152.92 


% 


40.56 


50.50 


60.36 


70.14 


79.81 


89.44 


98.96 


117.73 


136.15 


154.25 


1 


40.88 


50.90 


60.84 


70.70 


80.46 


90 17 


99.78 


118.73 


137.32 


155.68 


41.20 


51.30 


61.32 


71.26 


81.12 


90.90 


100.59 


119.72 


138.49 


156.91 


16 


41.52 


51.70 


61.80 


71.82 


81.76 


91.62 


101.40 


120.70 


139.65 


158.24 


^ 


41.84 


52.10 


62.28 


72.88 


82.40 


92.34 


102.20 121.67 


140.80 


159.57 


34 


42.14 


52.48 


62.74 


72.92 


83.02 


93.04 


102.98 


122.62 


141.92 


160.87 


% 


42.45 


52.87 


63.21 


73.47 


83.65 


93.75 


103.77 


123.57 


143.04 


162.17 


Vi 


42 76 


53.26 


63.68 


74.02 


84.28 


94.45 


104.56 


124.52 


144.16 


163.46 


% 


43.13 


53.71 


64.21 


74.63 


84.97 


95.23 


105.41 


125.53 


145.33 


164.80 


M 


43.47 


54.11 


64.69 


75.19 


85.61 


95.95 


106.21 


126.49 


146.45 


166.09 


% 


43.82 


54.55 


65.19 


75.77 


86.27 


96.69 


107.03 


127.47 


147.59 


167.39 


17 


44.19 


55.00 


65.73 


76.37 


86.95 


97.45 


107.87 


128.47 


148.75 


168.71 



^ 



ffl^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



77 



6 



1 


j 


li 



i% 

G 

I 



00 


1 


* 


^ lO S «_ i> CO 00 OT O O !-< 0» (>< CO CO -^^ lO O 

d o d d o d d d ,-h' !-<■ r-i ,-h' rn" 1-h' -<■ T-I T-i" ^ 


t- 


i 




d d d d d d ^ ^ i-I t-h" th* ^' ^ ^' t-I ^ ,-! t-I 


CD 


i. 


-K 


d d O d d 1-1 1-1 1-1 r-l i-H T-l T-l r-( T-H 1-1 rH 0? CJ 


tH 


i 


u=J* 


d d d d T-i i-i i-I i-1 1-1 i-i i-< i-H T-i i-i oi oi oi 3^' 


^ 


i 


^B 


d d i-i ,-; ,-; ,-; ^' 1-; 1-! i-; th" w cvj oi <?» o* 'J d 


eo 
23 


i. 


"^ 


di-iT-ii-Hi-i,-i,-(i-ii-(<?i(N(?j(N'oi(Noi(?ico' 


1 


-s 


^ ^ ^' ^ ^' ^ th' -Nt' 'N f^oid'^ ■N CO CO 00 CO 


- 


1 


;^ 


i-H i-( th 1-1 1-1 T-i Cvf w (N oi oj fti co" CO CO co' CO CO 


o 


S 


-IS 


^ tJ, ^' ^' ^' OJ r^ ^' oi ci <m' Co' Co' CO to' CO Ti^ ^' 


05 


00 


»s 


T_i ^ rt ^ C.J Ji CJ S<! W co' CO CO CO Co' Tji Tl< Tt '^ 


00 


i 




^' ,_; ,-■ a* oj (jj' (jj' d CO co' CO CO -* T)<' T)J -r' ^' io 


t- 


1 


"Ih 


i-i 1-4 •N OJ (N (Ti ci co" Co" co" CO ■*' ■*' ^' Tt<" lO iO <o 


o 


i. 


- 


th" 1-." C^ oi Cj" co" CO co" CO tJh" tt" Tf" Tf o" lO »o o d 


lO 


8 


-K 


1-1 o* n" c« oi co" co" co" CO '^ T)< ■* »o" o lO d d d 


Tt< 


1 


rtfO 


SSiS^S^g^;^^.t8^§§^§S^ 


1-1 (M Ci N CO CO CO TJH Tl< ^ lO lO »0 to 50 to ■» t- . 


CO 


1 


r-HO 


o^gggo^«g.go^g^oo^g 


0J(N0iC0C0C0-<*'*Tt<»O»OiOtO«3ifflt-t-I> 


(?J 


i 


"m 


oi in" oj co' co" ^^ ^ Tji m" ic" iO d d d j> j> 00 00 


- 


CO 


2S 


?ISS^gSSS?g|3?^§^i§^§i§§ 


Ci(MCOC000Tt^TtllO»OJOeOtD?> £- GO 00 05 


o 


". 


::!; 


^ S ^?^^ § ^ S_^ ^.Eq Jo g S §_ q§ S 

in" oj co' co' -*■ ^" ic w" »o d to t-" !>" oc" 00 OS 05 d 


6 


0) 1-1 


is 

to '"' 

so 


TjrH C* CO 
'"5 

o 



^ 



78 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



=^ 



en) 

I 



Q 00 



I. 

C 

CO 



u 



I 



00 


i 


"S 


^ ^ ^' ^' ^ ^ Oi CJ 0;(' (ji (ji C* W 0*' (N oi C^" (n' 


t^ 


i 


-H 


§§§^s;g??^{g§g?2sg?s^ss 


T-i(jj<NWOiOiiN(N(M(Nwoj<??wcosoeooo 


«o 


i 


-K 


d -rJ oj (N oi It sioioimcoco co co to « so co 


iO 




< 


^SSg§§S^S2S5S5^§§^SS§ 


oio*oj(M(rj<Nwcocococoeocoocococo'<s< 


•>* 


i 


^s 


c^ c^t CO CO CO CO CO CO co co CO CO "^ "^ "^ ^^^ "^ '^ 


so 


i 


"i« 


i2^5g8^g§2^^S^g^g§i2g5 


eocO'Mcocococo-*-*^-5*«rj<-*T}<-.#ioio«o 




1 


'"iS 


g?38S^J5i?g?g§^c3^§?38§ 


coK>co-*Th-<j'-<j.-r(i-^Ta.»noiOiO»o»ooco 


- 


i 


\50 


CO Tji" TjH Tf T)i Tj< Tji JO iO td o »o iO eo CO «5 co' co' 


o 


1 


tJh -"r ^9" Tf ira O «C JO lO lO co' co' CO co' co" «> J> £>' 


C5 


§ 


»p 


Tf' »o' »o' JO io' lO O co" CO co' CD CO l> J> J> J>' J> 00 


00 


i 


^s 


jo' jo" JO JO co" CO CO co" J> t-' i> j> !> od 00 00 00 oi 


1- 


1 


"S 


lo" co' CO CO co" co' J>" J>" J> !>^ OO" 00 00 00 05 oi OJ OJ 


<» 


i. 


raw 


^. g § §1 § S S ^ S g 2 ^_ 8 ^ ^ §, g § 

co'co'c-'t-'t-'t-'ooQo'co'oo'oioJosoio'o d^ 


lO 


1 


-K 


oi^gS2^^§g?SgS^ggJg§S 


r-l-!>!>Q000Q005010i05OOOT-(i-i,-Hi-c 


T*t 


i 




§S§SISi2^?28^gi§iS88§§S 


J-l-~OOOOQOoi0505000i-ii-i,-(,-lCi«0» 


SO 


05 


t-W 


oo' 00 oo" OS OS C31 o" o" o" i-<" i-i" 1-H (?i oi oj co' co" eo" 


Oi 


i 


»^ 


§§3SSi§^2^gS8S;Sj:8^S5J 


0005CJCiOO^-^T-H(N9*iNC00:.rl.rt<Tj*J0 


- 


CO 


2S 


^sscssggs^gg^ss^ssss 


050iOOOTH,-(C^'N(J^C0C0T*<T)<Tf<I010C0 


o 


eo 


;:^ 


o" o" rt 1-1 (?j (J* 00 CO ■*' Tf' ■*' jo' jo co' cd' t-' t-' oo' 




5 'S 

'o 

0) T-l 


d 

o 

1 


s 
o 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



79 



If 

O 

a 



Qc/5 


tn (ij 


o CQ 


l^ 


:^H_ 


•sgg 


i^5 


^<^. 


■Soi R 


t^Q- 


(2q 


Si-J 


o^O 


5'-' 





I 

C/3 



00 


OS 


"S 


ai oi oi CO CO CO CO 00 CO CO CO CO CO CO eo CO CO CO 


t- 


i. 


^H 


CO co' co' CO CO CO 00 CO co" -^ -^' T}* ^' Tji -^ ■*' ■*' tc' 


'£> 


1 


-K 


^oSSSSS^g^^gSSS^gSSS 


00 00 CO CO Tfi Tt<' Tf tJh" Tj<' T)J -* -*■ tc' tjI ■*■ O JO o 


O 


i 


< 


-*' Tjl' T)i rj<" ^ T)< Tj< Tfl Tf' -^' lO O iO O »0 lO «5 O 


■* 


i 


^i 


T^' Tf' ■<*< jrj o lo lo" iO iO »o io lo to to' to to =©' to 


CO 


i 


"K 


^gJg|:§§i3S5§SS&§8;2gj?g 


jomoioototototocotototoc-i-t-c-t- 


2 


1 


^-g 


to' to' to' to" to' to' t-' J>' S>' 1> J> £-' t- X 00 OO' 00 CO 


- 


1 


:^ 


to" to t-"j> t- t-'j> j> qo"oo'qo"qo'qo'od' os os' os os' 


o 


g 


^^s 


§^S§^^§gS;^g?SSg§§?§i§ 


{:-J>J>OOQOOOQOooQOOS050SOS050000 


OS 


§ 


< 


g?S£:iS?^^g88S^^SSSS^S 


QOOOOOOOOSOSOSOSOSOOOOO-H^,-!-^ 


00 


i 


rt«j 


Si^8S2SS?t2gS§S5:S^^?S 


Cj'osososoooooT^T-j^r-joieiwojoj 


J> 


1 


"h 


o o o o '-H r-l ,-( ^ -H (M s* 0* w" co' CO CO co' ■*' 


CO 


i. 


coH- 




iO 


1 


■^in 


Ol «?' OJ CO Co" CO CO ^" -*' T^; lO o lO o to' to" to' t-* 


T}< 


i 


■OM 


Co' CO Co' -+' ^' •*' O O O to' to' to' ?>■' !>' t-' ?>' Oo' Qo' 


CO 


1 




^S§^S^^g§SS^g|§SSS§ 


^^^J2;2i22SS^^$i;-S222w 


<N 


i. 


»^ 




- 


CO 






o 


« 


^^ 






11 

o 

d) -r-l 


O 


'J« 

o 



^ 



80 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



I 



B 
5 {A 

CO U 



C 
o 

CO 



^ 



00 


i. 


"g 


§S;:;^S§^^§S§§gg§8^S§ 


eo-<a<TfT}<'*-*-.^-,i.-^Tj<Tjt-.#-^TrTf*ioio 


t^ 


i 




rJ«''*'*T)<*T); iO O O lO iC iO O iC iCO JO O »0 


CO 


i. 


■^H 


gjig^ssgg&gsssss^gs?^ 


W»OiO»0»OOlOiOJCOtOOOCDOO»!0 


o 


i 


-B 


lO lO d to «5 ?0 O CO d CO CD CO* CO t-' 5> !> j> t^ 


:^ 


i 


=s 


ZSS8SS§§SS?2S^S^?5gSS 


COCOCOS>!>J>t-t-J>£>i>?>0000Q0000000 


CO 


i 


-g 


J§&g§i2S5§ggE:ggSgSSSg 


l>t-i>00XQ0a)Q000Q000O5O5o5O5'35O5OJ 


(N 


i 


'"no 


^88§^55^S?gS^S^§^S§^ 


QOQ0050ioioiC50ia500oooooi-iT-( 


- 


S 


:^ 


OS oi 05 O O O O O O th' r^' ^" T-j ^ ;^' C4 ©J ji 


o 


CO 




d d T-(i-i ^-h' ,-H ^' T-.' (Tj 'N ci «» ** to co' eo' co' co 


05 


00 


»s 


^sm^s^^^^^^s^^^^^^ 


i-ic^?jwoi(NCieoeococow^Tt«-<t^-*jn 


00 


i 


rtw 


CO d d 00 CO ^' ^ ^' ^' ic o d d d d d d d 


L- 


1 


< 


JoS?2§^^^§§^£S3^SS§S? 


Tl<-*M<iO»OiCIOOCOCOCOCDt-!>E-!>QCQO 


?o 




se 


S^SSSS5§g?5^g§ggS?Sgg 


CDCOCOCOl-t-t-t-OOQOOOOS^'^PSSS 


»o 


i 


"-S 




TJ< 


i 


lOh* 




CO 


1 


- 


ggS^.^S^^g^^S^gSJ^g^ 


a§S55^§ll^g|?i?i?iS;^^^^^S 


at 


1 


»K 




- 


CO 


«M 




o 


« 


hS 


^^SS25§;^S55§;:gs^sg5^ 


^^^^^s§^§?^8c35;s?^?is???ss 


6 




(U 


s 

'55 

1 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



=^ 



1 
o 



-5 


g 


-J2 . 


Q c/0 


2 QQ 


•CD 


>H^ 


'^Z § 


i^y 


^<:^ 


•SP^ 8 


o9^ 


£Q 


».hJ 


&0 


^u 




bA 


'S 


^ 


bA 


^c 


^ 


o 


^ 


«) 


^ 



■^ 



s 




«g 


« lo w o io o u^ in lo lo lo o o lo o o o 


t- 


i 




S2^gla§^ggS^S§§;S2^^ 




o 


i. 


^2 


O»«0t-t-t-!>t-J>i>t-t-t-!>aCG0Q0 


^ 

"* 


i 


i-."^ 
p 


J> J> £>.' i> J> 00 oo" X oo' X x' x' X X X X C5 


i 




00 CO x' ci ci c; C5 ci ~" ~' ri ci o" o o o o 


CO 


1 


«^ 


'='' 2* 2 2 2 2 2 2 S " ;i; n :z ^ ;: ^; ^ 


Ji 


1 


n ^ — — ;:: si 33 3i ^ ^ — 2i 2 S 2 2 2 


1 


:s 


?§g§^§J^'§^?.sr,^2?sg§ 


(N'NSJ'NcoMccccrrrc— — -TT — — o 


i 


5 -S 


eo' Tf tjh' Ti- Ti-' Tf Tt lo iQ »o ic" o ^ o d -^ »' 


C5 


S 


»s 


^Sgiii^SfeSS^iSSS?^^ 


jao»nino;o:so2£--!>?>t-t-;xxx 


00 

1 


i 


-kf 


$: Ei si ^ ^ 2 2 2 52 S' 2 2 2 2 R ^' ^ 


1 

! ^ 


1 


"2 


2222222S?5gg?5?i?5r.?l5l 


1 ^ 


i 






to 


i 


-W 
■^i:^ 




-^ 


i 


ah? 


Sg^SSS^.S:2^SS??S§i§ 


;5?s^^^^i?.sj^^^^^^§^ 


iO 


1 




^S2§SSSgSS§B?5gg^§g 


g§^^^^^^?;-^^88gssj3 


OJ 


1 


»S 


§^E:i2g§^5§gg^l3S§-3§ 


g!Sg?88S;5??g?????5S??S^;;i§ 


- 


CO 


.-P 




o 


^ 


-M 




6 


1^4 


a 
o 

"^ -a 

2; 


.2 



82 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



**^ 



TABLE OF LENGTHS AND WEIGHTS 

OF 

WORKING BARRELS. 









3 Working Barrel 







Length 
in Feet. 


2 Inch Barrel 
Weight in lbs. 


2J/2 Inch Barrel 
Weight in lbs. 


3 Inch Barrel 
Weight in lbs. 


5 


32 to 37 


37 to 43 


47 to 55 


6 


35 " 40 


43 " 49 


54 " 62 


7 


38 " 43 


49 " 55 


61 " 69 


8 


41 " 46 


55 " 61 


68 " 76 


9 


44 " 49 


61 " 67 


75 " 83 



^ 



^ 



r 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



'^ 



ILLUSTRATIONS 

OF 

Standard and Special Seamless Cylinders* 




5 inch Standard Seamless Cylinder. 

(See Table, page 84.) 




8 inch Standard Seamless Cylinder. 

(See Table, page 85.) 




8 inch Special Seamless Cylinder. 

(See Table, page 86.) 



L 



ji 









i 


84 


NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 




Table of Weights and Capacities of 5 inch Standard | 




Seamless Cylinders. 




Outsid 


e Diameter, 5f^ inches. Thickness of Wall 
(See illustration, page 83.) 


M inch. 




Tested to 3700 lbs. per square inch Hydrostatic Pressure. 1 


Length 
over all 


Average 
Weight 
in lbs. 


Capacity in 
Cubic inches. 


Capacity in 
Cubic feet. 


in^^u^^r 


Capacity in 
lbs. Liquid 
Carbonic 


in inches. 






Gallons. 


Acid Gas. 
15. 


36 


39.00 


653 


0.3779 


2.83 


36^ 


39.47 


663 


0.3839 


2.87 


15.2 


37 


39.94 


673 


0.3900 


2.92 


15.4 


371^ 


40.41 


683 


0.3961 


2.96 


15.6 


38 


40.88 


694 


0.4022 


3.01 


15.8 


38^ 


41.35 


704 


0.4083 


3.05 


16. 


39 


41.82 


714 


0.4143 


3.10 


16.2 


391^ 


42.29 


725 


0.4204 


3.14 


16.4 


40 


42.76 


735 


0.4265 


3.19 


16.6 


401^ 


43.23 


745 


0.4326 


3.23 


16.8 


41^ 


43.71 


756 


0.4387 


3.28 


17. 


411^ 


44.18 


766 


0.4447 


3.32 


17.2 


42 


44.65 


776 


0.4508 


3.37 


17.4 


421^ 


45.12 


786 


0.4569 


3.41 


17.6 


43 


45.59 


797 


0.4630 


3.46 


17.8 


431^ 


46.06 


807 


0.4691 


3.50 


18. 


44 


46.53 


817 


0.4751 


3.55 


18.2 


44}^ 


47.00 


828 


0.4812 


3.59 


18.4 


45 


47.47 


838 


0.4873 


3.64 


18.6 


461^ 


47.94 


848 


0.4934 


3.68 


18.8 


40 


48.42 


859 


0.4995 


3.73 


19. 


46^ 


48.89 


869 


0.5055 


3.77 


19.2 


47 


49.36 


879 


0.5116 


3.81 


19.4 


473^ 


49.83 


889 


0.5177 


3.85 


19.6 


48 


50.30 


900 


0.5238 


3.90 


19.8 


^m 


50.77 


910 


0.5299 


3.94 


20. 


49 


51.24 


920 


0.5359 


3.99 


20.2 


49J^ 


51.71 


931 


0.5420 


4.03 


20.4 


50 


52.18 


941 


0.5481 


4.08 


20.6 


601^ 


52.65 


951 


0.5542 


4.12 


20.8 


51 


53.13 


962 


0.5603 


4.17 


21. 


511^ 


53.60 


972 


0.5663 


4.21 


21.2 


52 


54.07 


982 


0.5724 


4.26 


21.4 


521^ 


54.54 


992 


0.5785 


4.30 


21.6 


53 


55.01 


1003 


0.5846 


4.35 


21.8 


53J^ 


55.48 


1013 


0.5907 


4.39 


22. 


64 


65.95 


1023 


0.5967 


4.44 


22.2 


541^ 


56.42 


1034 


0.6028 


4.48 


22.4 


55 


56.89 


1044 


0.6089 


4.63 


22.6 


55^ 


57.36 


1054 


0.6150 


4.57 


22.8 


56 


57.84 


1065 


0.6211 


4.62 


23. 


56^ 


68.31 


1075 


0.6271 


4.66 


23.2 


57 


58.78 


1085 


0.6:^32 


4.71 


23.4 


57^ 


59.25 


1095 


0.6393 


4 75 


23.6 


58 


59.72 


1106 


0.6454 


4.80 


23.8 


58^ 


60.19 


1116 


0.6515 


4.84 


24. 


59 


60.66 


1126 


0.6575 


4.89 


24,2 


591^ 


61.13 


1137 


0.6636 


4.93 


24.4 


60 


61.60 


1147 


0.6697 


4.97 


24.6 


i. —4 







^ 




NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 


85 F 


Table of Weights and Capacities of 8 inch Standard | 




Seamless Cylinders. 




Outside Diameter, 8j% inches. Thickness of Wall 


, /5 inch. 




(See illustration, page 83.) 






Tested to 3700 lbs. per square inch Hydrostatic Pressure. 1 


Length 


Average 


Capacity in 


Capacity in 


Capacity 


Capacity in 
lbs. Liquid 


over all 
in inches. 


Weight 
in lbs. 


Cubic inches. 


Cubic feet. 


in U. S. 
Gallons. 


Carbonic 
Acid Gas. 


36 


69.4 


1781 


1.0307 


7.71 


37. 


363^ 


70.25 


1806 


1.0454 


7.82 


37.5 


37 


71.1 


1832 


1.0601 


7.94 


38. 


37^ 


71.95 


1857 


1.0783 


8.05 


38.5 


38 


72.8 


1883 


1.0895 


8.16 


39. 


38^ 


73.65 


1908 


1.1042 


8.27 


39.5 


39 


74.5 


1934 


1.1189 


8.38 


40. 


391^ 


75.35 


1952 


1.1336 


8.49 


40.5 


40 


76.2 


1985 


1.1483 


8.60 


41. 


401^ 


77.05 


2010 


1.1630 


8.71 


41.5 


41 


77.9 


2036 


1.1778 


8.82 


42. 


411^ 


78.75 


2061 


1.1925 


8.93 


42.5 


42 


79.7 


2087 


1.2072 


9.04 


43. 


42)4 


80.55 


2112 


1.2219 


9.15 


43.5 


43 


81.4 


2138 


1.2368 


9.26 


44. 


43}^ 


82.25 


2163 


1.2515 


9.37 


44.5 


44 


83.1 


2189 


1.2662 


9.48 


45. 


441^ 


83.95 


2214 


1.2809 


9.59 


45.5 


45 


84.8 


2240 


1.2956 


9.70 


46. 


45^ 


85.65 


2265 


1.3103 


9.81 


46.5 


46 


86.5 


2291 


1.3251 


9.92 


47. 


461^ 


87.35 


2316 


1.3398 


10.03 


47.5 


47 


88.2 


2342 


1.3545 


10.14 


48. 


471/2 


89.05 


2367 


1 3692 


10.25 


48.5 


48 


89.9 


2393 


1.3839 


10.36 


49. 


481^ 


90.75 


2418 


1.3966 


10.47 


49.5 


49 


91.6 


2444 


1.4113 


10.58 


50. 


491^ 


92.45 


2469 


1.4260 


10.69 


50.5 


50 


93.3 


2495 


1.4407 


10.80 


51. 


50)^ 


94.1 


2520 


1.4554 


10.91 


51.5 


51 


95. 


2546 


1.4702 


11.02 


52. 


5I>^ 


95.85 


2571 


1.4849 


11.13 


52.5 




96.7 


2597 


1.4996 


11.24 


53. 


52^ 


97.55 


2622 


1.5143 


11.35 


53.5 


53 


98.4 


2648 


1 .5290 


11.46 


54. 


531^ 


99.25 


2673 


1.5437 


11.57 


54.5 


54 


100.1 


2699 


1.5585 


11.68 


55. 


54^ 


100.95 


2724 


1.5732 


11.79 


55.5 


55 


101.8 


2750 


1.5879 


11.90 


56. 


5514 


102.65 


2VV5 


^1.6026 


12.01 


56.5 


56 


103.5 


2801 


1.6174 


12.12 


57. 


56^ 


104.35 


2826 


1.6321 


12.23 


57.5 


57 


105.2 


2852 


1.6468 


12.34 


58. 


571^ 


106.05 


2877 


1.6615 


12.45 


58.5 


58 


106.9 


2903 


1.6762 


12.56 


59. 


581^ 


107.75 


2928 


^1.6909 


12.67 


59.5 


59 


108.6 


2954 


11.7056 


12.78 


60. 


5934 


109.45 


2979 


1.72U3 


12.89 


60.5 


60 


110.5 


3005 


1.7303 


13.00 


61. 


r^ ^ 







86 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 


Tabic of Weights and Capacities of 8 inch Special Seamless 


Cylinders for Holding Carbonic Gas* 


Outside Diameter, 8 inches. Thickness of Wall, /^ inch. 


(See illustration, page 83.) 


Tested to 3000 lbs. per square inch Hydrostatic Pressure. 


Length 


Average 

\H7 ■ C.. 


Capacity in 


Capacity in 


Capacity 

inu s: 

Gallons. 


Capacity in 
lbs. Liquid 


over all 
in inches. 


Weight 
in lbs. 


Cubic inches. 


Cubic feet. 


Carbonic 
Acid Gas. 


36 


74.2 


1459 


.8443 


6.31 


30. 


36^ 


75.0 


1482 


.8573 


6.41 


30.4 


37 


75.8 


1504 


.8703 


6.51 


30.9 


371^ 


76.6 


1526 


.8833 


6 60 


31.3 


38 


77.4 


1549 


.8963 


6.70 


31.8 


38^ 


78.2 


1571 


.9093 


6.80 


32.2 


39 


79.0 


1594 


.9223 


6.89 


32.7 


391^ 


79.8 


1616 


.9353 


6.99 


33.1 


40 


80.6 


1639 


.9483 


7.09 


33.6 


401^ 


81.4 


1661 


.9613 


7.19 


34. 


41 


82.2 


1684 


.9744 


7.28 


34.5 


41J^ 


83.0 


1706 


.9874 


7.38 


3t.9 


42 


83.8 


1729 


1.0004 


7.48 


35.4 


421^ 


84.6 


1751 


1 0134 


7.58 


35.8 


43 


85.4 


1773 


1.0264 


7.68 


36.3 


431^ 


86.2 


1796 


1.0394 


7.77 


36.7 


44 


87.0 


1818 


1.0524 


7.87 


37.2 


441^ 


87.8 


1841 


1.0654 


7.96 


37.6 


45 


8S.6 


1863 


1.0784 


8.06 


38.1 


451^ 


89.4 


1886 


1.0914 


8.16 


38.5 


46 


90.2 


1908 


1.1045 


8.26 


39. 


46}^ 


91.0 


1931 


1.1175 


8.35 


39.4 


47 


91.8 


1953 


1.1305 


8.45 


39.9 


471^ 


92.6 


1976 


1.1435 


8.55 


40.3 


48 


93.4 


1998 


1.1565 


8.65 


40.8 


481^ 


94.2 


2020 


1.1695 


8.74 


41.2 


49 


95.0 


2043 


1.1825 


8.84 


41.7 


491^ 


95.8 


2067 


1.1955 


8.94 


42.1 


50 


96.6 


2090 


1.2085 


9.04 


42.6 


5OI/3 


97.4 


2112 


1.2215 


9.13 


43.0 


51 


98.2 


2135 


1.2346 


9.23 


43.5 


511^ 


99.0 


2157 


1.2476 


9.33 


43.9 


52 


99.8 


2180 


1.2606 


9.42 


44.3 


52Vi 


100.6 


2202 


1.2736 


9.52 


44.8 


53 


101.4 


2225 


1.2866 


9.62 


45.2 


531^ 


102.2 


2247 


1.2996 


9.72 


45.7 


54 


103.0 


2269 


1.3126 


9.81 


46.1 


54U 


103.8 


2292 


1 3256 


9.91 


46.6 


55^' 


104.6 


2314 


1.3386 


10.01 


47.0 


55J^ 


105.4 


2337 


1.3516 


10.11 


47.5 


56 


106.2 


2359 


1.3647 


10.20 


47 9 


561^ 


107.0 


2381 


1.3777 


■ 10.30 


48.4 


57 


107.8 


2403 


1.3907 


10.40 


48 8 


571^ 


108 6 


2426 


1.4037 


10.49 


49.3 


58^^" 


109.4 


2449 


1.4167 


10.59 


49.7 


581^ 


110.2 


2471 


1.4297 


10.69 


50 2 


59 


111.0 


2493 


1.4427 


10.79 


50.6 


591^ 


111.8 


2516 


1.4558 


10.88 


51.1 


60 


112.6 


2538 


1.4687 


10.98 ) 51.5 1 


^n r^ 















a^ 


\ 




NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 


8. 




Table of Weights and Capacities 


of Seamless Cylinders 1 








of various diameters. 








^^^ 


B Tensile Strength oeMaterial = 90,000 Lbs. W 


*m 




1 Elastic Umi 


" ^^- _ 


-55.000 Lbs, \ 


"^^^H 




^^V 


^^m 






-^^^^^^^^ 


^^i 


/;^r 




Tested 


3700 lbs. 


per square inch Hydrostatic Pressure. 




























<*H 


C/5 Vh 


1^^ 


ni^ 


en 1^ 


rtj5 


^ '^rd 











•^ '^ h\ 


u^ fl£ 


>« c5 


^S y. 


S^ 


o^ 




u 


0) h 




^-o ^ 


biD 


i« 


.-^-U ^ 


60 


'^ b/) 




o.S 


-oii 


en • 


CflC 


*-r c 


^■a G 


>.u ac 


;>.-z: c 


!>.'Z! G 




-at) 






113 












5 

3 


'^Q 




^0- 


Hi 


Ht 


63p 








14 


6. 


.5 


161 


84.8 


7. 






3% 




15 


6.8 


.57 


189 


99.5 


8.29 




Wa 


¥ 


16 


7.2 


.6 


219 


115.4 


9.62 




33/ 


41^ 


^3 


17 


7.8 


.67 


251 


132.5 


11.04 




4 




T% 


19 


8.2 


.7 


285 


150.7 


12.56 




414 


4^ 




20 


8.7 


.76 


323 


169.9 


14.18 




41^ 


4% 


3 


21 


9.2 


.78 


358 


190.8 


15.90 




4U 




TB 


22 


9.6 


.8 


397 


212.6 


17.72 




5 


5% 


ts 


24 


10. 


.83 


438 


235.5 


19.63 




514 


5% 


^\ 


25 


10.6 


.88 


471 


259.7 


21.64 




5% 


\\ 


27 


11. 


.91 


526 


285. 


23.75 




53^ 


6^ 


# 


28 


11.8 


.98 


573 


311.5 


25.96 




6 






30 


12. 


1. 


622 


339.2 


28.27 






t's 


33 


12.6 


1.05 


673 


368. 


30.68 




6^J 


7 


36 


15. 


1.3 


724 


398. 


33.18 




Q^ 




7 


39 


16. 


1.4 


778 


429.3 


35.78 




7 


s'f 


43 


17. 


1.43 


834 


461.7 


38.48 




7^ 


711 


7 


46 


18. 


1.5 


891 


495.4 


41.28 




8 


M 


50 


20.5 


1.7 


950 


530. 


44.17 




7% 


m 




53 


21.2 


1.8 


1010 


566. 


47.17 




8 




M- 


56 


21.7 


1.82 


1072 


603. 


50.26 






8*M 


34 


59 


22.4 


1.88 


1136 


641.4 


53.45 




9;^; 


S 


62 


26. 


2.1 


1200 


680.9 


56.74 




874 


9t% 


3% 


66 


26.7 


2.22 


1267 


721.5 


60.13 




9 


9r^| 


1! 


70 


27.5 


2.3 


1336 


763.3 


63.61 




9^ 




74 


28.1 


2.4 


1406 


806.4 


67.20 




9^ 


10^ tJ 


79 


32.5 


2.7 


1477 


850.5 


70.88 




9i 




85 


33. 


2.8 


1550 


895.9 


74.66 




10 


90 


34. 


2.9 


1623 


942.5 


78.54 




lOM 
10l2 


10% S 


94 


35.2 


3. 


1699 


990. 


82.51 






98 


39.4 


3.3 


1775 


1039. 


86 59 




lOM 


118 8 


103 


40.5 


3.4 


1854 


1089. 


90.76 

















































^"^ 


88 


NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 


r 


Table of Weights and Capacities of Seamless Cylinders 






of various diameters. 










(CONTINUED. 
















^ 


^ 












<*-! 


. 


rtjd 


rt^' 


_ [fl Ih 


^ "^rG 


^ ^^ 









■^^ h'r 


<« a7^ 


Vh g *2 


^ <v <u .• 


^ C^ 


^ c*^ 


u 


j^ 




^-a ba 


bJD 


tiO 


— ^X) ^ 


° bJD 


t>JD 


(U 0) 


■vB 

Ij 

11-5 


id 




0) rt-i= 


III 








Q 

11 


h 


5 "^"^ 

^0- 








"11 




77 


109 


41.2 


3.47 


1932 


1140.3 


95.03 


IIM 
lljl 


iiii 


1 


114 


42.7 


3.62 


2012 


1192.8 


99.40 


}|^ 


119 


47. 


3.9 


2093 


1245.6 


103.87 


llM 


125 


48. 


4. 


2176 


1290.8 


108.43 


12 


12% 


132 


49. 


4.05 


2261 


1356. 


113.10 


12^ 


13 


!§ 


137 


50. 


4.1 


2347 


1414.3 


117.86 


121^ 
12M 


13i% 


143 


55. 


4.5 


2433 


1472.4 


122.72 


13i«6 


gl 


150 


56.4 


4.7 


2521 


1532. 


127.68 


13 


1311 


3I 


162 


57.4 


4.8 


2610 


1592. 


132.73 


1314 


14tV 


M 


168 


58.5 


4.9 


2700 


1654.7 


137.89 


im 


14% 


/. 


174 


64.5 


5.4 


2790 


1717.2 


143.14 


13M 


«l 


TS 


180 


65.5 


5.5 


2883 


1781.9 


148.49 


14 


1^ 


187 


66.2 


5.55 


2976 


1846.8 


153.94 


1414 


15^ 




193 


67.2 


5.6 


3074 


1913.7 


159.48 


141^ 


15/h 


IS 


200 


74. 


6.1 


3173 


1981.2 


165.13 


14% 


If 


209 


75.6 


6.2 


3265 


2050.4 


170.87 


15 


15}| 


li 


220 


76.6 


6.3 • 


3357 


2120.4 


176.71 


15J4 




227 


77.6 


6.45 


3452 


2191.8 


182.65 


15}4 


163/^ 


H 


235 


84.3 


7. 


3548 


2263.2 


188.69 


15M 


16% 


1^ 


244 


85.7 


7.1 


3650 


2337.9 


194.83 


16 


17 


^ 


255 


87. 


7 2 


3753 


2412. 


201.06 


I614 


ITM 


j^ 


263 


88.7 


714 


3855 


2487.6 


207.39 


16H 


17tI 


ii 


272 


95.5 


8. 


3957 


2565.6 


213.82 


16M 


17ii 


i7 


282 


96.7 


8.1 


4058 


2646.6 


220.35 


17 




il 


291 


98.3 


8.2 


4160 


2722.8 


226.98 




18tI 


I5 


299 


99.7 


8.3 


4274 


2804.4 


233.71 


17^ 


18% 


« 


309 


107. 


8.6 


4389 


2886. 


240.53 


! 17M 


18% 


15 


320 


108.7 


9.06 


4484 


2968.8 


247.45 


18 


191^ 


T5 


331 


110.2 


9.2 


4580 


3052.8 


254.47 


18^ 


19% 


8g 


340 


111.5 


9.3 


4686 


3139. 


261.59 


18^ 


^Hh 


If 


350 


119.6 


9.9 


4793 


3225.6 


268.80 


: 18M 


19rS 


ll 


361 


121.3 


10.1 


4900 


3313.4 


276.12 


. 19 


20-% 


If 


373 


122.6 


10.2 


5008 


3402. 


283.53 


1914 


20/^ 


11 


382 


126.5 


10.5 


5117 


3492. 


291.04 


19J^ 


20M 


¥ 


392 


132.7 


11. 


5226' 


3583.2 


298.65 


I 19% 


21 




403 


134.4 


11.2 


5336 


3676.2 


306.35 


, 20 


21M 


% 


415 


136.4 


11.4 


5446 


3769.2 


314.16 


■ 












^ 





NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 89 


Table of Weights and Capacities of 5 inch Standard 


Lap-Welded Cylinders (Class B), 


Outside Diameter, 61% inches. Thickness of Wall, 14 inch. 


Tested to 3700 lbs. per square inch Hydrostatic Pressure. 


Length 
over all 


Average 
Weight 


Capacity in 
Zubic inches. 


Capacity in 
Cuoic feet. 


^n^^U^.^r 


Capacity in 
lbs. Liquid 
Carbonic 


in inches. 


in lbs. 






Gallons. 


Acid Gas. 


36 


49.14 


618. 


0.3576 


2.68 


14. 


36^ 


49.67 


628. 


0.3636 


2.72 


14.2 


37 


50.20 


638. 


0.3696 


2.77 


14.4 


37^ 


50.73 


648. 


0.3756 


2.81 


14.6 


38 


51.26 


658. 


0.3816 


2.86 


14.8 


381^ 


51.79 


668. 


0.3876 


2.90 


15. 


39 


52.32 


679. 


0.3930 


2.95 


15.2 


39U 


52.85 


689. 


0.3996 


2.99 


15.4 


40 


58.38 


699. 


0.4056 


3.04 


15.6 


401^ 


53.91 


709. 


0.4116 


3.08 


15.8 


41 


54.44 


719. 


0.4176 


3.13 


16. 


411^ 


54.97 


730. 


0.4236 


3.17 


16.2 


42^^ 


55.50 


740. 


0.4296 


3.22 


16.4 


42U 


56.03 


750. 


0.4356 


3.26 


16.6 


43 


56.56 


760. 


0.4416 


3.31 


16.8 


43U 


57.09 


770. 


0.4476 


3.35 


17. 


44 


57.62 


781. 


0.4536 


3.40 


17.2 


441^ 


58.15 


791. 


0.4596 


3.44 


17.4 


45^' 


58.68 


801. 


0.4656 


3.49 


17.6 


45V^ 


59.21 


811. 


0.4716 


3.53 


17.8 


46 


59.74 


821. 


0.4776 


3.58 


18. 


46J^ 


60.27 


831. 


0.4836 


3.62 


18.2 


47 


60.80 


842. 


4896 


3.67 


18.4 


471^ 


61.33 


852. 


0.4956 


3.71 


18.6 


48 


61.86 


862. 


0.5016 


3.76 


18.8 


4814 


62.39 


872. 


0.5076 


3.80 


19. 


49"^" 


62.92 


882. 


0.5136 


3.85 


19.2 


491^ 


63.45 


892. 


0.5196 


3.89 


19.4 


50 


63.98 


903. 


0.5256 


3.94 


19.6 


50^ 


64.51 


913. 


0.5316 


3.98 


19.8 


51 


65 04 


923. 


0.5376 


4.03 


20. 


51 i^ 


65.57 


933. 


0.5436 


4.07 


20.2 


52 


66.10 


943. 


0.5496 


4.12 


20.4 


521^ 


66.63 


954. 


0.5556 


4.16 


20.6 


53"^" 


67.16 


964. 


0.5616 


4.21 


20.8 


531^ 


67.69 


974. 


C.5676 


4.26 


21. 


54 


68.22 


984. 


0.5736 


4.31 


21.2 


541^ 


68.75 


994. 


0.5796 


4.35 


21.4 


55 


69.28 


1005. 


0.5856 


4.40 


21.6 


551^ 


69.81 


1015. 


0.5916 


4.44 


21.8 


66 


70.34 


1025. 


0.5976 


4.48 


22. 


561^ 


70.87 


1035. 


0.6036 


4.52 


22.2 


57 


71.40 


1045. 


0.6096 


4 57 


22.4 


5714 


71.93 


1055. 


0.6156 


4.61 


22.6 


58 


72.46 


1066. 


0.6216 


4.66 


22.8 


581^ 


72.99 


1076. 


0.6276 


4.70 


23. 


59 


73.52 


1086. 


0.6336 


4.73 


23.2 


5914 


74.05 


1096. 


0.6396 


4.76 


23.4 


60' 


74.58 


1106. 


0.6456 


4.80 


23.6 
—^ 



/^ 



90 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



Illustrations of Various Hydraulic Forgings^ 

Various Styles of Valve Protecting Caps used on Carbonic 
Acid Gas Cylinders, 




These Caps are made of light material in various sizes, suitable 
for the Valves of Cylinders. 



Boiler Shells. 



These Shells are made in var- 
ious sizes from 6" Diameter, by 
I foot long, to 24" Diameter, x 
3 feet long. They are made 
from Steel of 55,000 to 60,000 
Tensile Strength. 



Seamless Floats 
For Feed Water Regulators. 




These Floats are made from Steel 
of High Tensile Strength, so as 
to make them as light as possible. 
They are subjected to a Hydros- 
tatic Collapsing Test of 5C0 lbs. 
per square inch. 



Shrapnel Forging. 




These Shrapnels are made of 
Forged from 

Shrapnel Forging. 



a Special Grade of Steel, and 
a Solid Billet. 

Shrapnel Forging. 




^ 



These Shrapnels are made of a 

Special Grade of Steel, and 

Forged from a Solid Billet. 



These Shrapnels are made of a 

Special Grade of Steel, and 

Forged from a Solid Billet 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 






Illustrations of Various Hydraulic Forgings* 

Projectile Forging. 




Made from Special Grade of Steel and Forged from a Solid Billet. 
Bushing Forging for Separator Tubular 

Axle Bearings, Forging* 




These are made from High 

Grade Steel, and forged 

from a Solid Billet. 



These Tubulars are made from 

High Grade Steel of 85,000 to 

90,000 Tensile Strength. 



Separator Bowl Forging. 




These Bowls are made from High Grade Steel of 85,000 to 90,000 
Tensile Strength. 

Separator Bowl Forging. Separator Bowl Forging. 





^*5!r 



These Bowls are made from 
High Grade Steel of 85,000 
to 90,000 Tensile Strength. 



These Bowls are made from 
High Grade Steel of 85,000 
to 90,000 Tensile Strength, 



^ 



^ 



^ 





il^ 



\ if o 



i'<. I 



Q 






m 



Mft 



.ii!i'f'i'y^'i''ff^*?^''" 



^ 



B^ 



^ ' " ^ 



USEFUL INFORMATION 



RELATING CHIEFLY TO 



Tubular Construction 



COMPILED BY 



NATIONAL Tube Co. 



^ F fV 



■ 94 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY 



^ 



WATER. 

Water is composed of two gases, hydrogen and oxygen, 
in the ratio of two volumes of former to one of the latter. 
It is never found pure in nature, owing to the readiness 
with which it absorbs impurities from the air and soil. 
Water boils under atmospheric pressure (14.7 lb.) at 212°, 
passing off as steam. Its greatest density is at 39.1°F., 
when it weighs 62.425 lbs. per cubic ft. 

Weight of Water per Cubic Foot at Different Temperatttr es. 









• 




^ 




_^- 




^ 


2i^ 


i% 


t^ 


i% 




i% 


'-' j-J 


t/5 O 




«5 


— 'fe 


Z <D 


—■Ci, 




^tL, 


J3 0) 


^[i, 


Z> <u 


— 't- 


1% 


SI 






2-^ 




11 


S3 


It 




fi-^ 


w 


o^U 


^"i 


^u 


s-^ 


OJU 


s^ 




H^ 




^S 


h^ 


^^ 


s 


^fe 


h^ 




a 




a 




a 










82° 


62.42 


140° 


61.87 


240° 


59.10 


350° 


55.52 


460° 


51.26 


40 


62.42 


150 


61.18 


250 


58.81 


360 


55.16 


470 


50.85 


50 


62.41 


160 


60.98 


260 


58.52 


370 


54.79 


480 


50.44 


60 


62.37 


170 


60.77 


270 


58.21 


380 


54.41 


490 


50.05 


70 


62.31 


180 


60.55 


280 


57.90 


390 


54.03 


500 


49.61 


80 


62.23 


190 


60 32 


290 


57.59 


400 


53.64 


510 


49.20 


90 


62.13 


200 


60.07 


300 


57.26 


410 


53.26 


520 


48 78 


100 


62 02 


210 


59.82 


310 


56.93 


420 


52.86 


530 


48.36 


110 


61.89 


212 


59.71 


320 


56.58 


430 


52.47 


540 


47.94 


19,0 


61.71 


220 


59.64 


330 


56.24 


440 


52.07 


550 


47.52 


130 


61.56 


230 


59.37 


340 


55.88 


450 


51.66 


560 


47.10 



One ft. of water column at 39°. IF 



One lb. pressure on sg. 



62.425 lbs. on the square ft. 
= 0.4335 " " " " in. 
" = 0.0295 atmospheric pressure 
" =0.8826 in. mercury column at 
32°. F. 
• ' = 773.3 ft. of air column at 32°.F. 
and atmospheric pressure. 
= 0.01602 ft. water column at 39.1°F. 
= 2.307 " '• " " 39.1°F. 

= 29.92 in. mercury column = 33.9 ft. 



\ 



One atmospheric pressure 

water column. 
One inch of mercury column at 32°F. = 1.133 ft water column. 
One foot of air column at 32°F. and 1 atmospheric pressure = 

0.001293 ft. water column. 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 95 ^ 

BOILER INCRUSTATION AND 
CORROSION. 



Water, from natural sources, as a rule contains more or 
less carbon dioxide, which holds in solution carbonates 
of lime and magnesia. On boiling the water, the carbon 
dioxide is driven out and the lime and magnesium in so- 
lution are thrown down in the form of a white or grayish 
mud, that may be easily removed from the boiler by 
thorough washing. The presence of other impurities, 
such as organic matter or sulphate of lime, is likely to 
make the deposit hard and adhering. 

Sulphate of lime is more soluble in cold than in hot 
water, and is entirely thrown down at a temperature of 
280^ Fahrenheit. It forms a hard and adhering scale and 
has a bad effect upon scales and deposits, composed chief- 
ly of carbonates. 

The evident treatment of water containing sulphate of 
lime is to heat the feed water, before entering the boiler, 
to a temperature of at least 280° Fahrenheit. This should 
be done in such a manner as to give time for the deposi- 
tion of the sulphate of lime when thrown out of solution. 

A deposition may arise from the settling of clay and 
other matter held in suspension in the water. In water 
otherwise free from impurities this matter commonly de- 
posits in the form of a soft mud that may be easily re- 
moved from the boiler. In conjunction, however, with 
other impurities, as, for example, sulphate of lime, it may 
form an adhesive scale, in which case it is usually best to 
free the feed water from suspended matter by filtration. 

In some cases chemical treatment, either internally or 
externally, should be resorted to. This is especially the 
case with feed waters containing much free acid, in 
which case the free acid should be neutralized by chem- 
ical treatment, preferably before entering the boiler. 



15! 



B^ 



16 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



If more than 100 parts per 100,000 of total solid residue 
be present in the water, it will ordinarily cause trouble 
from scale, and should be condemned for use in the 
boiler unless a better supply be unattainable. Scale re- 
duces the efficiency of the heating surface by detracting 
from the conducting quality of the metal and is apt to 
cause overheating or burning of the metal, or even bulg- 
ing of the plates that are subjected to the intense heat of 
the furnace. Grease, owing to its adhesive nature, may, 
by collecting impurities contained in the water, become 
sufficiently heavy to sink. In this condition it is apt to 
attach itself to a plate or pipe near the furnace and may, 
owing to its non-conducting qualities, cause serious over- 
heating, resulting in burning, bulging or even blowing 
out. 

If water contains more than 5 parts per 100,000 of free 
sulphuric or nitric acid, serious corrosion will ensue not 
only in boiler plates, but also in tubes, pipes, cylinders 
and other parts with which the steam comes in contact. 

Animal and vegetable oils and greases decompose into 
fatty acids when subjected to the temperature of high 
pressure steam. Because of this their presence in a high 
pressure steam engine or boiler will cause serious corro- 
sion. 

Experiments have shown that pure water, into which 
air has been forced, on boiling causes corrosion. 

Highly heated surfaces in contact with water contain- 
ing common salt corrode and pit rapidly. The sides of 
the furnace, the tube plates and the hottest tubes suffer 
most. 

It is clear then that feed-water, free from solids, com- 
bined or in suspension, organic matter, acids of all kinds, 
and air, would be best for the life of boilers. 



^fr 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



97 i 



TABULAR VIEW. 



Troubi^esomk 
Substance). 



Troubi^k. 



Remedy or 

PaI^IvIATION. 



Sediment, mud, clay, Incrustation. Filtration ; blowing 
etc. off. 

Readily soluble salts. " Blowing off. 



Bicarbonates of lime, 
magnesia, iron. 



Sulphate of lime. 



Chloride and sul- 
phate of magne- 
sium. 

Carbonate of soda in 
large amounts. 

Acid (in mine waters). 

Dissolved carbonic / 
acid and oxygen. C 



Grease (from conden- ) 
sed water). J 



Organic matter (sew- ) 
age). f 



f Heating feed. Addi- 
J tion of caustic soda, 
) lime, or magnesia, 
L etc, 

( Addition of carbon- 
< . ate soda, barium 
( chloride, etc. 



^ . ( Addition of carbon- 

Corrosion.] ate of soda, etc. 



Addition of barium 
etc. 



■p^:^:„„ j Addition c 
Primmg. j ehloride, 

Corrosion. Alkali. 



{Heating feed. Addi- 
tion of caustic soda, 
slacked lime, etc. 

Slacked lime and filt- 
ering. 

Carbonate of soda. 
Substitute mineral 
oil. 

(Precipitate with al- 
um or ferric chlo- 
ride and filter. 



Organic matter. 



Corrosion. Ditto, 



1^ 



rf^ 



^ 



■0^ 



98 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



Analyses in Parts per J 00,000 of Water giving Bad Results in 
Steam-boilers. (A. B. Hunt ) 





si 


, be 
















a 

3 




J-- 


^m 












^ 




Xl 




■otO 


O O 




w 








4J 




r^ 




"4 


a;^^ 


0) 


C 


< 






a 








ro 


a 


oJ 


_y 






S 












3 

o 


o 


3 
S 


o 


o 


c 

u 




o 




m^ 


pa <u 


h 


H 


(n 


U 




o 


< 


u 


Coal-mine water. .... 


no 


25 


119 


39 


890 


590 


780 


30 


640 




Salt-well 


151 


38 


1 90 


48 


360 


990 


38 


21 


30 


13.10 


Spring 


75 


89 


95 


120 


310 


21 


75 


10 


80 


36 


Monongahela River.. 


130 


21 


161 


33 


210 


38 


70 










80 


70 


94 


81 


219 


210 


90 








" " 


32 


82 


61 


1.04 


28 


1.90 


38 








Allegheny River near 






















Oil-works 


30 


50 


41 


68 


890 


42 


23 









^ 



In cases where water containing large amounts of total 
solid residue is necessarily used, a heavy petroleum oil, 
free from tar or wax, which is not acted upon by acids or 
alkalies, not having sufficient wax in it to cause saponi- 
fication, and which has a vaporizing-point at nearly 600° 
F., will give the best results in preventing boiler-scale. 
Its action is to form a thin greasy film over the boiler 
linings, protecting them largely from the action of acids 
in the water and greasing the sediment which is formed, 
thus preventing the formation of scale and keeping the 
solid residue from the evaporation of the water in such a 
plastic suspended condition that it can be easily ejected 
from the boiler by the process of " blowing off." If the 
water is not blown off sufficiently often, this sediment 
forms into a "putty" that will necessitate cleaning the 
boilers. 

Oxidation of pipes may be prevented by coating the 
pipe with some protecting material. Galvanizing is coat- 
ing the pipe with zinc, which, being practically unacted 
upon by water from most natural sources, preserves it. 
A coating of hot coal tar is very effective as a preventive 
of corrosion by fresh or salt water. 



a^ 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY, 



^ 



WATER PRESSURE. 

The pressure of still water in pounds per square inch 
against the sides of any pipe or vessel of any shape what- 
ever, is due alone to the head, or height of the surface 
of the water above the point considered pressed upon, 
and is equal to 0'.434 pounds per square inch for every 
foot of head. The fluid pressure per square inch is equal 
in all directions. 

To find the total pressure of quiet water against and 
perpendicular to any surface, whether vertical, horizontal 
or inclined at any angle, whether it be flat or curved ; 
multiply together the area in square feet of the surface 
pressed, the vertical depth of its center of gravity below 
the surface of the water, and the constant 62.5. The 
product will be the required pressure in pounds. This 
may be expressed by formula as follows : 

P = 62.5 A D, 
In which P = the pressure in pounds of quiescent water on the 
surface considered. 
A = the area pressed upon in square feet, and 
D = the vertical depth in feet of center of gravity of 



surface considered. 



Pressures in Pounds per Square Inch in Pipes, Etc., under 
different Heads of Water. 





;-i . 




. 




^ 




;-i . 








0)^ 




OJj- 




0)^ 




CJX 




0)^ 


cd 




cti 




a 


ao 


rt 


G,u 


nJ 


ao 


a; 


<uS 


3 


a; S 


0) 


<U G 


0) 


(u a 


s 


OJ C 


ffi 


3 9. 


ffi 


P <u 


X 


3 <P 


X 


3 OJ 


X 






<" M 












"^ M 




^ b 






















<u 


<U 3 


<u 


0) 3 


<u 


OJ 3 


<u 


Oj 3 


<u 


0) p 


fc 


o:^ 


fc 


o:'^ 


\m 


p:^ 


43 


o:^ 


fc 


p:^ 


1 


o.4;i 


15 


6.49 


29 


12.55 


18.62 


57 


24.69 


2 


0.h6 


16 


6.93 


30 


12.99 


44 


19.05 


58 


25.12 


3 


1.30 


17 


7.36 


31 


13.42 


45 


19.49 


59 


25.55 


4 


1.73 


18 


7.79 


32 


13.86 


46 


19.92 


60 


25.99 


5 


2.16 


19 


8.22 


33 


14.29 


47 


20.35 


61 


26.42 


6 


2.59 


20 


8.66 


34 


14.72 


48 


20.79 


62 


26.85 


7 


3.03 


21 


9.09 


35 


15.16 


49 


21.22 


63 


27.29 


8 


3.46 


22 


9.53 


36 


15.59 


50 


21.65 


64 


27.72 


9 


3.89 


23 


9.96 


37 


16.02 


51 


22.09 


65 


28.15 


10 


4.33 


24 


10.39 


38 


16.45 


52 


22.52 


66 


28.58 


11 


4.76 


25 


10.82 


39 


16.89 


53 


22.95 


67 


29.02 


VZ 


5.20 


26 


11.26 


40 


17.32 


54 


23.39 


68 


29.45 


13 


5.63 


27 


11.69 1 


41 


17.75 


55 


23.82 


69 


29.88 


14 


6.06 


28 


12.12 1 


42 


18.19 


56 


24.26 


70 


30.32 



^ 



-^ 



^Gt= 


















100 




NATIONAL 


TUBE COMPANY 






Pressures 


in Pounds per Square Inch 


in Pipes, Etc 


, under 








different Heads of Water. 














(CONTINUED.) 










;-i • 




;-i . 




u • 




u . 




\^ . 


tJ 


VJS 


T3 


0)^ 


X! 


<OX> 


tJ 


OJ^ 


"6 


<u-a 


nJ 


ao 


rt 


au 


oS 


au 


nJ 


ao 


cS 


au 


s 


OJ.S 


(LI 


oS 


S 


a^.S 


s 


OJ.S 


D 


<u.S 


ffi 


^Z 


K 


^Z 


ffi 


^l 


ffi 


^Z 


ffi 


S^ 




^ b 




55 b 




"5 h 




t« b 




S h 


<v 


tfl oj 


<u 


in oj 


lU 


in Co 


1) 


m rt 


0) 


in nj 


D 


(U 3 


0) 


a; p 


0) 


<p 3 


0) 


<u p 


(D 


IV 3 


b 


£5* 


fc 


^z 


til 


i^ 


fe 


£^ 


fc 


117.39 


71 


30.75 


121 


52.41 


171 


74.07 


221 


95.73 


271 


72 


31.18 


122 


52.84 


172 


74.50 


222 


96.16 


272 


117.82 


73 


31.62 


123 


53.28 


173 


74.94 


223 


96.60 


273 


118.26 


74 


32.05 


124 


53.71 


174 


75.37 


224 


97.03 


274 


118.69 


75 


32.48 


125 


54.15 


175 


75.80 


225 


97.46 


275 


119.12 


76 


32.92 


126 


54.58 


176 


76.23 


226 


97.90 


276 


119.56 


77 


33.35 


127 


55.01 


177 


76.67 


227 


98.33 


277 


119.99 


78 


33.78 


128 


55.44 


178 


77.10 


228 


98.76 


278 


120.42 


79 


34.21 


129 


55.88 


179 


77.53 


229 


99.20 


279 


120.85 


80 


34.65 


130 


56.31 


180 


77.97 


230 


99.63 


280 


121.29 


81 


35.08 


131 


56.74 


181 


78.40 


231 


100.06 


281 


121.72 


82 


35.52 


132 


57.18 


182 


78.84 


232 


100.49 


282 


122.15 


83 


35.95 


133 


57.61 


183 


79.27 


233 


100.93 


283 


122.59 


84 


36.39 


134 


58.04 


184 


79.70 


234 


101.36 


284 


123.02 


85 


36.82 


135 


58.48 


185 


80.14 


235 


101.79 


285 


123.45 


86 


37.25 


136 


58.91 


186 


80.57 


236 


102.23 


286 


123.89 


87 


37.68 


137 


59.34 


187 


81.00 


237 


102.66 


287 


124.32 


88 


38.12 


138 


59.77 


188 


81.43 


238 


103.09 


288 


124.75 


89 


38.55 


139 


60.21 


189 


81.87 


239 


103.53 


289 


125.18 


90 


38.98 


140 


60.64 


190 


82 30 


240 


103.96 


290 


125.62 


91 


39.42 


141 


61.07 


191 


82.73 


241 


104.39 


291 


126.05 


92 


39.85 


142 


61.51 


192 


83.17 


242 


104.83 


292 


126.48 


93 


40.28 


143 


61.94 


193 


83.60 


243 


105.26 


293 


126.92 


94 


40.72 


144 


62.37 


194 


84.03 


244 


105.69 


294 


127.35 


95 


41.15 


145 


62.81 


195 


84.47 


245 


106.13 


295 


127.78 


96 


41.58 


146 


63.24 


196 


84.90 


246 


106.56 


296 


128.22 


97 


42.01 


147 


63.67 


197 


85.33 


247 


106.99 


297 


128.65 


98 


42.45 


148 


64.10 


198 


85.76 


248 


107.43 


298 


129.08 


99 


42.88 


149 


64.54 


199 


86.20 


249 


107.86 


299 


129.51 


100 


43.31 


150 


64.97 


200 


86.63 


250 


108.29 


300 


129.95 


101 


43.75 


151 


65.40 


201 


87.07 


251 


108.73 


310 


134.28 


102 


44.18 


158 


65.84 


202 


87.50 


252 


109.16 


320 


138.62 


103 


44.61 


153 


66.27 


203 


87.93 


253 


109.59 


330 


142.95 


104 


45.05 


154 


66.70 


204 


88.36 


254 


110.03 


340 


147.28 


105 


45.48 


155 


67.14 


205 


88.80 


255 


110.46 


350 


151.61 


106 


45.91 


156 


67.57 


206 


89.23 


256 


110.89 


360 


155.94 


107 


46.34 


157 


68.00 


207 


89.66 


257 


111.32 


370 


160.27 


108 


46.78 


158 


68.43 


208 


90.10 


258 


111.76 


380 


164.61 


109 


47.21 


159 


68.87 


209 


90.53 


259 


112.19 


390 


168.94 


110 


47.64 


160 


69.31 


210 


90.96 


260 


112.62 


400 


173.27 


111 


48.08 


161 


69.74 


211 


91.39 


261 


113.06 


500 


216.58 


112 


48.51 


162 


70.17 


212 


91.83 


262 


113.49 


600 


259.90 


113 


48.94 


163 


70.61 


213 


92.26 


263 


113.92 


700 


303.22 


114 


49.38 


164 


71.04 


214 


92.69 


264 


114.36 


800 


346.54 


115 


49.81 


165 


71.47 


215 


93.13 


265 


114.79 


900 


389.86 


116 


50.24 


166 


71.91 


216 


93 56 


266 


115.22 


1000 


433.18 


117 


50.68 


167 


72.34 


217 


93.99 


267 


115.66 






118 


51.11 


168 


72.77 


218 


94.43 


268 


116.09 






119 


51.54 


169 


73.20 


219 


94.86 


269 


116.52 






120 


51.98 


170 


73.64 


220 


95.30 


1 270 


116.96 









NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



101 I 



FLOW OF WATER IN PIPES. 

The vertical height of the source of water above the 
outlet is called the head. The greater the head the 
greater will be the velocity of efflux if the length and di- 
ameter of the pipe remain constant. 

To find the velocity of water discharged from a pipe line 
longer than 4 times its diameter, knowing the head, 
length and inside diameter, use the following formula : 



/ 



hd 



Iv+54d 

In which v = approximate mean velocity in feet per second, 

m = coefficient from table below, 

d = diameter of pipe in feet, 

h = total head in feet, 

L = total length of line in feet. 

VALUES OF COEFFICIENT M. 





DiAMETKR OF PlPK IN Feet. 


hd 






0.05 


0.10 


0.50 


1 


1.5 


2 


3 




Iv+54d 


4 




M 


M 


M 


M 


M 


M 


M 


M 


0.005 


29 


31 


33 


35 


37 


40 


44 


47 


0.01 


34 


35 


37 


39 


42 


45 


49 


53 


0.02 


39 


40 


42 


45 


49 


52 


56 


59 


0.03 


41 


43 


47 


50 


54 


57 


60 


63 


0.05 


44 


47 


52 


54 


56 


60 


64 


67 


0.10 


47 


50 


54 


56 


58 


62 


66 


70 


0.20 


48 


51 


55 


58 


60 


64 


67 


70 



Jd 



The above coefficients are averages deduced from a 
large number of experiments. In most cases of pipes 
carefully laid and in fair condition, they should give 
results within 5 to 10 per cent, of the truth. 

Example* — Given the head, ^ = 50 ft. ; the length, 
Z=:5280 ft.; and the diameter, «f=2 ft.; to find the 
velocity and quantity of discharge. 



^ 



^ 



102 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 

Substituting these values in above formula, we get : 

/ dxh / 2x50 /loo" 

y L+54d = y 2580+108 = r 5388 = 0.136. 



In column headed a/ _ find 0.10, which is the 



hd 
Iv+54d 

value nearest to 0.136, and look along this line until 
column headed " 2 " is reached, then read 62 as the value 
of coefficient f/i. 

Then v = 62x0.136 = 8.432 ft. per sec, the required 
velocity. 

To find the discharge in cu. ft. per sec, multiply this 
velocity by area of cross section of pipe in sq. ft. 

Thus, 3.1416 X (1)2x8.432 = 26.49 cu. ft. per sec 

Since there are 7.48 gal. in a cu. ft., the discharge in 
gal. per sec. = 26.49x7.48 = 198.2. 

The above formula is only an approximation, since the 
flow is modified by bends, joints, incrustations, etc. 
Wrought Iron and Steel Pipes are smoother than cast 
iron ones, thereby presenting less friction and less en- 
couragement for deposits ; and, being in longer lengths, 
the number of joints is reduced, thus lessening the 
undesirable effects of eddy currents. 

To find the head in feet necessary to give a stated dis- 
charge in cu. ft., use the formula.* 

^ 0.000704 Q2 (1,-1-54 d) 
^^~ d^ ' 

In which h = total head in feet, 

L = total length of line in feet, 

d = diameter of pipe in feet, 

Q = quantity of water in cu. ft. per second. 

Example. — Given the diameter of pipe, ^=0.5 ft.; the 
length of pipe, Z, = 20 ft. ; and the quantity of water to 
be discharged, ^=3.07 cu. ft. per sec; to find the neces- 
sary head. 



^ 



33^' 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 103 ^ 



Substituting these values in the above formula,* we get : 

0.000704 X 9.4 x (20+27) 
(0.5)5 

0.000704x9.4x47 ^ n^ r. .-u • ^ t, ^ 

= r^oi^K = ^-^5 ^t-' ^^^ required head. 

The following formula* is simpler and can be used when 
54 d in relation to L is so small as to be negligible. 

^ 0.000704 Q2 X L 

If the pipe, instead of being straight, has easy curves 
(say with radius not less than 5 diameters of the pipe) 
either horizontal or vertical, the discharge will not be 
materially diminished, so long as the total heads, and 
total actual lengths of pipe remain the same, but it is ad- 
visable to make the radius as much more than 5 diameters 
as can conveniently be done. 

To find the diameter of a pipe of given length to de- 
liver a given quantity of water under a given head, use 
the following : 

d = 0.334 |/81L, 

In which d == diameter of pipe in feet, 

Q =- cu. ft. per second delivered, 
L = length of line in feet, 
h = head in feet. 

Example.— Given the head, h = 700 feet ; the length of 
pipe, L=3000 feet; the quantity to be delivered, Q = 4 
cu. ft. per. sec. ; required the diameter of pipe necesssary. 

Substituting these values in the above formula,* we 
get: 

d=0.234 i/ 16 X 3000 =0.234 i/oS. 57=0. 545 ft.=6.54 in. 
^ 700 ^ 



m 



^ 



104 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



The diameter of a pipe may also be found by using the 
following formula : * 



D = 125 ^^ 



xL 



In which ;D = diameter of pipe in inches, 
q = gallons per second, 
L = length of line in feet, 
h = head in feet. 



If, in formula v = mi/ — - — we substitute 48 as an 
r T^-L-54n 



Iv+54d 
average value for m, we get : 



^iS^: 



dxh 
Iv4-54d 



The following table, calculated by the above formula 
shows the velocities and discharges through a pipe one 
mile long and one foot in diameter, under different heads. 
But they will be very nearly the same for any greater 
lengths ; and also quite approximate for shorter ones not 
less than 1000 or even 500 diameters long, provided that 
in all cases they have the same rate of hkad ; that is, if 
the given pipe of one foot diameter is 2 or 3 miles long, 
it must have 2 or 3 times as much head as the pipe in the 
table in order to have very nearly the same velocity and 
discharge. 



* When solving examples by the use of these formulas use 
the table of Fifth Powers and Fifth Roots. Solutions may also 
be easily effected by the use of logarithms. 

^ 1 , . i lV 











^ 




NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY 


105 r 


The velocities and discharges through a straight, smooth | 


pipe one 


foot in diameter, and 


one mile or 5280 diameters || 


in length 


• 








Head in 


Head in 


Velocity in 


Discharge 
in cubic feet 


Discharge 
in cubic feet 


feet per 


feet 


feet per 


100 feet. 


per mile. 


second. 


per second. 


per 24 hours. 


.0019 


.1 


.208 


.1633 


14,114 


.0038 


.2 


.293 


.2301 


19,880 


.0057 


.3 


.359 


.2819 


24,360 


.0076 


.4 


.415 


.3267 


28,229 


.0095 


.5 


.464 


.3638 


31,435 


.0114 


.6 


.508 


.3989 


34,464 


.0132 


.7 


.549 


.4311 


37,247 


.0151 


.8 


.585 


.4602 


39,760 


.0170 


.9 


.623 


.4901 


42,343 


.0189 


1. 


.656 


.5144 


44,431 


.0237 


.25 


.735 


.5753 


49,701 


.0284 


.5 


.805 


.6322 


54,604 


.0331 


.75 


.871 


.6832 


59,011 


.0379 


2. 


.928 


.7276 


62,870 


.0426 


.25 


.984 


.7696 


66,484 


.0473 


.5 


1.04 


.8168 


70,572 


.0521 


.75 


1.08 


.8482 


73,284 


.0568 


3. 


1 13 


.8914 


76,982 


.0758 


4. 


1.31 


1.028 


88,862 


.0947 


5. 


1.47 


1.150 


99,403 


.1136 


6. 


1.61 


1.264 


109,209 


.1325 


7. 


1.74 


1.366 


118,022 


.1514 


8. 


1.86 


1.455 


125,740 


.1703 


9. 


1.96 


1.539 


132,969 


.1894 


10. 


2.08 


1.633 


141,145 


.2273 


12. 


2.27 


1.782 


153,964 


.2652 


14. 


2.45 


1.924 


166.233 


.3030 


16. 


2.62 


2.057 


177,724 


.3409 


18. 


2.78 


2.183 


188,611 


.3"; 88 


20. 


2.93 


2.301 


198,806 


.4735 


25. 


3.28 


2.572 


222,156 


.5682 


30. 


3.59 


2.819 


243,604 


.6629 


35. 


3.88 


3.047 


263,260 


.7576 


40. 


4.15 


3.267 


282,288 


.8523 


45. 


4.40 


3.451 


298.209 


.9470 


50. 


4.64 


3.638 


314,352 


1.136 


60. 


5.08 


3.989 


344,649 


1.326 


70. 


5.49 


4.311 


372,470 


1.515 


80. 


5.85 


4.602 


397,613 





^1 






^^^ 


' 106 


NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY 


The velocities and discharges 


through a straight, smooth 


pipe one 


foot in diameter, and < 


Dne mile or 5280 diameters 


in length 








Head in 


Head in 


Velocity in 


Discharge 


Discharg-e 
in cubic feet 


feet per 


feet 


feet per 


in cubic feet 


100 feet. 


per mile. 


second. 


per second. 


per 24 hours. 


1.704 


90. 


6.23 


4.900 


423,435 


1.894 


100. 


6.56 


5.144 


444,312 


2.083 


110. 


6.87 


5.395 


466,128 


2.272 


120. 


7.18 


5.639 


487,209 


2.462 


130. 


7.47 


5.866 


506,822 


2.652 


140. 


7.76 


6.094 


526,521 


2.841 


150. 


8.05 


6.322 


546,048 


3.030 


160. 


8.30 


6.534 


564,576 


3.219 


170. 


8.55 


6.715 


580,176 


3.408 


180. 


8.80 


6.903 


596,418 


3.596 


190. • 


9.04 


7.100 


613,440 


3.788 


200. 


9.28 


7.276 


628,704 


4.261 


225. 


9.84 


7.696 


664,848 


4.735 


250. 


10.4 


8.168 


705,728 


5.208 


275. 


10.8 


8.482 


732,844 


5.682 


300. 


11.3 


8.914 


769,824 


6.629 


350. 


12.3 


9.621 


831,168 


7.576 


400. 


13.1 


10.28 


888,624 


8.532 


450. 


13.9 


10.91 


943,056 


9.47 


500. 


14.7 


11.50 


994,032 


10.41 


550. 


15.4 


12.09 


1,044,576 


11.36 


600. 


16.1 


12.64 


1,092,096 


12.30 


650. 


16.7 


13.11 


1,132,704 


13.25 


700. 


17.4 


13.66 


1,180,224 


14.20 


750. 


18.0 


14.13 


1,220,832 


15.15 


800. 


18.6 


14.55 


1,257,408 


16.09 


850. 


19.1 


15.00 


1,296,000 


17.04 


900. 


19.6 


15.39 


1,329,696 


17.99 


950. 


20.3 


15.94 


1,377,216 


18.94 


1000. 


20.8 


16.33 


1,411,456 


22.73 


1200. 


22.7 


17.82 


1,539,648 


26.52 


1400. 


24.5 


19.24 


1,662,336 


30.30 


1600. 


26.2 


20.57 


1,777,248 


34.08 


1800. 


27.8 


21.83 


1,886,112 


37.87 


2000. 


29.3 


23.01 


1,988,064 


47.35 


2500. 


32.8 


25.72 


2,221,560 


56.81 


3000. 


35.9 


28.19 


2,436,040 


if 






1 \y 



NATIONAL TUBE' COMPANY. 107 ^ 



Head is the vertical distance from the surface of the 
water in the reservoir to the center of gravity of the 
lower end of the pipe when the discharge is into the air ; 
or to the level surface of the lower reservoir when the 
discharge is under water. 

To reduce cubic feet to U. S. Gallons, multiply by 7.48. 

To find either the area of pipe, the mean velocity, or the 
quantity discharged, when the other two are given, use the 
following : 



Discharge in cubic feet per second, 
Area in square feet = Mean velocity in feet per second. 



Mean velocity in _ Discharge in cubic feet per second, 
feet per second. Area in square feet. 

Discharge in cubic feet _ Area in Mean velocity in 

per second. "~ square feet ^ feet per second. 



[The terms may be in inches instead of feet ; and in 
minutes or hours instead of seconds.] 

For the diameter of a long pipe required to deliver either 
more or less water than that of a J foot diameter, and under 
the same rate of inclination, or of head in feet per mile, see 
table on next page. 

The use of this table is not sufficiently correct for pipes 
less than about 1,000 (or at furthest 500) diameters long. 

^ - g v 



^ 



108 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



■^ 



5J 


(U 


*j*j 








a 


a 


rt o a; jH 


a 


a 






2$ 


555 a 


^"5 


a 


5^1 s. 


4J fl 

si 

Q 


(3 




a-S 
5 


S" 

5 


13 +j 


1 


.0833 


.0020 


ViVr 


1.042 


1.106 


"^Vz 


.1250 


.0055 


13 


1.083 


1.221 


3 


.1667 


.0113 


14 


1.167 


1.470 


2^ 


.2083 


.0198 


15 


1.250 


1.746 


3 


.2500 


.0310 


16 


1.333 


2.053 


3'^ 


.2917 


.0458 


17 


1.417 


2.388 


4 


.3333 


.0643 


18 


1.5 


2.754 


4/a 


.3750 


.0857 


19 


1.583 


3.153 


5 


.4167 


.1119 


20 


1.667 


3.585 


5^ 


.4583 


.1422 


21 


1.75 


4.051 


6 


.5 


.1767 


22 


1.833 


4.551 


6J^ 


.5417 


.2159 


23 


1.917 


5.084 


7 


.5833 


.2600 


24 


2. 


5.649 


7^ 


.6250 


.3090 


245/^ 


2.052 


6.000 


8 


.6667 


.3631 


26 


2.167 


6.912 


^Vz 


.7083 


.4220 


28 


2.333 


8.319 


9 


.75 


.4871 


30 


2.5 


9.822 


9^ 


.7917 


.5575 


30 5< 


2.521 


10. 


10 


.S333 


.6337 


32 


2.667 


11.6 


10 J^ 


.8750 


.7157 


34 


2.833 


13.5 


11 


.9167 


.8044 


36 


3. 


15.5 


11 5^ 


.9583 


.8987 


38 


3.167 


17.8 


12 


1. 


1. 


40 


3.333 


20.2 



To find the discharge from a pipe (not less than 1,000, 
or at least 500 times its own diameter in length) when 
the head is given, take from the first table the discharge 
through a pipe one ft. in diameter for the given head, 
and divide the required discharge by this tabular one; 
then look for the quotient in the column of the second 
table, headed "Ratio of Discharge," and opposite it, in 
columns 1 and 2, will be found the required diameter. 



33^ 



^ NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. IOC ^ 



From this table we see that a 14 inch pipe will deliver 
nearly 1^ times as much as a 12 inch pipe, and a 16 inch 
one fully twice as much as a 12 inch, all having the same 
length and head. 

EXAMPLE. — Having given the head from a reservoir 
to a certain point of delivery, as 20 ft. in a distance of 
1,860 ft., what must be the diameter of a pipe to deliver 
6 cubic feet of water per second ? 

We find that a fall of 20 ft. in 1,860, is equal to a fall 
of 1.075 ft. in 100; or 1,860: 20 = 100: 1.075. Then we see 
by the first table that with a fall of 1.075 ft. in 100, a 
long pipe of 1 ft. diameter discharges about 3,8 cubic 
feet per second. But we want .^6^ = 1.58 times as much 
as the 1 ft. pipe can deliver ; then by the second table, 
we see that the pipe to do this, under the same rate of 
head, must be about 143^ in. in diameter. In practice 
we should adopt at least 15 in. 



^ ' ^i ' ' ' --'- <^ 



^ 



110 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



! 



i 



PUS 
§1 

6s 






^53P 



.2t3 



( T** lO t- 05 (N rj( i> ' 
> O O O O i-n-i T-H C 



T-<T-n-l©JCOiOC005.-i 



l!>C0010lK!-«i<t>COffJ(?i-i-H-r-l-r-l»OCCTfl< 



i^Ot-O^Tf^CCOiT-lO- 
i r-( oi (?i CO n^ O 00 T-I O r-( « 



■puOD3S 

aad J33J ui 



i(riOi0*COM-*iO«5i:-00O5 



:5gSSSSS§i8^^??§^8 



OiOCTsOJQDOiWiOOD 
COQO^_0*OOi>OCi 

»-l TH ffi CO Tj< AO £-^ TH Tl* 



(MTt*0«'*(??COTft^T-iTt<S^tOJ 
©Ot-ct-KNCO-^O^QOt-UOOS- 



lT-(t-lO}CO^»OJ>05^t-0'* 



•pUODSS 

jad J33J UI 
X}po[3A' 



lOCiCOQO(?}OQO£-iO- 



i i-i r-i r-I T-I Ci ui C* Co' CO -*' iO lo" £>' 00 oi 



T-<(N10050C 



> O T^ »0 O 00 05 < 



T-lT^OlCiCO- 



r'SS^lOOt-OOCOOJtDCOCOOOQOCiOJOlOt-l?* 

!eoioj>05ff^oc5i^joi.--oiOicoooiOiC<ooo5 
' T-i 1-1 i-H oi co' ^' lo I- d Tt< 00 i?i Qo' co' c« 

tH rt ,-< Oi Oi Tt< to 



-puooas 

J3d J33J UI 
AjIDO[3^ 



ooi-Hi-iejwcocococo^ioco! 

-_ . 1-*COCX)0^00( 

1 1-1 1-1 1-1 T-i oi (>i ci CO CO Tf< ^' lo o t-' 00 d c^" 



T-l 0* TJ< to 00 o c 



"* 00 oi 00 as i-n> 



> ffi O O '^ -* CO o 

" 1-^' 1-i (j« rii co' 



i> O »OQ0 CO 05 
^ 0< J^ 03 T»< 

o: co' 00 CO 05 d t-^ 

1-1 1-1 (W W CO »c 



Oi-iC*c001Ci-iQOC0500 

" T-l i-l(>? (m' co' T)< lO QO' d '^ !>•' 



Q0Tt<OC0-*(M!:-O 



50 t- TH i-( GO OJ ( 



■pUOD3S 
J3d J33J UI 
XjIDOpA 



tH CO CO Oi 0< to Oi 



<M ^ i- OJ 

1-1 1-1 c<! ci oi CO CO "!#' io w' d j>" oo' d i-i ci o 



iO-^i>a>ooost-mi-it-mQDOi>oi 



'Oi£~COC003Ttii-l03CQOi-itO 

1-1 c^ CO ^' d go' d ■* cR lo -rH 



Ci 05C5 O 1-1 CO 

go' iO O Oi O ^+1 
COlOt-C3C<10 



■ to o 00 e-i o *j 



1-1 1-1 C^ W CO 



•puooas 

jsd ■^^^} UI 

AjpopA 



I lO 1-1 00 lO OJ 05 
ICOCOOOtHxTCO 

I oi 5* CO CO "*' "O iO d ?>^ d d !-< co' io 00 d o-j 



o-a 

■Z tr) 
o u 



CO«^CRV5C-CO^OOCDl^C<tOO 
<NQ0i-i03i-l0003Ol00500OC3 



■ COQOC05^'*OiOOO'#S^ 
i-((NTt<tOGOOCOl-^CO 



■puooas 
aad 133J UI 

XlID0[3;\^ 



•sjnoq anoj 

-X}U3A\} J3d 

paSjBqosip 



-fooiccoi-it-to-^-nHast-ojc- 

CD ff-J iO Q0_ i-( CO CO 05 0^_ '^ t- CO 00 

' 1-1 irj CO o d j>' 00 d T-J o J lO t-' 



ooooooooooooooo 
ooooooooooooooo 
ooooooooooooooo 
-, -3<»QCO'*oo(NO 

Ot-TtCQCDOiOOS 
lOOCDt~OOOi-lC<J 



CO '>< -^ CDOO _ 
CO t- ■* 1-1 X) CO 



o o <~ 



^ (N 1-1 O 03C0 c 



•ajnuiui jad 
paSaBijDsip 
suoiiB3-s'-n 



>o o oo o 



i-iT-KJiU^COCOTfTfiOcOt-C 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



^ 



111 



C 



I 



"to 

up 

«£3 



PH 



w 

X 

u 

2 




5 




1 


i-iT-n-iT^ si ci oi CO CO eo Tt< 


•puooas 

J3d J33J UI 


S^_^§ggSg_^gg§^g^_q^g§:5?38^ 


.^^ 


' 'WH^^l-^A 






a. 

s 
u 
z 

i 


c . 
.2-0 


i 

^ 








i-: 


1 


TH l-lT-l IN ©i CO TJ< Tt id O 






•puooas 

J3d J33J Ut 


1-1 rt -r-l ^ 5J oj' ©J Oi JO CO*th'tJ< lo'in id 50 CO 








a. 

I 
u 
z 


o-d 




•r-<■7-.■,-;■r-|■(^ico■ 
















1 


th « i-iw ci CO -*■ o !>■ 














-: 


■pU0D3S 
J3d J33J UI 

XjiDopA ■ 


T-l-rH T-I(©j !N si CO CO CO Tl^ ^' id CO 














G 
z 


c 


3 


'■i-Ii-(r-<C>Joico'T}< 




















1 


TH oi <?;! co' ^' id co' QO o 




















•pUOD3S 
J3d ;93J ux 

XjpopA ■ 


T-i th w oi co' co" TjH Tjl id id co' £>' 




















a, 
Ok 

z 


c . 
.2-a 

II 


A 


T-i .-1 ci ci CO tj* ^' id 






















i 


T-l !?< CO tt' CO £-' Os' j^' CO 




















-: 


•puooas 

J3d J33J UI 


T^ i-f 0* CO co' -t id id co' CD £-' 




















I 
u 
z 


1^' 


hJ 


i-i^oico-^'idt^od 






















-: 


1 


T-i ©j -)<' co' cxJ o co' co' d 




















•pUOD3S 
J3d 133J UI 

XiioopA ' 


^ « CO CO -r id CO £>; s>: 30 
























Si! illlliiiliilHIIIIilil 


•3 

sue 


jnuiui j; 
Sjbudsi 

11^3 -s ■ 


d 
p 
n 


§iliiiiiiiii 


1 




i 


s 




11 


i 


T-lT- 


1 


1 


§ 



^ 



^ 



112 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



=^ 



EXAMPLE.— Given 130 feet head and 600 feet length 
of 18 inch pipe, discharging 3500 gallons per minute : To 
find effective head : Look in column headed * * 18 inch 
Pipe," and opposite 3500 in. first column read "4.7 ft." 
(which is the loss of head by friction for an 18 in. pipe 
1000 ft. long), and multiplying this by 600/1000, or 0.6, 
we get 3.83 f t , the loss of head. The effective head re- 
quired then equals 130 ft. less 3.8 ft. or 117.3 ft. 



Flow of Water in Pipes for a Velocity of JOG Ft* per Minute. 



Diameter 


Area in 


Flow in 


Flow in U. S. 


Flow in 


in 


Square 


Cubic Feet 


Gallons per 


U.S.Gallons 


Inches. 


Feet. 


per Minute. 


Minute. 


per Hour. 


y% 


.00077 


0.077 


.57 


34 


Vz 


.00136 


0.136 


1.03 


61 


% 


.00307 


0.307 


3.30 


138 


1 


.00545 


0.545 


4.08 


345 


IX 


.00853 


0.853 


6.38 


383 


IK 


.01337 


1.337 


9.18 


551 


1^ 


.01670 


1.670 


13.50 


750 


3 


.03183 


3.183 


16.33 


979 


2^ 


.0341 


3.41 


35.50 


1,530 


3 


.0491 


4.91 


36.73 


3,303 


4 


.0873 


8.73 


65.38 


3,917 


5 


.136 


13.6 


103.00 


6,120 


6 


.196 


19.6 


146.88 


8,813 


7 


.367 


36.7 


199.93 


11,995 


8 


.349 


34.9 


361.13 


15,667 


9 


.443 


44.3 


330.48 


19,839 


10 


.545 


54.5 


408.00 


34,480 


11 


.660 


66.0 


493.68 


39,631 


13 


.785 


78.5 


587.53 


35,351 



To find the quantity in gallons a pipe will deliver, the 
velocity of flow being 100 ft. per minute : Square the di- 
ameter in inches and multiply by 4.08. 



^ 



s 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



113 



=^ 



Flow of "Water in House-service Pipes. 

(Thomson Meter Co.) 





is 


Discharge in Cubic Feet per Minute from 
the Pipe. 


Condition 

of 
Discharge. 


Nominal Diameters 
vice-pipe 


of Iron or Lead Ser- 
n Inches. 




^ 


Vs 


M 


1 


1^ 


2 


3 


4 


6 




30 


1.10 


1.92 


3.01 


6.13 


16.58 


33.. 34 


88.16 


173.85 


444.63 


Through 35 
feet of 


40 

50 


1.27 
1.42 


2.22 

2.48 


3.48 
3 89 


7.08 
7.92 


19.14 
21.40 


38.50 
43.04 


101.80 
113.82 


200.75 
224.44 


513.42 
574.02 


service- 
pipe, no 
back 


60 


1.56 


2.71 


4.26 


8.67 


23.44 


47.15 


124.68 


245.87 


628.81 


75 


1.74 


3.03 


4.77 


9.70 


26.21 


52.71 


139.39 


274.89 


703.03 


pressure. 


100 


2.01 


3.50 


5.50 


11.20 


30.27 


60.87 


160.96 


317.41 


811.79 




130 


2.29 


3.99 


6.28 


12.77 


34.51 


69.40 


183.52 


361.91 


925.58 




30 


0.66 


1.16 


1.84 


3.78 


10.40 


21.30 


58.19 


118.13 


317.23 


Through 


40 


0.77 


1.34 


2.12 


4.36 


12.01 


24.59 


67.19 


136.41 


366.30 


100 feet of 


50 


0.86 


1.50 


2.37 


4.88 


13.43 


27.50 


75.13 


152.51 


409.54 


service- 


60 


0.94 


1.65 


2.60 


5.34 


14.71 


30.12 


82.30 


167.06 


448.63 


75 


1.05 


1.84 


2.91 


5.97 


16.45 


33.68 


92.01 


186.78 


501.58 


pressure. 


100 


1.22 


2.13 


3.36 


6.90 


18.99 


38.89 


106.24 


215.68 


579.18 




130 


1.39 


2.42 


3.83 


7.86 


21.66 


44.34 


121.14 


245.91 


660.36 




30 


0.55 


0.96 


1.52 


3.11 


8.57 


17.55 


47.90 


97.17 


260.56 


Through 
100 feet of 
service- 


40 
50 


0.66 
0.75 


1.15 
1.31 


1.81 
2.06 


3.72 
4.24 


10.24 
11.67 


20.95 
23.87 


57.20 
65.18 


116.01 
132.20 


311.09 
354.49 


pipe, and 


60 


0.83 


1.45 


2.29 


4.70 


12.94 


26.48 


72.28 


146.61 


393.13 


15 feet 


75 


0.94 


1.64 


2.59 


5.32 


14.64 


29.96 


81.79 


165.90 


444.85 


rise. 


100 


1.10 


1.92 


3.02 


6.21 


17.10 


35.00 


95.55 


193.82 


519.72 




130 


1.26 


2.20 


3.48 


7.14 


19.66 


40.23 


109.82 


222.75 


597.31 




30 


0.44 


0.77 


1.22 


2.50 


6.80 


14.11 


38.63 


78.54 


211.54 


Through 


40 


0.55 


0.97 


1.53 


3.15 


8.68 


17.79 


48.68 


98.98 


266.59 


100 feet of 
service- 
pipe, and 


50 

60 


0.65 
0.73 


1.14 
1.28 


1.79 
2.02 


3.69 
4.15 


10.16 
11.45 


20.82 
23.47 


56.98 
64.22 


115.87 
130.59 


312.08 
351.73 


30 feet 


75 


0.84 


1.47 


2 32 


4.77 


13.15 


26.95 


73.76 


149.99 


403.98 


rise. 


100 


1.00 


1.74 


2.75 


5.65 


15.58 


31.93 


87.38 


177.67 


478.55 




130 


1.15 


2.02 


3.19 


6.55 


18.07 


37.02 


101.33 


206.04 


554.96 



Sn 



J 



^ 



114 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



S 



o 



5 2 



^ 



•saqoui ui 


^^§^s?g^^^g?ss?;ss=°^^" 


00 


^ : : : 
























^ 


^. . : : 
























§ 


«^ . i 
























§ 


^^M . 
























s? 


oi W i-I i-i i-I j 






















g 


CO w" cj 1-1 1-1 T-i 






















S5 


^' CO CJ (N l-H l-H l-H 




















1 OtjIcOCJitJt-It-h't-; 


















gl 


t-'iCTtn'eOoJc^'i-ii-Hi-i ; 
















g 


















CO 


i-H aj ?> iri Tjl CO <^j (N ,-1 ,-1 i-H 














o 


O C* 05 C-" 50 -<d< Co' <N Oi Tl i-< i-( 












s 




•!>'cOo6o6 O iO 00 CO air-i-r^ iM* 
• rl i-( 










(M 






o o ci OS !>' »o Tt CO oi si t-<' t-h 








o 






j 1 OS ui OS oo' t-' lO -*" eo' N T-i T-i 






00 






1 JTj<V5Diowo5!>»o-^'(M*i-;r-; j 




CO 












Tt< 














CO 
















^ 

JS 


S 


8 




s 


wo* 


"l 



.3 g 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



"iisR 



0^ ♦ 

o <^ 

{-. CO 

< S 



W Q 



s 

o 

m 

"be 

U 

"a 
a 

6 
o 



Ph' 



Pi 

o 

w 

N 


1 


•199J 
Ul PB9H 


SliSilii 


spunoj UI 
9jnss9Jj ■ 


l-HTtHJOaST-lTttOSCO 

»0 J> C51 1-J ^ CO O JO 


00 


•;99J 
UI PB9H 


-sisSiii 




•spunoj UI 
9jnss9aj ■ 


■i-H«0»-I50t-|I»i-H«0 
Tt< CO 05 -i-l -^ CD 05 tH 




Jo 


•;99j 

UI PB9H 


12iill§ 






•spunoj UI 

9JnSS9JJ 


SSS|||| 






J- 


•^99^ 
UI PB9H 


J- p 3 CO 52 »2 00 ©J 






•spunoj UI 
9jnss9aj " 


^^llllll 






c^ 


•;99J 
Ul PB9H 


-ii§^l§ 










•spunoj UI 

9JnSS9JJ ' 


---sssi 










o 


•199J 
Ul PB9H 


siii§ 














spunoj UI 
9jnss9jj ■ 


^^ISi 














00 


•^99^^ 
UI PB9H 


-Sii 
















•spunoj UI 

9JnSS9JJ 


s^ll 
















ta 


•;99j 

Ul PB9H 


















spunoj UI 
9anss9j J ' 


^llg 
















^ 


•199^ 

UI p'BgH 




•• 














•spunoj UI 
9jnss9Jj ■ 


Sill 


















•SS9U2| 


oiqx 


H2:i!»s;^:e 


SS2£ 


5^ 


3»(3 




2 


'S 


1 



^ 



^ 



116 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



3 



^33r 



a, 
O 

N 

on 


1 


•199^ 
UI PB9H 


-SSSSSiiill 


•spunoj UI 

9jnSS9JJ 


^^^g^lgigil 


^ 


•;99j[ 
UI PB9H 


■i-i 1-1 (M di so CO ■* "^ ■* • • 


■spunoj ui 

9JnSS9JJ " 


^^ga3§2||g|S : : 


3^ 


•199J 
UI pi39H 


00 CO GO CO 00 CO 00 00 00 • • • • 


■spunoj UI 
9jnss9jj ■ 


^g5S|g^||| : : : : 


^ 


•199^ 
UI p'B9H 


^SS|§||2^ :::::: 

r-( T-i 1-1 0* CO so ^ xt< ■ ■ ; ; ; 


■spunoj UI 

9JnSS9JJ 


^^s^llgll :::::; 


is 


•199J 
UI PB9H 


^Siili§§§ M M M 


•spunoj UI 

9J[nSS9JJ 


^ig§§|sg|| : i i i : ; 


k 


•;99j[ 
UI PB9H 


l§g|||||S|| ::::::: 


•spunoj UI 


^COiOOCOi-iTl<t-OCO • • • • • ; ; 


k 


•199J 
UI pB9H 


^-Sliiiiii i 


!:::::: 


•spunoj ui 

9jnSS9JJ 


sggg^lllll 


: : i : : : : 


k 


•199 j[ 

UI pe9H 


ssglll^ll 






•spunoj UI 

9jnSS9Jd ' 


8^SS||S|| 




::::::: 


k 


•199 j[ 
UI PB9H 


^lslSS§§ 








•spunoj ut 

9jnS59J(J ' 


§g§s^m 










•ss 


9U>IDIIIX 


32^:?s^sf2^^^ 


ON 




?«.mi 



ri bo 



II II II II 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



117 



^ 



WEIGHTS OF CAST IRON PIPE TO LAY J2 FEET 

LENGTHS. 

"Weights are in Pounds and include Hub. 

(Calculated by F. H. Lewis.) 



Thickness. 


Inside Diameter. 


Inches. 


Equiv. 
Decimals. 


4" 


6" 


8" 


10" 


12" 


14" 


16" 


18" 


20" 


% 


.375 


209 


304 


400 














M 


.40625 


228 


331 


435 














TB 


.4375 


a47 


358 


470 


581 












15 


.4687 


266 


386 


505 


624 


692 


804 








\A 


.5 


286 


414 


.541 


668 


744 


863 








II 


.53125 


806 


442 


577 


712 


795 


922 


1050 


1177 




T% 


.5625 


327 


470 


613 


756 


846 


983 


1118 


1253 




35 


.59375 




498 


649 


801 


899 


1043 


1186 


1329 




5X 


.625 

.6875 






686 


845 
935 


951 
1003 


1103 
1163 


1254 
1322 


1405 
1481 




11 






1640 


M 


.75 








1026 


1110 


1285 


1460 


1635 


1810 


\% 


.8125 

.875 

.9375 










1216 
1324 
1432 


1408 
1531 
1656 


1598 
1738 
1879 


1789 
1945 

2101 


1980' 










2152 










2324 


1 


1. 

1.125 

1.25 












1783 
1909 


'2021 
2163 


2259 
^418 
2738 


2498 


1 












2672 












3024 


1.375 
















3062 


3380 











Thickness. 


Inside Diameter. 


Inches. 


Equiv. 
Decimals. 


22" 


24" 


27" 


30" 


33" 


36" 


42" 


48" 


60" 


V% 


.625 


1799 


















\\ 


.6875 


1985 


2160 


ai22 














n 


.75 


2171 


2362 


2648 


2934 


3221 


3507 








.8125 


2359 


2565 


2875 


3186 


3496 


3806 


4426 








.875 


2547 


2769 


3103 


3437 


3771 


4105 


4773 


5442 




15 


.9375 


2737 


2975 


3332 


3690 


4048 


4406 


5122 


5839 






1. 


2927 


3180 


3562 


3942 


4325 


4708 


5472 


6236 




JIX 


1.125 


3310 


3598 


4027 


4456 


4886 


5316 


6176 


7034 




134 


1.25 


3698 


4016 


4492 


4970 


5447 


5924 


6880 


7833 


9742 


\ZA 


1.375 




4439 


4964 '5491 


6015 


6540 


7591 


8640 


10740 


W4, 


1.5 
1.625 

1.75 






5439 6012 


6584 
7159 
7737 


7158 
7782 
8405 


8303 
9022 
9742 


9447 
10260 
11076 


11738 


1^ 








6539 


12744 










13750 


m 


1.875 














10468 


11898 


14763 


2 


2. 
2.25 














11197 


12725 
14385 


15776 


2H 














17821 


2U 


2.5 

2.75 


















19880 


2M 


















21956 













^ 



^ 



^ 



118 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



Contents in Cttbic Feet and U, S. Gallons of Pipes and 
Cylinders of Various Diameters and One Foot in Length. 

1 gallon=231 cubic inches. 1 cubic foot=7.4805 gallons. 





Fori F 


oot in 


S3 


For 1 Foot in 




For 1 Foot in 


'Z 


Length. 


U u5 
4) (U 

11 


Length, 


2 i 

4) -C 


Length. 


6 ^ 


Cubic ft. 


U.S. 


Cubic Ft, 


U.S. 
Gals. 


CubicTt, 


U.S. 


rt^ 


also Area 


Gals. 


rt 1— 1 


also Area 




also Area 


Gals, 


Q 


in Sq. ft 


231 
Cu. In. 


Q 


in Sq. Ft. 


231 
Cu. In. 


S 


in Sq. Ft. 


231 
Cu. In. 


M 


.0003 


.0085 


6M 


.2485 


1.859 


19 


1,969 


14.73 




.0005 


.004 


7 


.2673 


1.999 


191^ 


2.074 


15.51 


% 


.0008 


.0057 


7J4 


.2867 


2.145 


20 


2.182 


16.32 


ft 


.001 


.0078 


^14 


.3068 


2.295 


201^ 


2.292 


17 15 


.0014 


.0102 


7% 


.3276 


2.45 


21 


2.405 


17.99 


T% 


.0017 


.0129 


8 


.3491 


2.611 


21J^ 


2.521 


18.86 


% 


.0021 


.0159 


8}A. 


.3712 


2.777 


22 


2.640 


19.75 


TB 


.0026 


.0193 


m 


.3941 


2.948 


22^ 


2.761 


20.66 


M 


.0031 


.0230 


83^ 


.4176 


3.125 


23 


2.885 


21.58 


i 


.0036 


.0269 


9 


.4418 


3.305 


^m 


3.012 


22.53 


.0042 


.0312 


m 


.4667 


3.491 


24 


3.142 


23.50 


.0048 


.0359 


m 


.4922 


3.682 


25 


3.409 


25.50 


1 ^ 


.0055 


.0408 


m 


,5185 


3.879 


26 


3.687 


27.58 


1/4 


.0085 


.0638 


10 


.5454 


4.08 


27 


3.976 


29.74 


1/^ 


.0123 


.0918 


lOM 


.5730 


4.286 


28 


4.276 


31.99 


IM 


.0167 


.1249 


10^ 


.6013 


4.498 


29 


4.587 


34.31 


2 


.0218 


.1632 


lOM 


.6303 


4,715 


30 


4.909 


36.72 


2^ 


.0276 


.2066 


11 


.66 


4.937 


31 


5.241 


39.21 


.0341 


.2550 


1114 
11^ 

llM 


.6903 


5.164 


32 


5.585 


41.78 


2% 


.0412 


.3085 


.7213 


5.396 


33 


5.940 


44.43 


3 


.0491 


.3672 


,7530 


5.633 


34 


6.305 


47.16 




.0576 


.4309 


12 


.7854 


5.875 


35 


6.681 


49.98 


.0668 


.4998 


12J^ 


.8522 


6.375 


36 


7.069 


52.88 


3M 


.0767 


.5738 


13 


.9218 


6.895 


37 


7.467 


55.86 


4 


.0873 


.6528 


13)^ 


.994 


7.4.36 


38 


7.876 


58.92 


434 


.0985 


.7369 


14 


1.069 


7.997 


39 


8.296 


62.06 


41^ 


.1134 


.8263 


14^ 


1.147 


8.578 


40 


8.727 


65.28 


4% 


.1231 


.9206 


15 


1.227 


9.180 


41 


9.168 


68.58 


5 


.1364 


1.020 


15J^ 


1.310 


9.801 


42 


9.621 


71.97 


6^ 


.1503 


1.125 


16 


1.396 


10.44 


43 


10.085 


75.44 


.1650 


1.234 


161^ 


1.485 


11.11 


44 


10.559 


78.99 


5M 


.1803 


1.349 


17 ~ 


1.576 


11.79 


45 


11.045 


82.62 


6 


.1963 


1.469 


17J^ 


1.670 


12.49 


46 


11.541 


86.33 


^g 


.2131 


1.594 


18 


1.768 


13.22 


47 


12.048 


90.13 


.2304 


1.724 


18^ 


1.867 


13.96 


48 


12.566 


94.00 



^ 



To find the capacity of pipes greater than those given, look in 
the table for a pipe of one half the given size, and multiply its 
capacity by 4 ; or one of one third its size, and multiply its capac- 
ity by 9, etc. 

To find the weight of w^ater in any of the given sizes multiply 
the capacity in cubic feet by the weight of a cubic foot of water 
at the temperature of the water in the pipe. 

To find the capacity of a cylinder in U. S. gallons, multiply the 
length by the square of the diameter and by 0.0034. 



S 













r>> 


. 


f 

NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 119 


^ 


CYLINDRICAL VESSELS, TANKS, aSTERNS,ETC. 




Diameter in Feet and Inches, Area in Sqtiare Feet, and 




U. S. Gallons Capacity fof One Foot in Depth. 




1 gallon = 231 cubic inches = 0.1337 cubic foot. 




Diam. 


Area. 


Gals. 


Diam. 


Area. 


Gals. 


Diam. 


Area. 


Gals. 




Ft. In. 


Sq.ft. 


One foot 
depth. 


Ft. In. 


Sq. ft. 


One foot 
depth. 


Ft. 


In. 


Sq. ft. 


One foot 
depth. 






.785 


5.87 


3 4 


8.727 


65.28 


5 


8 


25.22 


188.66 




1 1 


.922 


6.89 


3 5 


9.168 


68.58 


5 


9 


25.97 


194.25 




1 2 


1.069 


8.00 


3 6 


9.621 


71.97 


5 


10 


26.73 


199.92 




1 3 


1.227 


9.18 


3 7 


10.085 


75.44 


5 


11 


27.49 


205.67 




1 4 


1.396 


10.44 


3 8 


10.559 


78 99 


6 




28.27 


211.51 




1 5 


1.576 


11.79 


3 9 


11,045 


82.62 


6 


3 


30.68 


229.50 




1 6 


1.767 


13.22 


3 10 


11.541 


86.33 


6 


6 


33.18 


248.23 




1 7 


1.969 


14.73 


3 11 


12.048 


90.13 


6 


9 


35.78 


267.69 




1 8 


2.182 


13.32 


4 


12.566 


94.00 


7 




38.48 


287.88 




1 9 


2.405 


17.99 


4 1 


13.095 


97.96 


7 


3 


41.28 


308.81 




1 10 


2.640 


19.75 


4 2 


13.635 


102.00 


7 


6 


44.18 


330.48 




1 11 


2.885 


21.58 


4 3 


14.186 


106.12 


7 


9 


47.17 


352.88 




2 


3.142 


23.50 


4 4 


14.748 


110.32 


8 




50.27 


376.01 




2 1 


3.409 


25.50 


4 5 


15.321 


114.61 


8 


3 


53.46 


399.88 




2 2 


3.687 


27.58 


4 6 


15.90 


118.97 


8 


6 


56.75 


424.48 




2 3 


3.976 


29.74 


4 7 


16.50 


123.42 


8 


9 


60.13 


449.82 




2 4 


4.276 


31.99 


4 8 


17.10 


127.95 


9 




63.62 


475.89 




2 5 


4.587 


34.31 


4 9 


17.72 


132.56 


9 


3 


67.20 


502.70 




2 6 


4.909 


36.72 


4 10 


18.35 


137.25 


9 


6 


70.88 


530.24 




2 7 


5.241 


39.21 


4 11 


18.99 


142.02 


9 


9 


74.66 


558.51 




2 8 


5.585 


41.78 


5 


19.63 


146.88 


10 




78.54 


587.52 




2 9 


5.940 


44.43 


5 1 


20.29 


151.82 


10 


3 


82.. 52 


617.26 




2 10 


6.305 


47.16 


5 2 


20.97 


156.83 


10 


6 


86.59 


647.74 




2 11 


6.681 


49.98 


5 3 


21.65 


161.93 


10 


9 


90.76 


678.95 




3 


7.069 


52.88 


5 4 


22.34 


167.12 


11 




95.03 


710.90 




3 1 


7.467 


55.86 


5 5 


23.04 


172.38 


11 


3 


99.40 


743.58 




3 2 


7.876 


58.92 


5 6 


23.76 


177.72 


11 


6 


103.87 


776.99 




3 3 


8.296 


62.06 


5 7 


24.48 


183.15 


11 


9 


108.43 


811.14 









■^imU^m '■^ 


L 














F 


120 




NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 


^ 


CYLINDRICAL VESSET „S, TANKS, CISTERNS, ETC. 1 




Diameter in Feet and Inches, Area in Square Feet, and | 




U. S. Gallons Capacity for One Foot 


in Depth 






Igall 


on = 231 cubic inches = 0.1337 cubic foot. | 








(CONTINUED.) 








Diam. 


Area. 


Gals. 


Diam. 


Area. 


Gals. 


Dia 


m. 


Area. 


Gals. 


Ft. 


In. 


Sq.ft. 


One foot 
depth. 


Ft. 


In. 


Sq. ft. 


One foot 
depth. 


Ft. 


In. 


Sq.ft. 


One foot 
depth. 


12 




113.10 


846.03 


19 




283.53 


2120.9 


26 




530.93 


3971.6 


12 


3 


117.86 


881.65 


19 


3 


291.04 


2177.1 


26 


3 


541.19 


4048.4 


12 


6 


122.72 


918.00 


19 


6 


298.65 


2234.0 


26 


6 


551.55 


4125.9 


12 


9 


127.68 


955.09 


19 


9 


306.35 


2291.7 


26 


9 


562.00 


4204.1 


13 




132.73 


992.91 


20 




314.16 


2350.1 


27 




572.56 


4283.0 


13 


3 


137.89 


1031.5 


20 


3 


322.06 


2409.2 


27 


3 


583.21 


4362.7 


13 


6 


143.14 


1070.8 


20 


6 


330.06 


2469.1 


27 


6 


593.96 


4443.1 


13 


9 


148.49 


1110.8 


20 


9 


338.16 


2529.6 


27 


9 


604.81 


4524.3 


14 




153.94 


1151.5 


21 




346.36 


2591.0 


28 




615.75 


4606.2 


14 


3 


159.48 


1193.0 


21 


3 


354.66 


2653.0 


28 


3 


626.80 


4688.8 


14 


6 


165.13 


1235.3 


21 


6 


363.05 


2715.8 


28 


6 


637.94 


4772.1 


14 


9 


170.87 


1278.2 


21 


9 


371.54 


2779.3 


28 


9 


649.18 


4856.2 


15 




176.71 


1321.9 


22 




380.13 


2843.6 


29 




660.52 


4941.0 


15 


3 


182.65 


1366.4 


22 


3 


388.82 


2908.6 


29 


3 


671.96 


5026.6 


15 


6 


188.69 


1411.5 


22 


6 


397.61 


2974.3 


29 


6 


683.49 


5112.9 


15 


9 


194.83 


1457.4 


22 


9 


406.49 


3040.8 


29 


9 


695.13 


5199.9 


16 




201.06 


1504.1 


23 




415.48 


3108.0 


30 




706.86 


5287.7 


16 


3 


207.39 


1551.4 


23 


3 


424.56 


3175.9 


30 


3 


718.69 


5376.2 


16 


6 


213.82 


1599.5 


23 


6 


433.74 


3244.6 


30 


6 


730.62 


5465.4 


16 


9 


220.35 


1648.4 


23 


9 


443.01 


3314.0 


30 


9 


742.64 


5555.4 


17 




226.98 


1697.9 


24 




452.39 


3384.1 


31 




754.77 


5646.1 


17 


3 


233.71 


1748.2 


24 


3 


461.86 


3455.0 


31 


3 


766.99 


5737.5 


17 


6 


240.53 


1799.3 


24 


6 


471.44 


3526.6 


31 


6 


779.31 


5829.7 


17 


9 


247.45 


1851.1 


24 


9 


481.11 


3598.9 


31 


9 


791.73 


5922.6 


18 




254.47 


1903.6 


25 




490.87 


3672.0 


32 




804.25 


6016.2 


18 


3 


261.59 


1956.8 


25 


3 


500.74 


3745.8 


32 


3 


816.86 


6110.6 


18 


6 


268.80 


2010.8 


25 


6 


510.71 


3820.3 


32 


6 


829.58 


6205.7 


18 


9 


276.12 


2065.5 


25 


9 


520.77 


3895.6 


32 


9 


842.39 


6301.5 


i 
















va"^^" rjy 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



121 



Weight of Water in Foot Lengths of Pipe 
of Different Bores^ 

(63.425 Lbs. Per Cubic Foot.) 



Bore 


Water 


Bore 


Water 


Bore 


Water 


Bore 


Water 


In. 


Lbs. 


In. 


Lbs. 


In. 


Lbs. 


In. 


Lbs. 


v^ 


0.0053 


3 


3.0643 


734 


20.450 


17 


98.397 


M 


0.0213 


31^ 


3.3250 


8 


21.790 


173^ 


104.27 


% 


0.0479 


314 


3.5963 


814 


23.174 


18 


110.31 




0.0851 


^% 


3.8782 


Wo 


24.599 


I814 


116.53 


5Z 


0.1330 


^Vo 


4.1708 


83^ 


26.068 


19 


122.91 


% 


0.1915 


^% 


4.4741 


9 


27.579 


I91X 


129.47 


% 


0.2607 


334 


4.7879 


914 


29.132 


20 


136.19 


1 


0.3405 


3% 


5.1125 


91^ 


30.728 


21 


150.15 


11^ 


0.4309 


4 


5.4476 


934 


32.366 


22 


164.79 


IH 


0.5320 


414 


6.1498 


10 


34.048 


23 


180.11 


1% 


0.6437 


41^ 


6.8946 


lOiX 


37.537 


24 


196.11 


lU 


0.7661 


43/, 


7.6820 


11 


41 . 198 


25 


212.80 


^% 


0.8997 


5 


8.5119 


nvo 


45.028 


26 


230.16 


w^ 


1.0427 


54 


9.3844 


12 


49.028 


27 


248.21 


1% 


1.1970 


W 


10.299 


12i< 


53.199 


28 


266.93 


2 


1.3619 


534 


11.257 


13 


57.540 


29 


286.34 


21^ 


1.5375 


6 


12.257 


131/ 


62.052 


30 


306.43 


2^^ 


1.7237 


614 


13.300 


14 


66.733 


31 


327.20 


23/< 


1.9205 


%V. 


14.385 


1414 


71.585 


32 


348.65 


2i< 


2.1280 


6%f 


15.513 


15 


76.607 


33 


370.78 


25^ 


2.3461 


7 


16.683 


151^ 


81.799 


34 


393.59 


23< 


2.5748 


714 


17.896 


16 


87.162 


35 


417.08 


278 


2.8142 


7^^ 


19.152 


16K 


92.694 


36 


441.26 



^ 



Weigbts of water in cylinders of tbe same length are 
proportional to the squares of the diameters. Therefore, 
to get weight of cylinder of water one foot long and 60 
inches diameter, take from above table weight of water 
of 30 inch pipe and multiply it by the square of 60 -f- 30, 
or the square of two ; thus, 306.43 X 4 =: 1225.72 = the 
weight of water in one foot length of a 60 inch pipe. 



33^' 



122 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 


^ 


Q 
< 

5 

! 

b 


W 
Q 


§ 


C0S000t-T-iOC0T-i-<J<i-HC005 iOl0005COO*«5W»00*Tt<00 


-J? 


-sSliliS§gii||||li|||||||| 


05 


t-<mOQ0OOTQ0C0 u^eO^-ll-n-lC^M^J:-^lOl-^£>TJ^l^^r^l-l(^f 


T-iT-i-r-ii-ii-n-n-KHaiQiaiOiCiCO 


00 


oo5»OQOO£>ojTmooco-*(Ms>05QOTj<Qooscc>.-HTH(?:)05eoco 


T-lr-l(^^(^^cox^^Tt^^oo^>QooiOo^co^co^-050g^4ogo 


t:; 


C0i-iTt<0500OOC0C0^-*<»TO(??<ffl(>?0?O«N<I^tDC0C0J>^iC 


03T)<10gOt-C0OiCi-IC0i-lOt~ThQ0C0Tt<!xffli-cC0i-Hi000C0 


o 


j>^crjO!>TH^t-coo5^05'*QO(Nooiccioooo<?*^ooco 


s 


O£.-T-lOOCX)i0Q0Q00t)'*iM»0TtH0iOt-O05Tt<Tt<i-iTt<C0£>Q0 


g8m||||||S|||2|||g||§g|g 


T-l 


C0005r-<lCi-lOSOCOQO»0(NtOOOTfiOJ>(I^050JT-4Tjii-lOsai 

ssSsSiii3gliSii|sigii|i||| 


CO 


t-coQOirjTfHTjtTt^T-ii-tjiioii-t-iooiooc^iOsooco inoooo 


SS52^|||||§||||||||||g||||| 


Ci 


050i>OiCOQOQOCOO«<:D005COT-l050»OWC5i-i£-0505D(NO< 


CDOOiCOi-IC^OlJJQOQOmCJOlOi^lOt-COCOOlOOWi-l-*©?-* 


- 


S005iOCO(NT-l(N'*i-i-i?OC-?05l-CDCDJ.-OSOiL-«^Q00 1--CO-^ 


^^ISIiiiil^iiliiiiisllllll 


o 


t-T_i^Tl<,-HiO£-'»C?»C«5-* COCOOiCt'tOOJOGO^SOJiOiO 




Ol 


OTfCl'* 05 tH £- J> O J> !> T-l 00 05 r}H OJ Tfi 05 00 1-H t- CO O «3 ^- 


i-(i-iT-iS^CSJO«03COTi(^iOO«3t-OOQ0050i-i(NCO^O 


00 


COit>i-i»00>0?»000-rHTj<J>OC^TtCC>OOOi-<COTt<iOOl'J>QOOO 


^s^^lllgllll^lllllllllllll 


t- 


t-OOOt-COOOCDOUXNCO COlN!>OJC0005iOJ>»OC»0 


SS3Sg|Sf|||||i|C|i5§||2||||g 


«D 


O CO 00 ?><;D 05 '^ r-l T-H CO 00 lO Tt< 50 CD O (;D O O Tf lO 00 CO T-IT-I 


s5""SS§SsiSililSliiliisSil 


»o 


COOt-l-lCSiQOCOOOOQOt-iOTHO C^COCOi-HQOTt^QOT-lOJCO 


§igB^gl2g^||||||||g5S|||§|gg| 




ocot- CO 0.0^05 oo^jo JO t^cooojjgg^^gjgg^^^o 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



"^ 



123 



Numbci* of U. S. Gallons in Rectangular Tanks. 
For One Foot in Depth. 





Length of Tank in Feet. 


f 


2 
29.92 


2.5 

37.40 
46.75 


3 

44.88 
56.10 
67.32 


3.5 


4 


4.5 


5 


5.5 


6 


6.5 


7 


2 

2.5 
8 


52.36 
65.45 
78.54 
91.64 


59.84 

74.80 
89.77 
104.73 
119.69 


67.32 
84 16 
100.99 
117.82 
134.65 
151.48 


74.81 
93.51 
112.21 
130.91 
149.61 
168.31 
187.01 


82.29 
102.86 
123.43 
144.00 
164.57 
185.14 
205.71 
226.28 


89.77 
112.21 
134.65 
157.09 
179.53 
201.97 
224.41 
246.86 
269.30 


97.25 
121.56 
145.87 
170.18 
194.49 
218.80 
243.11 
267.43 
291.74 
316.05 


104.73 
130.91 
157.09 


.S R 






183.27 


4 








209.45 


4 5 










235.63 


5 












261.82 


5 5 














288.00 


6 
















314.18 


6 5 


















340.36 


7 





















366.54 



B. 


Length of Tank in feet. 


11 


7.5 


8 


8.5 


9 


9.5 


10 


10.5 


11 


11.5 


12 


2 

2.5 

3 

3.5 

4 

4.5 

5 

5.5 

6 

6.5 

7 

7.5 

8 

8.5 

9 


112.21 
140.26 
168.31 
196.36 
224.41 
252.47 
280.52 
308.57 
336.62 
364.67 
392.72 
420.78 


119.69 
149.61 
179.53 
209.45 
239.37 
269.30 
299.22 
329.14 
359.06 
388.98 
418.91 
448.83 
478.75 


127.17 
158.96 
190.75 
222.54 
254.34 
286.13 
317.92 
349.71 
381.50 
413.30 
445.09 
476.88 
.508.67 
540.46 


134.65 
168.31 
202.97 
235.63 
269.30 
302.96 
.336.62 
370.28 
403.94 
437.60 
471 .27 
504.93 
.538.59 
.572.25 
605.92 


142.13 
177.66 
213.19 
248.73 
284.26 
319.79 
355.32 
390.85 
426.39 
461.92 
497.45 
.532.98 
568.51 
604.05 
639.58 
675.11 


149.61 
187.01 
224.41 
261.82 
299.22 
336.62 
374.03 
411.43 
448.83 
486.23 
523.64 
561.04 
598.44 
635.84 
673.25 
710.65 
748.05 


157.09 
196.36 
235.63 
274.90 
314.18 
3.53.45 
392.72 
432.00 
471.27 
510.54 
549.81 
589.08 
628.36 
667.63 
706.90 
746.17 
785.45 
824.73 


164.57 
205.71 
246.86 
288.00 
329.14 
370.28 
411.43 
452.57 
493.71 
534.85 
575.99 
617.14 
658.28 
699.42 
740.56 
781.71 
822.86 
864.00 
905.14 


172.05 

215.06 
258.07 
301.09 
344.10 
387.11 
430.13 
473.14 
516.15 
559.16 
602.18 
645.19 
688.20 
731.21 
774.23 
817.24 
860.26 
903.26 
946.27 
989.29 


179.53 
224.41 
269.30 
314.18 
359.06 
403.94 
448.83 
493.71 
538.59 
583.47 
628.36 
673.24 
718.12 
763.00 
807.89 


9 5 








852.77 


10 










897.66 


10 5 












942.56 


11 














987.43 


11 5 
















1032.3 


12 

















1077.2 



^ 



EXAMPLE.— To find number of gallons in a rectangular 
tank that is 7.5 ft. by 10 ft., the water being 4 ft. deep : 
Look in extreme left hand column for y.s and opposite 
to this in column headed " /o " read 561.04, which being 
multiplied by 4, the depth of water in the tank, gives 
2244.2 the number of gallons required. 



W 











1 124 


NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. j 


3 


Theoretical Discharge of Circular Orifices or Nozzles.— Diameters in Inches. (Ktlis.) 

Note.— The actual discharge will be less than the theoretical one given below, varying with the form of nozzle or 
tube through which the water flows. For a ring nozzle 64 per cent., and for a good form of tapering smooth nozzle 
about 82 per cent., can be assumed as the actual discharge. 


w 

H 

« 

Q 
O 
< 

Q 

Cfl 

W 
X 
o 

S 

D 
U 

i 

o 
1 

< 

o 

w 

w 

Q 
W 

§ 

W 

m 
;^ 


0« 


590 
723 
835 
933 
1022 
1104 
1180 
1252 
1320 
1385 
1446 
1506 
1561 
1616 
1669 
1720 
1770 
1820 
1866 
1912 
1957 
2002 
2044 
2086 
2128 






0« 


giilllisiiiiiiisllsiliiil 

l-lT-lT-lT-lT-l-I-l-I-n-lT-lT-ll-lr-l 








^ 


iiiiiisiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 




^ 


Tt<QOOCOiOl>05i-ICOTt<COL-050T-ICO-*iOCDt-aJOT-lC<»CO 


i 


- 




i 


^ 


li§2lll|s|^^gss||g||g||||| 








^ 


S?§je^gg8SS^8^:;^SlS§Sge2&:SS88§? 






1 


;^ 


iiiiiiS'iiSg5s||2gs2||g§| 




:^ 


Oi>'*(N050*<riS?Q0-*Q00JiCC0C0Q000C0«010C0i-<Q0»0i-i 




§i^g5-^^^g2?igiS8SSSgg^.^.^?2§s§8J8 




;^ 


ojOJi^oiaji-TiHOiOcncocDCDi-iaoiocoj^t-coaDcoj^t-co 




SSS^^^^S§J8???S^^'o5SS^^^^^^^^ 




:^ 


§ Si TO CO *? O 00 O 01 as iO T-H O (N t- W t- OJ !> tH O O Th Oi CO 
O I-' 00 05 O — ' T-<* oi CO CO -* lO iO O CO t- t- CO GO OS C5 O O O rH 




«E2 


8s§?iE=s§§^f2§§^§g5s§2522^.^.^^. 




CO'*-*OiOOOCOl-J.-OOQOQOC!1050505-r-l7-lTH,-(T-n-(T-n-l 




:^ 


2§S§?SJ§^SS^^Sl3SS?2c3^{8^?2gS2g|g5 




T-lT-KNo^OlC^WCOCOCOCOCOCOTt^Tj^TtH^Tji^Tf-^lOiOlOm 




.» 


O O O O O O O O O O O O O 1-1 1-1 1-1 th 1-1 T-ii-i T-i rH T-( T-irH 




.2t5 . 
"o c o 

It! 


g^l§§^S;5S^^^J§82^^^S^8SS§S§ 




g^388g.^53S§^^g§SSS25:5|^c5|||| 








< 


1 


THt-C^OOCC05Tt<010i-l«5(N!>COCOTt<05iOT-lO<N?>COaOTt< 




;^ 


Si3S^g^§^SJ8S58gJ2§S5g^8|gg||| 




--Ui _ 









a^ ^^^^=^=^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 125 



WATER-POWER* 

(Kent's Pocket Book.) 

Power of a Fall of "Water — Efficiency. — The gross power 
of a fall of water is the product of the weight of water 
discharged in a unit of time into the total head, i. e. , the 
difference of vertical elevation of the upper surface of the 
water at the points where the fall in question begins and 
ends. The term " head " used in connection with water- 
wheels is the difference in height from the surface of the 
water in the wheel-pit to the surface in the pen-stock 
when the wheel is running. 

\i Q — cubic feet of water discharged per second, D = 
weight of a cubic foot of water = 62.36 lbs. at 60° F., H 
— total head in feet ; then 

DQH = gross power in foot-pounds per second, 
and BQH -r- 550 = 0.1134 QH = gross horse power. 

If Q' is taken in cubic feet per minute, 

H. P. = ^'-^ ^ ^^'^^ = O.OOlSdQ'H. 
33,000 

A water-wheel or motor of any kind cannot utilize the 
whole of the head //, since there are losses of head at 
both the entrance to and the exit from the wheel. There 
are also losses of energy due to friction of the water in its 
passage through the wheel. The ratio of the power de- 
veloped by the wheel to the gross power of the fall is the 
efficiency of the wheel. For 75% efficiency, net horse- 
power = 0.00142^'^= ^ 



^ -26 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. ^ 



Hofse-powcf of Water Flowing in a Tube. — The head due 

nj'S, f 

to the velocity is — ; the head due to the pressure is -^ ; 

%g w 

the head due to actual height above the datum plane is h 

v^ f 

feet. The total head is the sum of these = — -^h -\r — 

2g w' 

in feet, in which v — velocity in feet per second, f — 
pressure in lbs. per sq. ft., w ^ weight of 1 cu. ft. of 
water = 62.4 lbs. If p = pressure in lbs. per sq. in., 

— = 2.309/». In hydraulic transmission the velocity and 

w 

the height above datum are usually small compared with 
the pressure-head. The work or energy of a given quan- 
tity of water under pressure = its volume in cubic feet X 
its pressure in lbs. per sq. ft. ; or if (7 = quantity in cubic 
feet per second, and/* = pressure in lbs. per square inch, 

JV= lUpQ, and the H. P. = ?^^ = 0.2Ql8pQ. 

550 

Formttla for Computing Power of Jet Water-Wheels of the 
Pelton Type. (F. K. Blue). 
Let HP— horse-power delivered by the water-wheel ; 
d — diameter of nozzle ; w = weight of one cu. ft. of 
water, or 62.5 lbs. ; E — efl&ciency of the water-wheel ; q — 
quantity of water in cubic feet per minute ; c = coefficient 
of discharge from the nozzle, which may be ordinarily 
taken as 0.9 ; A = effective head (actual head less friction 
head) in feet ; then 

HP = ^^^^ = 0.00189 K q h = 0.00436 K q p. = 
33,000 

0.00496 K c d3 ^/IT^ = 0.0174 K c d^ \/^K 

q = 529 ^^ = 2.62 c d^ 4/^= 4 c d^ V^^- 
^ Eh 



'*-'Vnr^-'-'^y 



HP 






^fer 



J 



™ NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 127 ^ 

The Pelton "Water-wheel.— Mr. Ross K. Browne {Eng'g 
News, Feb. 20, 1892) thus outlines the principles upon 
which this water-wheel is constructed : 

The function of a water-wheel, operated by a jet of 
water escaping from a nozzle, is to convert the energy of 
the jet, due to its velocity, into useful work. In order to 
utilize this energy fully the wheel-bucket, after catching 
the jet, must bring it to rest before discharging it, with- 
out inducing turbulence or agitation of the particles. 

This cannot be fully effected, and unavoidable difficul- 
ties necessitate the loss of a portion of the energy. The 
principal losses occur as follows : First, in sharp or an- 
gular diversion of the jet in entering, or in its course 
through the bucket, causing impact, or the conversion of 
a portion of the energy into heat instead of useful work. 
Second, in the so-called frictional resistance offered to 
the motion of the water by the wetted surfaces of the 
buckets, causing also the conversion of a portion of the 
energy into heat instead of useful work. Third, in the 
velocity of the water, as it leaves the bucket, representing 
energy which has not been converted into work. 

Hence, in seeking a high efficiency : 1. The bucket- 
surface at the entrance should be approximately parallel 
to the relative course of the jet, and the bucket should 
be curved in such a manner as to avoid sharp angular de- 
flection of the stream. If, for example, a jet strikes a 
surface at an angle and is sharply deflected, a portion of 
the water is backed, the smoothness of the stream is dis- 
turbed, and there results 
considerable loss by im- 
pact and otherwise. The 
entrance and deflection 
in the Pelton bucket are 
such as to avoid these 
losses in the main. 





Fig. 134. Fig. 135. 



2. The number of buckets should be small, and the 
path of the jet in the bucket short ; in other words, the 
total wetted surface should be small, as the loss by fric- 
tion will be proportional to this. 

^ - - g v 



4 ^' • ^"^^^"^^^ 

™ '28 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. ^ 



3. The discharge end of the bucket should be as nearly 
tangential to the wheel periphery as compatible with 
the clearance of the bucket which follows ; and great 
differences of velocity in the parts of the escaping water 
should be avoided. In order to bring the water to rest 
at the discharge end of the bucket, it is shown, mathe- 
matically, that the velocity of the bucket should be one 
half the velocity of the jet. 

A bucket, such as shown in Fig. 135, will cause the 
heaping of more or less dead or turbulent water at the 
point indicated by dark shading. This dead water is 
subsequently thrown from the wheel with considerable 
velocity, and represents a large loss of energy. The in- 
troduction of the wedge in the Pelton bucket (see Fig. 
134) is an efiScient means of avoiding this loss. 

A wheel of the form of the Pelton conforms closely in 
construction to each of these requirements. 

In a test made by the proprietors of the Idaho mine, 
near Grass Valley, Cal., the dimensions and results were 
as follows : Main supply-pipe, 32 in. diameter, 6900 ft. 
long, with the head of 3863^ feet above centre of nozzle. 
The loss by friction in the pipe was 1.8 ft., reducing the 
effective head to 384.7 ft. The Pelton wheel used in the 
test was 6 ft. in diameter and the nozzle was 1.89 in. di- 
ameter. The work done was measured by a Prony brake, 
and the mean of 13 tests showed a useful effect of 87.3^. 



^ 



J 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



129 




Fig. 136. 

Miners* Inch Measurements. (Pelton Water Wheel Co.) 

The cut, Fig. 136, shows the form of measuring-box 
ordinarily used, and the following table gives the dis- 
charge in cubic feet per minute of a miner's inch of 
water, as measured under the various heads and different 
lengths and heights of apertures used in California. 



Length 


Openings 2 Inches High. 


Openings 4 Inches High. 














Opening 


Head to 


Head to 


Head to 


Head to 


Head to 


Head to 


in 


Centre 


Centre 


Centre 


Centre, 


Centre, 


Centre, 


inches. 


5 inches. 


6 inches. 


7 inches. 


5 inches. 


6 inches. 


7 inches. 




Cu ft. 


Cu ft. 


Cu. ft. 


Cu. ft. 


Cu. ft. 


Cu. ft. 


4 


1.348 


1.473 


1.589 


1.320 


1.450 


1.570 


6 


1.355 


1.480 


1.596 


1.336 


1.470 


1.595 


8 


1.359 


1.484 


1.600 


1.344 


1.481 


1.608 


10 


1.361 


1.485 


1.602 


1.349 


1.487 


1.615 


12 


1.363 


1.487 


1.604 


1.352 


1.491 


1.620 


14 


1.364 


1.488 


1.604 


1.354 


1.494 


1.623 


16 


1.365 


1.489 


1.605 


1.356 


1.496 


1.626 


18 


1.365 


1.489 


1.606 


1.357 


1.498 


1.628 


20 


1.365 


1.490 


1-606 


1.359 


1.499 


1.630 


22 


1.366 


1.490 


1.607 


1.359 


1.500 


1.631 


24 


1.366 


1.490 


1.607 


1.360 


1.501 


1.632 


26 


1.366 


1.490 


1.607 


1.361 


1.502 


1.633 


28 


1.367 


1.491 


1.607 


1.361 


1.503 


1.634 


30 


1.367 


1,491 


1.608 


1.362 


1.503 


1.635 


40 


1.367 


1.492 


1.608 


1.363 


1.505 


1.637 


50 


1.368 


1.493 


1.609 


1.364 


1.507 


1.639 


60 


1.368 


1.493 


1.609 


1.365 


1.508 


1.640 


70 


1.368 


1.493 


1.609 


1.365 


1.508 


1.641 


80 


1.368 


1.493 


1.609 


1.366 


1.509 


1.641 


90 


1.369 


1.493 


1.610 


1.366 


1.509 


1.641 


100 


1.369 


1.494 


1.610 


1.366 


1.509 


1.642 



^ 



J 



130 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 

PUMPS AND PUMPING ENGINES. 

(Kent's Pocket Book.) 

Theoretical Capacity of a Pump,— Let Q = cu. ft. per 
mill. ; G' = Amer. gals, per min. = 7.4805^'; d = diam. of 
pump in inches ; / = stroke in inches ; N =; number of 
single strokes per min. 

Capacity in cu. ft. per min. 

Q, ^rr^ d^ IN^ 0.00045457V^2/ ; 
^ 4 • 144 • 12 

Capacity in gals, per min. 

Q, ^rr NdH ^ o.00347Vfl(2/ . 
4-231 
Diameter required for a given capacity per min. 

'^ = «Vf-- 17.15 y^^. 

Vi. V — piston speed in feet per min., 

«'=13.54 j/-21 4.95 |/''— 

If the piston speed is 100 feet per min. : 

Nl = 1200, and d = 1.354 \/~g = 0.495 ^~G\ 
G' = 4.08^2 per min. 
The actual capacity will be from 60^ to 95^ of the theo- 
retical, according to the tightness of the piston, valves, 
suction-pipe, etc. 

Theoretical Horse-power required to raise Water to a given 
Height. 

Let Q — cu. ft. per min.; G' = gals, per min,; JV= wt. 
in lbs.; P= pressure in lbs. per sq. ft.; /» = pressure in 
lbs. per sq. in.; N = height of lift in ft.; W= 62.36^', P 
= lUp, p zz: 0.433 //,//= 2.309/', G' = 7.4805^'. 

T.j> Q'P g'//Xl44x.433 ^g'//_ G'H . 
33,000 33,000 529.2 3958.7 ' 

HP = ^^ z_ g'X62.36x2.309/> ^ Qp_ ^ G'p 
33,000 33,000 229.2 1714.5* 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



131 



^ 



For the actual horse -power required an allowance must 
be made for the friction, slips, etc., of engine, pump, 
valves, and passages. 

Depth of Suction* — Theoretically a perfect pump will 
lift water from a depth of nearly 34 feet, corresponding 
to a perfect vacuum (14.7 lbs. X 2.309 = 33.95 feet); but 
since a perfect vacuum cannot be obtained, on account of 
valve-leakage, air contained in the water, and the vapor 
of the water itself, the actual height is generally less 
than 30 feet. In pumping hot water, the water must flow 
into the pump by gravity. The following table shows 
the theoretical maximum depth of suction for different 
temperatures, leakage not considered : 





solute 
sure of 
or, lbs. 
sq. in. 


6 t/3 « 

3 I) 3 


ti 




solute 
sure of 
or, lbs 

r sq. in. 




If. 


H 


^■^.^ 


. 3 <u 


H 


s-H" 


. =1^ 




J2 ^ ftC 


o ^ OJ 


WJl^ 


S 


^ 0^ as 


o u 0) 


XC/}"" 


h 


1 


>-^ 


SO 


H 


<£:S^ 


>-^ 




101.4 


27.88 


31.6 


188.0 


8 


13.63 


15.5 


126.2 


2 


25.85 


29.3 


188.4 


9 


11.59 


13.2 


144.7 


3 


28.81 


27.0 


198.2 


10 


9.55 


10.9 


158.3 


4 


21.77 


24.7 


197.6 


11 


7.51 


8.5 


1(i2.5 


5 


19.74 


22.4 


201.9 


12 


5.48 


6.2 


170.8 


6 


17.70 


20.1 


205.8 


18 


3.44 


3.9 


177.0 


7 


15.66 


17.8 


209.6 


14 


1.40 


1.6 



^ 



^ 



^ 



"^ 




^cr 



J 



^ ' '"^ 



STEAM 

AND 

STEAM APPARATUS. 



^ 1. n P 



^ 



134 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 

STEAM. 

Under the ordinary atmospheric pressure of 14.7 pounds 
per square inch, water boils at 212° Fahr., passing off as 
steam, the temperature at which it boils varying with a 
variation in the pressure. 

Dry steam is steam not containing any free moisture. 
It may be either saturated or superheated, 

Wet steam is steam containing free moisture in the form 
of spray or mist, and has the same temperature as dry 
saturated steam of the same pressure. 

Saturated steam is steam in its normal state, that is, 
steam whose temperature is that due its pressure; by 
which is meant steam at the same temperature as that of 
the water from which it was generated and upon which 
it rests. 

Superheated steam is steam at a temperature above that 
due to its pressure. 

A British thermal unit is the quantity of heat required 
to raise one pound of water at 39°. 1 Fahr. through one 
degree of temperature. 

The total heat of the water is the number of British 
thermal units needed to 'raise one pound of water from 
32°F. to the boiling point, under the given pressure. 

The latent heat of steam is the number of British thermal 
units required to convert one pound of water, at the boil- 
ing point, into steam of the same temperature. 

The total heat of saturated steam is the number of heat 
units required to raise a pound of water from 32°F. to 
the boiling point, at the given pressure, plus the number 
required to evaporate the water at that temperature. 

The specific heat of steam is the quantity of heat required 
to raise the temperature of one pound of steam through 
one degree of temperature. In British units and near 
the saturation temperature it equals, at constant pres- 
sure, 0.48. 

^ 1 1 g g^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 135 



The specific gravity of steam at any temperature and 
pressure, as compared with air of same temperature and 
pressure, is approximately 0.623. One cubic inch of 
water evaporated into steam at 212°F. becomes 1646 
cubic in., that is, nearly one cu. ft. 

Water in contact with saturated steam has the same 
temperature as the steam itself. Water introduced into 
superheated steam will be vaporized until the steam be- 
comes saturated, and its temperature becomes that due 
its pressure. Cold water, or water at a lower temperature 
than that of the steam, introduced into saturated steam, 
will condense some of it, thus lowering both the temper- 
ature and pressure of the rest until the temperature again 
equals that due its pressure. 



^ ^ 



^' — 










— i^ 


136 


NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 


I 


■ 


PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM. | 




Pressure lbs. 
per sq. in. 
absolute. 








■y 1-1 




O.St; 

m 




1 


101.99 


70.0 


1043.0 


1113.1 


0.00299 


334.5 




2 


126.27 


94.4 


1026.1 


1120.5 


0.00576 


173.6 




3 


141.62 


109.8 


1015.3 


1125.1 


0.00844 


118.5 




4 


153.09 


121.4 


1007.2 


1128.6 


0.01107 


90.33 




5 


162.34 


130.7 


1000.8 


1131.5 


0.01366 


73.21 




6 


170.14 


138.6 


995.2 


1133 8 


0.01622 


61.65 




7 


176.90 


145.4 


990.5 


1135.9 


0.01874 


53.39 




8 


182.92 


151.5 


986.2 


1137.7 


0.02125 


47.06 




9 


188.33 


156.9 


982.5 


1139.4 


0.02374 


42.12 




10 


193.25 


161.9 


979.0 


1140.9 


0.02621 


38.15 




15 


213.03 


181.8 


965.1 


1146.9 


0.03826 


26.14 




20 


227.95 


196.9 


954.6 


1151.5 


0.05023 


19.91 




25 


240.04 


209.1 


946.0 


1155.1 


0.06199 


16.13 




30 


250.27 


219.4 


938.9 


1158.3 


0.07360 


13.59 




35 


259.19 


228.4 


932.6 


1161.0 


0.08508 


11.75 




40 


267.13 


236.4 


927.0 


1163.4 


0.09644 


10.37 




45 


274.29 


243.6 


922.0 


1165.6 


0.1077 


9.285 




50 


280.85 


250.2 


917.4 


1167.6 


0.1188 


8.418 




55 


286.89 


256.3 


913.1 


1169.4 


0.1299 


7.698 




60 


292.51 


261.9 


909.3 


1171.2 


0.1409 


7.097 




65 


297.77 


267.2 


905.5 


1172.7 


0.1519 


6.583 




70 


302.71 


272.2 


902.1 


1174.3 


0.1628 


6.143 




75 


307.38 


276.9 


898.8 


1175.7 


0.1736 


5.760 




80 


311.80 


281.4 


895.6 


1177.0 


0.1843 


5.426 




85 


316.02 


285.8 


892.5 


1178.3 


0.1951 


5.126 




90 


320.04 


290.0 


889.6 


1179.6 


0.2058 


4.859 




95 


323.89 


294.0 


886.7 


1180.7 


0.2165 


4.619 




100 


327.58 


297.9 


884.0 


1181.9 


0.2271 


4.403 




105 


331.13 


301.6 


881.3 


1182.9 


0.2378 


4.205 




110 


334.56 


305.2 


878.8 


1184.0 


0.2484 


4.026 




115 


337.86 


308.7 


876.3 


1185.0 


0.2589 


3.862 




120 


341.05 


312.0 


874.0 


1186 


0.2695 


3.711 




125 


344.13 


315.2 


871.7 


1186.9 


0.2800 


3.571 




130 


347.12 


318.4 


869.4 


1187.8 


0.2904 


3.444 




140 


352.85 


324.4 


865.1 


1189.5 


0.3113 


3.212 




150 


358.26 


330.0 


861.2 


1191.2 


0.3321 


3.011 




160 


363.40 


335.4 


857.4 


1192.8 


0.3530 


2.833 




170 


368.29 


340.5 


853.8 


1194.3 


0.3737 


2.676 




180 


372.97 


345.4 


850.3 


1195.7 


0.3945 


2.535 




190 


377.44 


350.1 


847.0 


1197.1 


0.4153 


2.408 




200 


381.73 


354.6 


843.8 


1198.4 


0.4359 


2.294 




225 


391.79 


365.1 


836.3 


1201.4 


0.4876 


2.051 




250 


400.99 


374.7 


829.5 


1204.2 


0.5393 


1.854 




275 


409.50 


383.6 


823.2 


1206.8 


0.5913 


1 691 




300 


417.42 


391.9 


817.4 


1209.3 


0.644 


1.553 




325 


424.82 


399.6 


811.9 


1211.5 


0.696 


1.437 




350 


431.90 


406.9 


806.8 


1213.7 


0.748 


1.337 




375 


438.40 


414.2 


801.5 


1215.7 


0.800 


1.250 




400 


445.15 


421.4 


796.3 


1217.7 


0.853 


1.172 




500 


466.57 


444.3 


779.9 


1224.2 


1.065 


0.939 




The 


absolute ] 


aressures 


given in column o 


ne may be 


converted 




into gai 


ige pressu 


res by su 


btracting the cons1 


bant 14.7 : 


Thus, 115 




lbs., abs 


olute = 11 


5 - 14.7 z 


= 100.3 lb 


5. gauge. 









^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



137 



FACTORS OF EVAPORATION. 



3 (D-u 


STEAM PRESSURE IN POUNDS PER 




SQUARE INCH, GAUGE. 


s5| 


0. 


5. 


15. 


25. 


35. 


45. 


55. 


65. 


75, 


85. 


hfat. 






















Dgrs. 






















32 


l.lSr 1.192 


1.199 


1.204 


1.209 


1.212 


1.216 


1.218 


1.221 


1.223 


35 


1.184 


1.189 


1.196 


1.201 


1.206 


1.209 


1.213 


1.215 


1.218 


1.220 


40 


1.179 


1.184 


1.191 


1.196 


1.201 


1.204 


1.208 


1.219 


1.213 


1.215 


45 


1.173 


1.178 


1.185 


1.190 


1.195 


1.198 


1.202 


1.204 


1.207 


1.209 


50 


1.168 


1.173 


1.180 


1.185 


1.190 


1.193 


1.197 


1.199 


1.202 


1.204 


55 


1.163 


1.168 


1.175 


1.180 


1.185 


1.188 


1.192 


1.194 


1.197 


1.199 


60 


1.158 


1.163 


1.170 


1.175 


1.180 


1.183 


1.187 


1.189 


1.192 


1.194 


65 


1.153 


1.158 


1.165 


1.170 


1.175 


1.178 


1.182 


1.184 


1.187 


1.189 


70 


1.148 


1.153 


1.160 


1.165 


1.170 


1.173 


1.177 


1.179 


1.182 


1.184 


75 


1.143 


1.148 


1.155 


1.160 


1.165 


1.168 


1.172 


1.174 


1.177 


1.179 


80 


1.137 


1.142 


1.149 


1.154 


1.159 


1.162 


1.166 


1.168 


1.171 


1.173 


85 


1.132 


1.137 


1.144 


1.149 


1.154 


1.157 


1.161 


1.163 


1.166 


1.168 


90 


1.127 


1.132 


1.139 


1.144 


1,149 


1.152 


1.156 


1.158 


1.161 


1.163 


95 


1.122 


1.127 


1.134 


1.139 


1.144 


1.147 


1.151 


1.153 


1.156 


1.158 


100 


1.117 


1.122 


1.129 


1.134 


1.139 


1.142 


1.146 


1.148 


1.151 


1.153 


105 


1.111 


1.116 


1.123 


1.128 


1.133 


1.136 


1.140 


1.142 


1.145 


1.147 


110 


1.106 


1.111 


1.118 


1.123 


1.128 


1.131 


1.135 


1.137 


1.140 


1.142 


115 


1.101 


1.106 


1.113 


1.118 


1.123 


1.126 


1.130 


1.132 


1.135 


1.137 


120 


1.096 


1.101 


1.108 


1.113 


1.118 


1.121 


1.125 


1.127 


1.130 


1.132 


125 


1.091 


1.096 


1.103 


1.108 


1.113 


1.116 


1.120 


1.122 


1.125 


1.127 


180 


1.085 


1.090 


1.097 


1.102 


1.107 


1.110 


1.114 


1.116 


1.119 


1.121 


135 


1.080 


1.085 


1.092 


1.097 


1.102 


1.105 


1.109 


1.111 


1.114 


1.116 


140 


1.075 


1.080 


1.087 


1.092 


1.097 


1.100 


1.104 


1.106 


1.109 


1.111 


145 


1.070 


1.075 


1.082 


1.087 


1.092 


1.095 


1.099 


1.101 


1.104 


1.106 


150 


1.065 


1.070 


1.077 


1.082 


1.087 


1.090 


1.094 


1.096 


1.099 


1.101 


155 


1.059 


1.064 


1.071 


1.076 


1.081 


1.084 


1.088 


1.090 


1.094 


1.095 


160 


1.054 


1.059 


1.066 


1.071 


1.076 


1.079 


1.083 


1.085 


1.088 


1.090 


165 


1.049 


1.054 


1.061 


1.066 


1.071 


1.074 


1.078 


1.080 


1.083 


1.085 


170 


1.044 


1.049 


1.056 


1.061 


1.066 


1.069 


1.073 


1.075 


1.078 


1.080 


175 


1.039 


1.044 


1.051 


1.056 


1.061 


1.064 


1.068 


1.070 


1.073 


1.075 


180 


1.033 


1.038 


1.045 


1.050 


1.055 


1.058 


1.062 


1.064 


1.067 


1.069 


185 


1.028 


1.033 


1.040 


1.045 


1.050 


1.053 


1.057 


1.059 


1.062 


1.064 


190 


1.023 


1.028 


1.035 


1.040 


1.045 


1.048 


1.052 


1.054 


1.057 


1.059 


195 


1.018 


1.023 


1.030 


1.035 


1.040 


1.043 


1.047 


1.049 


1.052 


1.054 


200 


1.013 


1.018 


1.025 


1.030 


1.035 


1.038 


1.042 


1.044 


1.047 


1.049 


205 


1.007 


1.012 


1.019 


1.024 


1.029 


1.032 


1.036 


1.038 


1.041 


1.043 


210 


1.002 


1.007 


1.014 


1.019 


1.024 


1.027 


1.031 


1.033 


1.036 


1.038 


212 


1.000 


1.005 


1.012 


1.017 


1.022 


1.0251 1.029 


1.031 


1.034 


1.036 



^ 



1^ 



^ 



138 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



^ 



FACTORS OF EVAPORATION. 



3 0)^-. 




STEAM PRESSURE IN POUNDS PER 








SQUARE INCH, GAUGE. 




C CUrC 

CJ oj aj 


95. 


105. 


1J5. 


126. 


135. 


145. 


155. 


165. 


175. 


185. 


Ht^tt- 






















Dgrs. 






















32 


1.226 


1.228 


1.230 


1.231 


1.233 


1.235 


1.236 


1.238 


1.239 


1.240 


35 


1.223 


1.225 


1.227 


1.228 


1.230 


1.232 


1.233 


1.235 


1.236 


1.237 


40 


1.218 


1.220 


1.222 


1.223 


1.225 


1.227 


1.228 


1.230 


1.231 


1.232 


45 


1.212 


1.214 


1.216 


1.217 


1.219 


1.221 


1.222 


1.224 


1.225 


1 226 


50 


1.207 


1.209 


1.211 


1.212 


1.214 


1.216 


1.217 


1.219 


1.220 


1.221 


55 


1.202 


1.204 


1.206 


1.207 


1.209 


1.211 


1.212 


1.214 


1.215 


1.216 


60 


1.197 


1.199 


1.201 


1.202 


1.204 


1.206 


1.207 


1.209 


1.210 


1.211 


65 


1.192 


1.194 


1.196 


1.197 


1.199 


1.201 


1.202 


1.204 


1.205 


1.206 


70 


1.187 


1.189 


1.191 


1.192 


1.194 


1.196 


1.197 


1.199 


1.200 


1.201 


75 


1.182 


1.184 


1.186 


1.187 


1.189 


1.191 


1.192 


1.194 


1.195 


1.196 


80 


1.176 


1.178 


1.180 


1.181 


1.183 


1.185 


1.186 


1.188 


1.189 


1.190 


85 


1.171 


1.173 


1.175 


1.176 


1.178 


1.180 


1.181 


1.183 


1.184 


1.185 


90 


1.166 


1.168 


1.170 


1.171 


1.173 


1.175 


1.176 


1.178 


1.179 


1.180 


95 


1.161 


1.163 


1.165 


1.166 


1.168 


1.170 


1.171 


1.173 


1.174 


1.175 


100 


1.156 


1.158 


1.160 


1.161 


1.163 


1.165 


1.166 


1.168 


1.169 


1.170 


105 


1.150 


1.152 


1.154 


1.155 


1.157 


1.159 


1.160 


1.162 


1.163 


1.164 


110 


1.145 


1.147 


1.149 


1.150 


1.152 


1.154 


1.155 


1.157 


1.158 


1.159 


115 


1.140 


1.142 


1.144 


1.145 


1.147 


1.149 


1.150 


1.152 


1.153 


1.154 


120 


1.135 


1.137 


1.139 


1.140 


1.142 


1.144 


1.145 


1.147 


1.148 


1.149 


125 


1.130 


1.132 


1.134 


1.135 


1.137 


1.139 


1.140 


1.142 


1.143 


1.144 


130 


1.124 


1.126 


1.128 


1.129 


1.131 


1.133 


1.134 


1.136 


1.137 


1.138 


135 


1.119 


1.121 


1.123 


1.124 


1.126 


1.128 


1.129 


1.131 


1.132 


1.133 


140 


1.114 


1.116 


1.118 


1.119 


1.121 


1.123 


1.124 


1.126 


1.127 


1.128 


145 


1.109 


1.111 


1.113 


1.114 


1.116 


1.118 


1.119 


1.121 


1.122 


1.123 


150 


1.104 


1.106 


1.108 


1.109 


1.111 


1.113 


1.114 


1.116 


1.117 


1.118 


155 


1.098 


1.100 


1.102 


1.103 


1.105 


1.107 


1.108 


1.110 


1.111 


1.112 


160 


1.093 


1.095 


1.097 


1.098 


1.100 


1.102 


1.103 


1.105 


1.106 


1.107 


165 


1.088 


1.090 


1.092 


1.093 


1.095 


1.097 


1.098 


1.100 


1.101 


1.102 


170 


1.083 


1.085 


1.087 


1.088 


1.090 


1.092 


1.093 


1.095 


1.096 


1.097 


176 


1 078 


1.080 


1.082 


1.083 


1.085 


1.087 


1.088 


1.090 


1.091 


1.092 


180 


1.072 


1.074 


1.076 


1.077 


1.079 


1.081 


1.082 


1.084 


1.085 


1.086 


185 


1.067 


1.069 


1.071 


1.073 


1.074 


1.076 


1.077 


1.079 


1.080 


1.081 


190 


1.062 


1.064 


1.066 


1.067 


1.069 


1.071 


1.072 


1.074 


1.075 


1.076 


195 


1.057 


1.059 


1.061 


1.062 


1.064 


1.066 


1.066 


1.069 


1.070 


1.071 


200 


1.052 


1.054 


1.056 


1.057 


1.059 


1.061 


1.062 


1.064 


1.065 


1.066 


205 


1.046 


1.048 


1.050 


1.051 


1.053 


1.055 


1.056 


1.058 


1.059 


1.060 


210 


1.041 


1.043 


1.046 


1.046 


1.048 


1.050 


1.051 


1.053 


1.054 


1.055 


212 


1.039 


1.041 


1.043 


1.044 


1.046 


1.048 


1.049 


1.051 


1.052 


1.053 



^OC 



-S 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 139 ^ 



Explanation of Table of Properties of Saturated Steam: 

The first column shows the absolute pressure of steam as 
it rises freely from water of the same temperature, and is 
equal to 14.7 lbs. -{- the pressure shown by the steam 
gauge. 

The second column shows the temperatures in degrees 
Fahrenheit at which water vaporizes under the pressures 
opposite in column one. 

The third column shows the number of British thermal 
units required to raise one pound of water from 32°F. to 
the boiling temperatures opposite in column two. 

The fourth column shows the number of heat units 
that are absorbed, or changed from sensible to latent heat, 
when one pound of water at the boiling point changes to 
steam of the same temperature. 

The fifth column shows the number of heat units ab- 
sorbed when one pound of water at 32°F. has its temper- 
ature raised to the boiling point and is then changed to 
steam at constant pressure and temperature. This column 
gives the total heat of formation of steam from water at 
33°F. 

The sixth column shows the weights in pounds per 
cubic ft. of saturated steam at the corresponding pres- 
sures and temperatures given in columns one and two. 

The seventh column shows volumes in cubic ft. of one 
pound of steam. 

Explanation of Table of Factors of Evaporation : The fac- 
tors in this table were obtained, for the various feed- 
water temperatures and steam pressures given, by sub- 
tracting the heat above 32°F. in one pound of feed-water 
from the total heat above S2° in one pound of steam, and 
then dividing the remainder thus obtained by 965.7, the 
latent heat of steam at atmospheric pressure. 

^. ^ 



™ 140 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. ^ 



Example: — Given the boiler pressure = 105 lbs. per 
square in. guage, and the feed-water temperature z=: 55° F. ; 
to find the factor of evaporation. Look in the column or 
steam pressures headed 105 and opposite to 55 degrees in 
the first column, read 1.204, the factor required. It will 
therefore require 1.204 times as many heat units to evap- 
orate a certain weight of water from a feed-water tem- 
perature of 55°F. into steam under 105 pounds guage as 
would be required to evaporate the same weight of water 
from a temperature of 212°F. into steam under one at- 
mospheric pressure, that is, from and at 2J2°F. 

This table is useful in rating boilers and in preparing 
reports of tests. 

FLOW OF STEAM FROM ORIFICES. 

The flow of steam from a vessel of one pressure into 
that of another pressure becomes greater the greater the 
difference in pressure between the two vessels, until the 
lower is 0.58 the absolute pressure of the higher. Any- 
further reduction of the pressure in the second vessel, 
even down to a vacuum, fails to enhance the flow of the 
steam between the two. In flowing through the best 
shaped nozzle the steam expands to the external pressure 
and also to the volume corresponding to this pressure, so 
long as it is not less than 58 per cent, of the internal 
pressure. For an external pressure of 58 per cent, or 
less, the ratio of expansion becomes constant and is 
1.624. 



^ p v 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



141 ■' 



OUTFLOW OF STEAM INTO THE 
ATMOSPHERE* 



(D. K. CLARK.) 









Velocity 


Actual 




Initial 
Pressure. 


External 
Pressure. 


Expan- 
sion in 
nozzle. 


of out- 
flow at 
constant 
density. 


velocity 
of out- 
flow ex- 
panded. 


Discharge 


Lbs. per 


Lbs. per 








Lbs. per 


sq. in. 


sq. in. 


Ratio. 


Ft. per 


Ft. per 


sq. in. per 


absolute. 


absolute. 




sec. 


sec. 


minute. 


25.37 


14.7 


1.624 


863 


1401 


22.81 


30 


14.7 


1.624 


867 


1408 


26.84 


40 


14.7 


1.624 


874 


1419 


35.18 


45 


14.7 


1.624 


877 


1424 


39.78 


50 


14.7 


1.624 


880 


1429 


44.06 


60 


14.7 


1.624 


885 


1437 


52.59 


70 


14.7 


1.624 


889 


1444 


61.07 


75 


14.7 


1.624 


891 


1447 


65.30 


90 


14.7 


1.624 


895 


1454 


77.94 


100 


14.7 


1.624 


898 


1459 


86.34 


115 


14.7 


1.624 


902 


1466 


98.76 


135 


14.7 


1.624 


906 


1472 


115.61 


155 


14.7 


1.624 


910 


1478 


132.21 


165 


14.7 


1.624 


912 


1481 


140.46 


215 


14.7 


1.624 


919 


1493 


181.58 



The weight of steam discharged from a cylindrical 
nozzle or a short pipe may be approximately found, when 
the pressure of the atmosphere receiving the steam is 
less than 58 per cent, of the initial pressure, by the fol- 
lowing formula (Napier's Rule): W=a p-^70; in which 
JV= flow in pounds per second, a = area of orifice in square 
inches; and ^ = absolute initial pressure per square inch 
of the steam. 

For a circular opening in a thin plate multiply the dis- 
charge as obtained from the above formula by 0.65. 



^ 



^ 



f ' 142 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. i 

FLOW OF STEAM IN PIPES. 

(KENT'S POCKET BOOK). 

A formula commonly used for velocity of flow of steam 
in pipes is the same as Downing's for the flow of water 
in smooth cast iron pipes, viz. : 



/^°. 



V=50 

in which F= velocity in feet per second, Z= length, and 
Z> = diameter of pipe in feet, ^^7= height in feet of a col- 
umn of steam, of the pressure of the steam at the en- 
trance, which would produce a pressure equal to the 
difference of pressures at the two ends of the pipe. (For 
derivation of the coefficient 50, see Briggs on " Warming 
Buildings by Steam," Proc. Inst. C. E., 1882.) 

If ^ = quantity in cubic ft. per minute, ^ = diameter 
in inches, L and // being in feet, the formula reduces to 

Q =4.723 y j^ <i. H=0.448-^' d =0.537 |/^- 

If pi = pressure in pounds per sq. in. of the steam at 
the entrance to the pipe, p^ = the pressure at the exit, 
then 144 (/i—/>2) = difference in pressure per sq. ft. Let 
Z£/ = density or weight per cu. ft. of steam at the pressure 
p^, then the height of column equivalent to the difference 
in pressures is 

144(pi-p,)D 



H^^ii^^-P^^and Q=60 X 0.7854 X SOD ^j/- 



w L 



If ^= weight of steam flowing in pounds per minute 
Qza and d is taken in inches, L being in feet: 



W=: 56.68 i/ ^ (P -P^) ^" ; Q = 56.68 i/iPlIzMi! . 
r Iv r Iv W ' 

d = 0.199 4/ ^^^ = 0.199 ^Q"'^^. 

r w(pi— P2) y pi— Ps 

d^ 
Velocity in feet p er minute = V = Q-4-0.7854 j^ 

= 10390 y V^-V2)d. 
f w Iv 



^ NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 143 ^ 



For a velocity of 6000 feet per minute, d= ^1_ ^• 

For a velocity of 6000 feet per minute, a steam pressure 
of 100 pounds gauge, or W=0.264, and a length of 100 
feet. 

« « 8.8 

'l— P2 = — .; 



Pi— P3 

That is, a pipe 1 inch diameter, 100 feet long, carrying 
steam of 100 pounds gauge pressure at 6000 feet velocity 
per minute, would have a loss of pressure of 8.8 pounds 
per sq. inch, while steam traveling at the same velocity 
in a pipe 8.8 inches diameter would lose only 1 pound 
pressure. 

G. H. Babcock in "Steam," gives the formula 



W=87 



/ w (Pi— Pa) ds 
.^ Iv /I + 3^ \ 



One of the most widely accepted formulae for flow of 
water is D'Arcy's, which is 



V 



y iv4 



Using D'Arcy's coefficients, and modifying his formula 
to make it apply to steam, to the form 



Q = e/'%^r'^o.W = 


c^^^^^ 


-P.) d^ 

Iv 


we obtain for. 






Diam. in. 1 2 3 4 


5 6 


7 8 


Value of c, 45.3 52.7 56.1 57.8 


58.4 59.5 


60.1 60.7 


Diam. in. 9 10 12 14 


16 18 


20 24 


Value of c, 61.2 61.8 62.1 62.3 


62.6 62.7 


62.9 63.2 



In the absence of direct experiments these coefficients 
are probably as accurate as any that may be derived from 
formulae for flow of water. 

Loss of pressure in lbs. per sq. in.=pj — p^= ^ ^^ . 
^ 1 _„ ^ : 



^1 Q 

144 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 

RESISTANCE TO FLOW BY BENDS, 
VALVES, ETC. 

Mr. Briggs states that in " Warming Buildings by 

Steam," that the resistance at the entrance to a pipe con- 

sists of two parts, namely: the head , which is neces- 

2g 
sary to create the velocity of flow, and the head 

0.505 -^> which overcomes the resistance to entrance 

offered by the mouth of the pipe. The total loss of head 

y2 

at entrance then equals the sum of these, or 1.505——, 

2g- 

in which V= velocity of flow of steam in the pipe, in 
feet per second, and g = acceleration due to gravity, or 
32.3. 

The Babcock & Wilcox Co. state in "Steam " that the 
resistance at the opening, and that at a globe valve, are 
each about the same as that caused by an additional 

length of straight pipe, as computed by the formula, 

.,,... . . ,, r . 114 X diameter of pipe 

Additional length of pipe =r ^ r^^, 

1 -f- (3.6 -^ diameter) 

from which has been computed the following table : 

Diameter in inches 2 2i 3 3i 4 5 6 7 

Additional length, feet 7 10 13 16 20 28 36 44 

Diameter in inches 8 10 12 15 18 20 22 24 

Additional length, feet 53 70 88 115 143 162 181 200 

The resistance to flow at a right-angled elbow is about 
equal to % that of a globe valve. 

The above values are to be considered as being only 
approximations to the truth, 

^ 0^ 



^1 OCn 

^ NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 145 ^ 

Example, — Find the discharge from a steam pipe when 
the given length = 120 feet and the diameter = 8 inches; 
the pipe containing 6 right-angled elbows and two globe 
valves, the pressure at the two ends being respectively 

105 and 103 lbs. per sq. in. gauge. 
The resistance to entrance, from the above table, for 8 

inch pipe = 53 feet ; the resistance of 6 elbows = 6 X 53 X K 
= 212 feet; the resistance of two globe valves = 2 X 53 = 

106 feet; making a total resistance=53+212 + 106 = 371 
feet of additional length of pipe. Therefore, the steam 
would encounter the same resistance flowing through a 
straight 8-inch pipe, whose length equals 120 + 371, or 
491 feet, as it would in flowing through the given pipe 
with its various resistances. 



Then in the formula W = c a/ ^ ^Pi~Pa) d" ^ 

L = 491 feet; p^ = 105 lbs. per sq. in.; p.^ = 103 lbs. per 
sq. in. ; d = 8 inches; c, for an 8-inch pipe = 60.7; and w, 
from table of Properties of Saturated Steam, =0.27 
Substituting in formula we get 



W = 60.7 ^27(105-103)8^ ^ 3g^ 

The pipe, then, under the stated conditions, would dis- 
charge approximately 364 pounds of steam per minute, 
or 21,800 lbs, per hour; which, on the basis of 30 lbs. 
per horse-power hour, would have a capacity of 728 
boiler horse-power. Since one pound of steam at 104 lbs. 
gauge has a volume of 3.7 cu. ft., the pipe would dis- 
charge 1,350 cu.ft. per minute, or 81,000 cu. ft. per hour. 

^ H ^ 



^ 



146 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY 



'^ 



1 



^ 



•^la 


^i-i(N{><S0^i050S>Q00SOi-i(MC0'*«350 


i> 


oJ"^'^ t^j W JO O t-: O Co' CO Oi r^ t4 tH* T-; ,-; ,4 (jj Tl<" M5 o ^' 


50 


JSS^^gSocOCDOoSSS^S^^^^ ^^?£S§S0SC0 

odco^^*" --og^-gicoo^«5^-cno,-oi^-^-^ ^ ^ ^ c. « cc" ;.• co 


o 




•* 




eo 


.'^ -" '~'(ric>co"oot>iosO(jiTHT-;TH rHr-Ii-JcicieoTjicdcoood 


Sh 


C- CD CD <N i-" ^- g ^ O CD T)<' Ui OJ ^' i-J r4 1-; 1-; Ci C^ d CO CO O CO W lO 


Z^ 




o 




OS 


^-"^ " '"' JO CO o 00 Tj? ei ,-i ^" ,-; ,-; (^j oi eo* co' ^' o co" 00 2? g* CD eo- w 


00 


ISgt^oo^eoS^S^ ^g§?555§^^^S§igo«o«o§ 
^-•^ "^ rH o ^ eo CO CO ei r-; i-i r-t' iri ci eo Tt< id cd t-: od o t-J th ^' co '"' 


i> 


oo«,oo-0^^^^^ -^«55I2S55ggeoo.coo=.^S^ 
5j0 05g^t^oiTii(Ni-; ,-; r4 ci CO Tji lo CD t-: 00 o r-j JO o ^" o ^ '^ 




ia 


^^^ooosSSS S^Sg^^eoco^^oococDOs^SiSII 


-:S> 


i^TtTHO^QoS OOOTO^^t-OOOOOlTHOSCOi-iOlSoS^S 

oo^2«=5"^ ^ci^c6o6;4jgoo«oo^-oo;^-o-^-=^« 


eo 


o.nos?2Sa8 S§Soeoiooo^coc-«eoo§2S§§o|| 
g^-ocdrf^- c.V=DO^-2«co^-og-ooo — ^^ ^^^^ 


I 


OseOTjiW^ CoSSosCOOOWOSi-KWlOOffi^i^SSSMt^MW 


(M 


j>o2§^ fe;2S5io^o*»oQo^§§JSg^S:§gS5^^§^S 

jH^co^ ^-cocD^^Osj^-oo — — — -:^.-.-.-, 


^ 


ooS;^ ^?JS«.eoo«si;;ss?§s^8S^^§s^s^s 

lOcoM (ji^-t,-»do6cDd^'^-'<^«^«^'«=o^'»^-'^.^,=»«« 


- 


§88 §^cDcDooo=^S^^g^^^§SS^Sg?^§§a3§ 
TjJ oi eo i>' CO oi oi o '""^ '^ "* *" ^ ■=* '-<,^,^_<=^.",^.*",=®^'=^,'=l«l'=l 

i-iC^-*05 Ti TH i-iTH OJ (N CO iO 0» iO CO CO 


;^ 


(?* eo CO i-Ti-rc^fof co'Ttr-.*'o'co'!> o'cd'oo'cd'oo'io' 


:^ 


§Igo.oogg||S§J§|S^lBSSS?£^e?S5^SS?S^S 

C^- t,- ^- ^- ^ TH CO CD TH t- T^. eo CO^CD__O.CD CD_Q0^O5_»O_e0^CO^CD__T)i.,-H_!> CO 

^^OJo=^»o^-cooc.^t-og<^oo^o 


•^la 


i-lT-lC*Oje>5Tj<iOCOJ>OOOSOi-((fJCO-«*0«OI>000-*OcO(MQO 



=.^ 



ri NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 147 ^ 



The above table was calculated by the formula W OC 
(varies ^s) . ■ » ^ > in which ?F= weight of fluid de- 
livered in a given time, and d = diameter (internal) in 
inches. In the upper right hand triangle of the table 
the figures refer to nominal diameters, while in the 
lower triangle they refer to actual diameters. 

Example. — To find number of standard 2 inch pipes to 
deliver as much fluid as one standard 7 inch pipe: In 
the upper triangle look in column headed 7 and opposite 
2 in the extreme right hand column, read 29. Twenty- 
nine 2-inch pipes will then deliver as much as one 7-inch 
pipe- 

NON-CONDUCTING COVERINGS FOR 
STEAM PIPES. 

A bare pipe carrying steam, and made of iron, steel or 
other conducting material, loses heat by convection to 
the surrounding air and by radiation to the surrounding 
objects, both of which cause a loss of steam by conden- 
sation. 

This loss is lessened in practice by covering the outer 
surface of the steam pipe with a material that will offer 
a greater resistance to the flow of heat than that offered 
by the material of the pipe. 

A good material for this purpose should not suffer ser- 
ious deterioration from the heat or vibration to which it 
would be subjected in practice; and in all cases where 
damage from fire might result, it should never consist of 
combustible matter. Under the conditions of practice, 
especially in places where it may become damp, a good 
pipe covering should consist of materials that will not 
rapidly deteriorate, and should contain nothing that will 
seriously corrode the pipe. 

Since air does not take up heat by radiation, but re- 
ceives heat by contact with a hot body only, it would ap- 
pear that the greater the porosity of a material, that is, 
the greater the percentage of volume of finely divided 

^^ 



nv 



^ 148 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. ^ 

air it contains, the greater will be its non-conducting 
qualities. This is noticeably the case in the commercial 
pipe coverings that consist substantially of the same ma- 
terials, when these materials contain different percent- 
ages of still air. In every case the more porous the ma- 
terial, other things being equal, the greater will be its 
non-conducting properties. 

The following table contains averages made up from 
results obtained by a number of carefully conducted 
tests, and represent approximately what may be ex- 
pected when these materials are properly applied as 
steam-pipe coverings in practice. The table gives the 
quantity of heat transmitted through covered steam- 
pipes, when that transmitted through a naked pipe is 
taken as 100, the covering, except where otherwise indi- 
cated, being one inch thick. 

Relative Amount of 
Kind of Covering. Heat Transmitted. 

Naked pipe 100 

Hair felt, asbestos lined and canvas covered 16 to 18 

Wool felt, " " " " " ....20 to 32 

Two layers of asbestos paper 70 to 80 

Four " " " " 45 to 55 

Asbestos mixed with some plaster of paris 28 to 34 

Magnesia mixed with a little asbestos fiber, can- 
vas covered 18 to 20 

Best mineral wool, lined and canvas covered. . . .18 to 20 

Pipe painted with black asphaltum about 105 

Pipe painted with white glossy paint '• 95 



For coverings having values less than 25 in the above 
table, the values for thicknesses of covering of 1}4 and 2 
inches (those in the table being for one inch, as noted) 
may be approximately obtained by multiplying respec- 
tively by 0.78 and 0.58. Thus, a pipe covered with 
magnesia and canvas covered would transmit an amount, 
if 1^ inches thick = (18 to 20) X 0.78 = 14 to 15.5; and if 
2 inches thick an amount = (18 to 20) X 0.58 == 10.5 to 
11.5, that transmitted by a similar bare pipe being 100 
I in the same length of time. i 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



149 1 



LOSS OF HEAT FROM BARE IRON STEAM PIPES. 

Steam pressure=:100 lbs. gauge, surrounding air at 62° F. 
Steam temperature = 338° Fahr. 



a, 


^4 


0) 






(-1 ;3 S 


al 
f Pipe 




g 0) C3 








ass 












^1^ 




lis 


^ats 


n". 


H^^ 


.5 


m S 


S 


CQ oj 


.5 


W fe 


.5 


K S 


Q 


p. 


5 


a 


Q 


a 


Q 


a 


IK 


423 


6 


1221 


12 


2290 


22 


3949 


2 


494 


7 


1420 


14 


2645 


24 


4264 


3 


692 


8 


1580 


16 


2961 


26 


4617 


4 


869 


9 


1738 


18 


3315 


28 


4932 


5 


1067 


10 


1935 


20 


3632 


30 


5288 



CONDENSATION OF STEAM IN BARE IRON PIPES. 

Steam pressure=100 lbs. gauge, surrounding air at 62° F. 
Steam temperature = 338° Fahr. 



s, 


isf^: 


K 


^Sf^ 


^ 


|S:S 


K 


ISfi 


-^^• 


fe^ 


T^^oi 




^(^ • 


S:^^ 


^^- 


^^^ 


















.H°-c 


fifej 


c o^ 


flfej 


.So^ 


flfeJ 


c o^ 


fl^J 


5 ^H O 


i3^ 




fl t« o 

§3^ 






a <u fl 
^a.a 


ri VI O 


Q 


c^.sa 


Q 


c?5.S a 


Q 


^.a^ 


Q 


u^.BK 


IK 


0.48 


6 


1.39 


12 


2.61 


22 


4.51 


2'- 


0.56 


7 


1.62 


14 


3.02 


24 


4.87 


3 


0.79 


8 


1.80 


16 


3.38 


26 


5.27 


4 


0.99 


9 


1.98 


18 


3.78 


28 


5.63 


5 


1.22 


10 


2.21 


20 


4.15 


30 


6.04 



^!Ct 



O^ 



^ 



150 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



^ 



CONDENSATION OF STEAM IN COVERED 
IRON PIPES. 

Corresponding to a percentage of that in a bare pipe 
varying from 15 per cent, for a 30-inch pipe to 19 for a 
13^ inch pipe, which approximates to what may be ex- 
pected in practice from the application of the best com- 
mercial pipe coverings. 

Steam pressure =100 lbs. gauge, surrounding air at 62° F. 
Steam temperature = 338° Fahr. 





1^5 


1^1 
















Sic 


Q-*^ 
U .0 


CTJ 


a-' 




Cu^ 


Q 


^.S^ 


Q 


u5.sa 


Q 


^at. 


Q 


a5.SS. 


IK 


0.09 


6 


0.22 


12 


0.40 


22 


0.68 


2 


0.10 


7 


0.25 


14 


0.46 


24 


0.73 


3 


0.13 


8 


0.28 


16 


0.51 


26 


0.79 


4 


0.16 


9 


0.30 


18 


0.57 


28 


0.84 


5 


0.19 


10 


0.34 


20 


0.63 


30 


0.90 



Example, — Find the saving resulting from covering an 
8-inch steam pipe that is 120 feet long. 
Condensation in bare pipe = 1.80x120 =216.0 lbs. per hr. 
"covered" =0.28x120=33.6 " " " 



Saving of steam effected by covering = 182.4 " " " 
Which on a 10-hour basis would amount to an annual 
saving of about 550,000 pounds of steam. Assuming 
that one lb. of coal evaporates, under actual conditions, 
9 lbs. of water, the saving of fuel in this case resulting 
from the application of a good commercial pipe covering, 
would amount to about 60,000 lbs. of coal, or 30 short 
tons per annum. At two, three and four dollars per ton 
for fuel this would amount to an annual saving of |60.00, 
190.00 and |120.00 respectively. 



^fec 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 151 

Since the steam carrying capacity of a pipe of this 
size, as ordinarily installed for power purposes, would be 
about 24,000 lbs. of steam per hour, the above saving 
would represent about 3^ of one per cent, of its carrying 
capacity. 

Where fuel is inexpensive and the steam pipes are 
short, the net saving due to covering the pipes is, of 
course, insignificant; but even in this case, especially in 
confined situations, the pipes should be ordinarily cov- 
ered in order to make the temperature of the space near 
them less unendurable to workmen and others, in warm 
weather. 



POWER OF ENGINES AND BOILERS, 

"Workt in the mechanical sense, is the overcoming of 
resistance through space, and is measured by the amount 
of the resistance multiplied by the distance through 
which it is overcome. 

The unit of work, in Great Britain and the United 
States, is the foot-pound, which is an amount of energy 
equivalent to the lifting of one pound through a height 
of one foot . 

The unit of rate of doing work is a quantity of work 
equivalent to the doing of 33,000 foot-pounds in one min- 
ute, and is called a horse-power. This is a mechanical 
horse-power, and should not be confused with the boiler 
horse-power, which is based upon the evaporation of a 
stated quantity of water under certain stated conditions. 

The indicated horse-power of a steam engine is the 
horse-power developed by the steam in the cylinder and 
delivered to the piston. In a double acting single cylin- 

plan . 
der engine, the indicated horse-power = go qqq ' m which 

^ = the mean effective pressure in lbs. per sq. in., as ob- 
tained from the indicator card, / = length of stroke in 
feet, a = area of piston in sq. inches and «= number of 
working strokes per minute. If the engine has more 
than one cylinder compute the power of each and take 



™ 152 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. ^ 



the sum. If great accuracy is desired the area of cross- 
section of piston rod should be deducted from the piston 
area for the crank end, and the powers of the two ends 
computed separately, since the mean effective pressures 
of the two ends will not ordinarily be found to be exactly 
the same. For single acting engines substitute for « 
the number of working strokes only. 

Net or brake horse-power of an engine is the horse- 
power delivered by the engine from its shaft, by belt or 
otherwise. It may be obtained from the indicated horse- 
power by multiplying by the mechanical efficiency: For 
example, an engine indicating 300 H.P., with a mechan- 
ical efficiency of 88 per cent., would have a net or brake 
horse-power = 300 X 0.88=264. 

The unit of evaporation is the number of B.T.U. neces- 
sary to convert one pound of water at 212°F. into steam 
of the same temperature, and is therefore equal to 965.7 
B.T.U. , the latent heat of one pound of steam at atmos- 
pheric pressure. 

Boiler Horse-power. A Committee of the American So- 
ciety of Mechanical Engineers recommended the unit of 
boiler power known as the "Centennial Standard," and 
this is now generally accepted. They advised that the 
commercial horse-power be taken as an evaporation of 30 
pounds of water per hour from a feed water temperature 
of 100°Fahr. into steam at 70 pounds per square inch 
gauge pressure. This is equivalent to 843^ units of 
evaporation, that is, to 34i^ pounds of water evaporated 
from a feed water temperature of 212° Fahr. into steam 
at the same temperature. This " Centennial Standard " 
unit is equivalent to 33,305 British thermal units per hour. 

It was the opinion of this Committee that a boiler 
rated at any stated power should be capable of developing 
that power with easy firing, moderate draught, and ordi- 
nary fuel, while exhibiting good economy; and, at times, 
when maximum economy is not the most important ob- 
ject to be attained, at least one-third more than its rated 
power to meet emergencies. 

^ gv 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY, 153 

Example,— A battery of boilers evaporate 20,000 lbs. of 
feed-water per hour, the temperature of feed-water being 
40°F., and the gauge pressure 100 lbs. per sq. in. Find 
the equivalent evapofation ffom and at 2J2'^F«; also the 
commercial hofse-powef. 

The factor of evaporation, from 40°F. and at 100 lbs. 
gauge, is (see table of factors of evaporation) 1.219. 
Therefore the equivalent evapofation from and at 2J2° — 
20,000 X 1.219 = 24,380 lbs. per hr. 

Since one commercial horse-power is equivalent to the 
evaporation of 34.5 lbs. of water per hour, from and at 
212°, the commercial horse-power = 24,380^34.5 = 707. 

In the above example the steam is assumed to be dry 
and saturated. In case it is not a correction must be 
made. 

1. Assume that the steam contains 2 per cent, of mois- 
ture. Of the 20,000 lbs. of feed -water, then, 98 per cent, 
or 19,600 lbs. will be evaporated and the remaining 400 
lbs. will pass from the boiler as water at the temperature 
of the steam. Each pound of this water will carry away 
from the boiler an amount of heat necessary to raise its 
temperature from 40°F., the temperature of the feed- 
water, to 337°, the temperature of the steam, or 296 B.T.U. 
per lb. of entrained water. Had the entrained water 
been evaporated each pound would have carried away an 
additional amount equal to its latent heat at boiler pres- 
sure, or 876 B.T.U. per lb., or 876 X 400 = 350,400 B.T.U. 
per hour, for the total amount of entrained water. Un- 
der the assumed conditions, then, the boiler imparts 
350,400 heat units less to the feed- water per hour than 
would have been the case had there been no entrained 
water; that is, its capacity is less by 350,400^33,305 (the 
heat equivalent of a boiler H.P.) = 10.5 horse-power. The 
actual commercial horse-power of the boiler then =707 — 
10.5 = 696.5. 

2. Assume that the steam is superheated 20 degrees; 
that is, to a temperature of 337° + 20° = 357° F. Then the 
additional heat imparted to each pound of feed- water 
over that necessary to generate dry saturated steam is 
20° X 0.48 (the specific heat of steam) = 9.6 heat units per 
lb. , or 9.6 X 20,000 = 192,000 per hr. , or 192.000-f-33,305 = 
5.8 horse-power. The actual horse-power of boiler then 
= 707 + 5.8 = 712.8. 

^ 1 gv 



154 


NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 




Hofse-powcf per Pound Mean Effective Pressttre, 




Formu 


1^ Area in sq. in. X piston-speed 




83,000 






SPEED OF PISTON IN FEET PER MINUTE. 


U 
4 


100 

.0381 


200 


300 


m 


500 


600 


700 


800 


900 


.0762 


.1142 


.1523 


.1904 


.2285 


.2666 


.3046 


.3427 


4J^ 


.0482 


.0964 


.1446 


.1928 


.2410 


.2892 


.3374 


.3856 


.4338 


5 


.0595 


.1190 


.1785 


.2380 


.2975 


.3570 


.4165 


.4760 


.5355 


5J^ 


.0720 


.1440 


.2160 


.2880 


.3600 


.4320 


.5040 


.5760 


.6480 


6 


.0857 


.1714 


.2570 


.3427 


.4284 


.5141 


.5998 


.6854 


.7711 


61^ 


.1006 


.2011 


.3017 


.4022 


.5028 


.6033 


.7039 


.8044 


.9050 


7 


.1166 


.233-2 


.3499 


.4665 


.5831 


.6997 


.8163 


.9330 


1.0496 


71^ 


.1339 


.2678 


.4016 


.5355 


.6694 


.8033 


.9371 


1.0710 


1.2049 


8 


.1523 


.3046 


.4570 


.6093 


.7616 


.9139 


1.0662 


1.2186 


1.3709 


8^ 


.1720 


.3439 


.5159 


.6878 


.8598 


1.0317 


1.2037 


1.3756 


1.5476 


9 


.1928 


.3856 


.5783 


.7711 


.9639 


1.1567 


1.3495 


1.5422 


1.7350 


9J/a 


.2148 


.4296 


.6444 


.8592 


1.0740 


1.2888 


1.5036 


1.7184 


1.9532 


10 


.2380 


.4760 


.7140 


.9520 


1.1900 


1.4280 


1.6660 


1.9040 


2.1420 


11 


.2880 


.5760 


.8639 


1.1519 


1.4399 


1.7279 


2.0159 


2.3038 


2.5818 


12 


.3427 


.6854 


1.0282 


1.3709 


1.7136 


2.0563 


2.3990 


2.7418 


3.0845 


13 


.4022 


.8044 


1.2067 


1.6089 


2.0111 


2.4133 


2.8155 


3.2178 


3.6200 


14 


.4665 


.9330 


1.3994 


1.8659 


2.3324 


2.7989 


3.2654 


3.7318 


4.1983 


15 


.5355 


1.0710 


1.6065 


2.1420 


2.6775 


3.2130 


3.7485 


4.2840 


4.8195 


16 


.6093 


1.2186 


1.8278 


2.4371 


3.0464 


3.6557 


4.2650 


4.8742 


5.4835 


17 


.6878 


1.2756 


1.9635 


2.6513 


3.3391 


4.0269 


4.6147 


5.4026 


6.1904 


18 


.7711 


1.5422 


2.3134 


3.0845 


3.8556 


4.6267 


5.3978 


6.1690 


6.9401 


19 


.8592 


1.7184 


2.5775 


3.4367 


4.2959 


5.1551 


6.0143 


6.8734 


7.7326 


20 


.9520 


1.9040 


2.8560 


3.8080 


4.7600 


5.7120 


6.6640 


7.6160 


8.5680 


21 


1.0496 


2.0992 


3.1488 


4.1983 


5.2479 


6.2975 


7.3471 


8.3966 


9.4462 


22 


1.1519 


2.3038 


3.4558 


4.6077 


5.7596 


6.9115 


8.0634 


9.2154 


10.367 


23 


1.2590 


2.5180 


3.7771 


5.0361 


6.2951 


7.5541 


8.8131 


10.072 


11.331 


24 


1.3709 


2.7418 


4.1126 


5.4835 


6.8544 


8.2253 


9.5962 


10.967 


12.338 


25 


1.4875 


2.9750 


4.4625 


5.9500 


7.4375 


8.9250 


10.413 


11.900 


13.388 


26 


1.6089 


3.2178 


4.8266 


6.4355 


8.0444 


9.6534 


11.262 


12.871 


14.480 


27 


1.7350 


3.4700 


5.2051 


6.9401 


8.6751 


10.410 


12.145 


13.880 


15.615 


28 


1.8659 


3.7318 


5.5978 


7.4637 


9.3296 


11.196 


13.061 


14.927 


16.793 


29 


2.0016 


4.0032 


6.0047 


8.0063 


10.008 


12.009 


14.011 


16.013 


18.014 


30 


2.1420 


4.2840 


6.4260 


8.5680 


10.710 


12.852 


14.994 


17.136 


19.278 


32 


^AS71 


4.8742 


7.3114 


9.7485 


12.186 


14.623 


17.060 


14.497 


21.934 


34 


2.7513 


5.5026 


8.2538 


11.005 


13.756 


16.508 


19.259 


22.010 


24.762 


36 


3.0845 


6.1690 


9.2534 


12.338 


15.422 


18.507 


21.591 


24.676 


27.760 


38 


3.4367 


6.8734 


10.310 


13.747 


17.184 


20.620 


24.057 


27.494 


30.930 


40 


3.8080 


7.6160 


11.424 


15.232 


19.040 


22.848 


26.656 


30.464 


34.272 


42 


4.1983 


8.3866 


12.585 


16.783 


20.982 


25.180 


29.378 


33.577 


37.775 


44 


4.6077 


9.2154 


13.823 


18.431 


23.038 


27.646 


32.254 


36.861 


41.469 


46 


5.0361 


10.072 


15.108 


20.144 


25.180 


30.216 


35.253 


40.289 


45.325 


48 


5.4835 


10.967 


16.451 


21.934 


27.418 


32.901 


38.385 


43.868 


49.352 


50 


5.9500 


11.900 


17.850 


23.800 


29.750 


35.700 


41.650 


47.600 


53.550 


52 


3.4355 


12.871 


19.307 


25.742 


32.178 


38.613 


45.049 


51.484 


57.920 


54 


3.9401 


13.880 


20.820 


27.760 


34.700 


41.640 


48.581 


55.521 


62.461 


56 


?.4637 


14.927 22.391 


29.855 


37.318 


44.782 


52.246 


59.709 


67.173 


68 


3.0063 


16.013 24.019 


32.025 


40.032 


48.038 


56.044 64.051 


72.057 


60 


3.5680 


17.136 25.704 


34.272 


42.840 


51.408 


59.976 68.544 


77.112 


TJ^^ ^ 




















U^ 



^ u^ 


NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 156 


plan 
The indicated horse-power of an engine equalsoo aaa 


« X/«X/_area of piston X piston speedy ^ .„ ^^^.^^ ^_ 


33,000 33,000 


^' 


mean effective pressure in lbs. per sq. in.; /= length of 


stroke in ft.; a = effective area of piston in sq. in.; and 


« = number of impulse strokes per minute. 


The piston speed for a single acting, double acting or 


a multiple cylinder engine = the length of stroke in ft. X 


number of impulse strokes per minute. 


FEED-WATER HEATERS.- (kent). 


Percentage of Saving for Each Degree of Increase in Tem- 


perature of Feed-"watef Heated by Waste Steam. 


Initial 
Temp. 

of 
Feed. 


Pressure of Steam in Boiler, lbs. per sq. in. above 1 
Atmosphere. 1 





20 


40 


60 


80 


100 


120 


140 


160 


180 


200 


32» 


.0872 


.0861 


.0855 


.0851 


.0847 


.0844 


.0841 


.0839 


.0837 


.0835 


.0833 


40 


.0878 


.0867 


.0861 


.08.56 


,08.53 


.08.50 


.0847 


.0845 


.0843 


.0841 


.0839 


50 


.0886 


.0875 


.0868 


.0864 


.0860 


.0857 


.0854 


.08.52 


,08.50 


.0848 


.0846 


60 


.0894 


.0883 


.0876 


.0872 


.0867 


.0864 


.0862 


.0859 


.0856 


.08.55 


.0853 


70 


.0902 


.0890 


.0884 


.0879 


.0875 


.0872 


.0869 


.0867 


.0864 


.0862 


.0860 


80 


.0910 


.0898 


.0891 


.0887 


.0883 


.0879 


.0877 


.0874 


,0872 


,0870 


.0868 


90 


.0919 


.0907 


.0900 


.0895 


.0888 


.0887 


.0884 


.0883 


,0879 


.0877 


.0875 


100 


.0927 


.0915 


.0908 


.0903 


.0899 


.0895 


.0892 


.0890 


.0887 


.0885 


.0883 


110 


.0936 


.0923 


,0916 


.0911 


,0907 


.0903 


.0900 


,0898 


.0895 


.0893 


.0891 


120 


.0945 


.0932 


.0925 


.0919 


.0915 


.0911 


,0908 


.0906 


.0903 


.0901 


.0899 


130 


.0954 


.0941 


.0934 


.0928 


.0924 


.0920 


.0917 


.0914 


.0912 


.0909 


.0907 


140 


.0963 


.09.50 


.0943 


.093V 


.0932 


.0929 


.0925 


.0923 


.0920 


.0918 


.0916 


150 


.0973 


.0959 


.0951 


.0946 


.0941 


.0937 


.0934 


.0931 


.0929 


.0926 


.0924 


160 


.0982 


.0968 


.0961 


.0955 


.0950 


.0946 


.0943 


.0940 


.0937 


.0935 


0933 


170 


.0992 


.0978 


.0970 


.0964 


.0959 


.0955 


.0952 


.0949 


.0946 


.0944 


.0941 


180 


.1002 


.0988 


.0981 


.0973 


.0969 


.0965 


.0961 


.09.58 


,0955 


.0953 


.0951 


190 


.1012 


.0998 


.0989 


.0983 


.0978 


.0974 


.0971 


.0968 


.0964 


.0962 


.0960 


200 


.1022 


.1008 


.0999 


.0993 


.0988 


.0984 


.0980 


.0977 


.0974 


.0972 


.0969 


210 


.1033 


.1018 


.1009 


.1003 


.0998 


.0994 


.0990 


.0987 


.0984 


.0981 


.0979 


220 




.1029 


.1019 


.1013 


.1008 


.1004 


.1000 


.0997 


.0994 


.0991 


.0989 


230 




.1039 


.1031 


.1024 


.1018 


.1012 


.1010 


.1007 


.1003 


.1001 


.0999 


240 




.1050 


.1041 


.1034 


.1029 


.1024 


.1020 


.1017 


.1014 


.1011 


.1009 


250 




.1062 


.1052 


.1045 


.1040 


.1035 


.1031 


.1027 


.1025 


.1022 


.1019 





156 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



1 



An approximate rule for the conditions of ordinary 
practice is: A saving of 1% is made by each increase of 11° 
in the temperature of the feed-water. This corresponds 
to 0.0909 per cent, for each degree. 

The calculation of saving is made as follows : Let 

total heat of 1 lb. of steam at the boiler-pressure = //" ; 

total heat of 1 lb. of feed-water before entering the heater 

— h^, and after passing through the heater — h^\ then 

h<^ — h-^ 
the saving made by the heater is w k - 

Example* — Given boiler pressure = 100 lbs. gauge; feed 
water temperature, original =:60°F. and final = 209°F. ; to 
find the percentage of saving resulting from heating the 
feed-water. From the table of properties of saturated 
steam we find //= 1185 B.T.U.; /zi" = 60— 32 = 28 B.T.U.; 
^^^209 — 32==177B.T.U. 

Then the saving by heater = ^~f^ = ^J^ ~ H = 12.9 

/i — n. 1185 — 2o 

per cent. 

To solve by table look in column of steam pressures 
headed " lOo" and opposite to 60° in first column read 
0.0864, which multiplied by (209—60 = 149) the increase 
of temperature of feed-water, gives 12.9 per cent., as 
before. 



^ r >v 



^^~i 








\ 






NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 157 f 




Safe Woffcing Pressures in Cylindrical Shells of Boilers, 




Tanks, Pipes, etc,, in Pounds per Square Inch. 






(KENTS POCKET BOOK). 






Ivongitudinal seams double-riveted. 




(Calculated from formula P = 14 000 X thickness -^ | 






diameter.) 




ill 

cj®'-' 


DIAMETER IN INCHES. 




24 


30 
29.2 


36 
24.3 


38 
23.0 


40 
21.9 


42 
20.8 


44 
I979 


46 
19.0 


48 
18.2 


50 
17.5 


52 

16.8 




1 


36.5 




2 


72.9 


58.3 


48.6 


46.1 


43.8 


41.7 


39.8 


38.0 


36.5 


35.0 


33.7 




3 


109.4 


87,5 


72,9 


69.1 


65.6 


62.5 


59.7 


57.1 


.54.7 


52.5 


50.5 




4 


145.8 


116,7 


97.2 


92.1 


87.5 


83.3 


79.5 


76.1 


72.9 


70.0 


67.3 




5 


182,3 


145.8 


121.5 


115.1 


109.4 


104.2 


99.4 


95.1 


91.1 


87.5 


84.1 




6 


218.7 


175.0 


145.8 


138.2 


131.3 


125.0 


119.3 


114.1 


109.4 


105.0 


101.0 




7 


255.2 


204.1 


170,1 


161.2 


153.1 


145.9 


139.2 


133.2 


127.6 


122.5 


117.8 




8 


291.7 


233.3 


194.4 


184.2 


175.0 


166.7 


159.1 


152.2 


145.8 


140.0 


134.6 




9 


328.1 


262.5 


218.8 


207.2 


196.9 


187.5 


179.0 


171.2 


164.1 


157.5 


151.4 




10 


364.6 


291.7 


243.1 


230.3 


218.8 


208.3 


198.9 


190.2 


182.3 


175.0 


168.3 




11 


401,0 


320 8 


267.4 


253.3 


240.6 


229.2 


218.7 


209.2 


200.5 


192.5 


185.1 




12 


437.5 


350,0 


291.7 


276.3 


262.5 


250.0 


238.6 


228.3 


218.7 


210.0 


201.9 




13 


473.9 


379,2 


316.0 


299.3 


284.4 


270.9 


258.5 


247.3 


237.0 


227.5 


218.8 




14 


410.4 


408,3 


340.3 


322.4 


306.3 


291.7 


278.4 


266.3 


255.2 


245.0 


235.6 




15 


546.9 


437 5 


364.6 


345.4 


328.1 


312.5 


298.3 


285.3 


273.4 


266.5 


252.4 




16 


583.3 466.7 


388.9 


368.4 


350.0 


333.3 


318.2 


304.4 


291.7 


280.0 269.2 | 




S "5 o 


DIAMETER IN INCHES. 1 




54 


60 


66 


72 


78 


84 


90 


96 


102 


108 


120 




h.S"* 






13.3 


12.2 


11.2 


10.4 


9.7 


9.1 


8.6 


8.1 


7.3 




1 


16,2 


14 6 




2 


32.4 


29.2 


26.5 


24.3 


22.4 


20.8 


19.4 


18.2 


17.2 


16.2 


14.6 




3 


48.6 


43.7 


39.8 


36.5 


33.7 


31.3 


29.2 


27.3 


25.7 


24.3 


21.9 




4 


64.f= 


58.3 


53.0 


48.6 


44.9 


41.7 


38.9 


36.5 


34.3 


32.4 


29.2 




5 


81.0 


72.9 


66. a 


60.(5 


56.1 


52.1 


48.6 


45.6 


42.9 


40.5 


36.5 




6 


97.2 


87.5 


79.5 


72.9 


67.3 


62.5 


58.3 


54.7 


51.5 


48.6 


43.8 




7 


113.4 


102.1 


92.8 


85.1 


78.5 


72.9 


68.1 


63. e 


60.C 


56.7 


51.0 




8 


129.6 


116.7 


106.1 


97.2 


89.7 


83. S 


77.e 


72.S 


68.6 


64.iJ 


58.3 




9 


145.8 


131 .2 


119.? 


109.4 


101. f 


93. f" 


87.5 


82. C 


77.2 


72. tJ 


65.6 




10 


162.0 


145. f 


132.6 


121.5 


112.2 


104.2 


97.2 


91.1 


85.e 


81. C 


72.9 




11 


178.2 


160.4 


145.^ 


133.7 


123.4 


114.6 


106. £ 


100.? 


94.4 


89.1 


80.2 




12 


194.< 


175. f 


159.1 


145. H 


134.6 


125. f 


116.7 


109.4 


102.4 


97.2 


87.5 




13 


210.7 


189.6 


172.^ 


1.58.0 


145.8 


135.4 


126.4 


118.5 


111.5 


105.? 


94.8 




14 


226. { 


204.2 


185,6 


170.1 


1.57.1 


145.8 


136.1 


127.6 


120.] 


113.4 


102.1 




15 


243,1 


218.7 


198.9 


182.3 


168. f 


156. f 


145. f 


136.7 


128.7 


121.6 


109.4 




16 


259.3 


233. 3I212. 11194.^ 


179.5 


166. 71 155. 6 


145.8 


137.3 


129.6 


116.7 




1 


V 









™ 158 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. ^ 

The preceding table has been computed for externally- 
fired boilers, with longitudinal seams double-riveted and 
having an efficiency of 0.7. A factor of safety of 5.5 has 
been assumed for steel of 55,000 lbs. tensile strength. 



SIZES OF CHIMNEYS FOR STEAM BOILERS. 

BY WILLIAM KENT, M. E. 

The accompanying tabe of sizes of chimneys for various 
horse powers of boilers is based on the following data: 

1. The draught power of the chimney varies as the 
square root of the height. 

2. The retarding of the ascending gases by friction 
may be considered as equivalent to a diminution of the 
area of the chimney, or to a lining of the chimney by a 
layer of gas which has no velocity. The thickness of 
this lining is assumed to be two inches for all chimneys, 
or the diminution of area eqwal to the perimeter X two 
inches (neglecting the overlapping of the corners of the 
lining). Expressed algebraically, let Z) = diameter, A = 
area, ^:= effective area. 



8Z) 2|/^ 



For square chimneys, £ = £>^ 

For round chimneys, £=7r(n^—^ )= ^—0.592 ^^^ 

For simplifying calculations, the coefficient oi \/ A 
may be taken as 0.6 for both square and round chimneys, 
and the formula becomes 

B=A — O.Q V~^- 

3. The power varies directly as this effective area £. 

4. A chimney 80 feet high, 42 inches diameter, has 
been found to be sufficient to cause a rate of combustion 

^ 1 • B^ 



^ NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 159 ^ 



of 120 pounds of coal per hour per square foot of area of 
chimney, or if the grate area is to the chimney area as 8 
to 1, a combustion of 15 pounds of coal per square foot 
of grate per hour. This is fair practice for a boiler of 
modern type, in which flues, or tubes are of moderate 
diameter, gas passages circuitous, and heating surface 
extensive in proportion to rate of combustion, so as to 
cool the chimney gases to 400° or 500° Fahr. and produce 
high economy. 

5. A chimney should be proportioned so as to be capa- 
ble of giving sufficient draught to cause the boiler to de- 
velop much more than its rated power, in case of emerg- 
encies, or to cause the combustion of 5 pounds of fuel 
per rated horse-power of boiler per hour. 

Conditions 4 and 5 being assumed, the 80 feet X 43 in- 
ches chimney, 9.62 square feet area, will cause the com- 
bustion of 9.62 X 120 = 1154,4 pounds of coal per hour, or 
at 5 pounds of coal per horse-power per hour, is rightly 
proportioned for 231 horse-power of boilers. 

The power of the chimney varying directly as the ef- 
fective area, E, and as the square root of the height, A, 
the formula for horse-power of boiler for a given size of 
chimney will take the form, — 

HP. = CE ^ hy in which C is a constant. 

For the 80' X 42" chimney,— 

E = ^—0.6 ^~A = 7.76 square feet. 

4/"^=: 8.944 feet. 
Substituting these values in the formula it becomes — 
231 = C X 7.76 X 8.944, 
whence C= 3.33, 



^55!r 



•^ 



160 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 

and the formula for horse- power is 

HP. = 3.33 E \/ir, or, HP. = 3.33 (^—0.6 j/^) \^ir. 

If the horse-power of boiler is given, to find the size of 
chimney, the height being assumed, 

0.3 HP. 

\/ h 

For round chimneys, diameter of chimney = Diam. 
of ^ + 4". 



For square chimneys, side of chimney — \ E-\-^'. 

In the formulae and table no account has been taken of 
the difference which is believed by some authorities to 
exist in the efficiencies of round and square chimneys of 
equal area, nor of the differences of friction and of rate 
of cooling of the gases in iron and in brick chimneys. 
Should experimental data of these differences, or of the 
effect of infiltration of air into brick chimneys, be ob- 
tained in future, the formulae and table may be corrected 
accordingly. 



^ 



35^ 



^^ ^ 

NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 161 j" 




1 


0) tn 


















lis2-l 










2S§?S;g5Sg?J§S^^S§Sg^§^55So| 


id 




O 






0) 












• 


- 






: :»OOCOCOOQOOiO 


i^ 






















: isiSiiiii 










^ 














(U 




<JJ 
























T5 




8 














:SSc§oSo«So 


a 




0) 
















:$2S^§§5^^g?« 


g 




3 
^ 
















; : I ,-(th01> cot- OSGOOD 


3 




























g 


C4 

w 
o 












M3 


t 


o 

O 


H 














1 


J2 










595 
748 
918 
1105 
1310 
1531 
1770 
2027 
2300 
2592 
2900 
3226 


1 


W 
W 
















.2* 










'. '. !0 


Ssii|||i|||ii 


II 


2 


^ 


o 

o 








. . .SO 


3 

s 
a 










:^u:i0505COOJCOT*<l>^COW^O . • 


Yr, 




g 










o 






igslgililiis : i i i i i 


1 














<4-l 


FOR 

ENT.) 

sumin 


o 


^ 






: ^^ : : . . . . 


o 








.:::::: 


fc 


^ 


o 








•S5 


^^< 


o 

h 
O 

3 




w 
J 






> 










w 


1 . 


§ 


< 


'. :oq82^i2§^ots1ot 






6a 


i 


> 
> 




u 

w 








3 


§ 


§?^SS8||||S^ : : 




: : : i i • i 










::::.:' 


00 


d 
1 




o 


o 


'c5^gg|||g| 








u 

0) 

3 












CO 




S 










. : : : : : : : 




• 










11 




g 




^JS^SS : : : 








^ 




















o 




0, II l"^ 

.s n^ > J 


^^ggS^^SS^S^S§^^SS§5§gS§^ 




1 

o 


•^•cicicc-^wot-ocooowg^ooggigw 


73 

a 

o 




•^j -bs 


^5!^gSSSggSSiSg^^2^S^^§38S 


^3-r- 




•F^3-iV 


^««;«;^-Wt-QOO.CJ|0 05g5»«Q0^05ggOg 


fe 


•S9q9UI 

j9;9iiiBia 


SS^giSSiS§^^SSS^gS8§||5| 



164 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



AIR. 



Air consists of a mechanical mixture of the two gases 
oxygen and nitrogen in the ratio of 20.7 parts of the 
former to 79.3 of the latter by volume, and 23 of the for- 
mer to 77 of the latter by weight. In its natural state it 
contains small quantities of various substances, such as 
moisture, carbon dioxide, COg, the lately discovered ele- 
ment argon, etc. 

The weight of dry air at 32^F. and atmospheric pressure 
(14.7 lbs. per sq. in.) is 0.0807 lbs. per cu. ft.; from which 
the volume of one pound =12.4 cu. ft. At other tem- 
peratures and pressures its weight in lbs. per cu. ft. is 
W=\^^, in which ^= reading of barometer in inches 

459. --i+t ^ 

and i!=: temperature F. 

The absolute ^ero of temperature, on the Fahr. scale is 
492° below 32°, or— 460°F. 

The absolute temperature then is obtained by adding 
460° to the temperature as read from the Fahr. scale. 
Thus 60°F. = 60° + 460^ =520° absolute; and— 20°F.= 
— 20°+460°=440° absolute. 

Mechanical equivalent of heat.— Heat energy and me- 
chanical energy are mutually convertible, that is, a unit 
of heat requires for its production, and produces by its 
disappearance, a definite amount of mechanical energy, 
namely, 778 foot-pounds of work for each British ther- 
mal unit. 

Boyle's law states that the product of the pressure and 
volume of a portion of gas is constant so long as the 
temperature is constant, that is, pv=c, in which ^=pres- 
sure in lbs. per sq. ft. and 27=volume in cu. ft. For air 
at 32° F,, this constant quantity is 26,200 foot-pounds, or 
/^z'=26,200 ft. lbs. 

Charles' and Gay Lussac's law states that when the pres- 
sure is constant all gases expand alike for the same in- 
L- crease of temperature. The amount of this expansion 

^ ^ 



a NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 165 J 



between 32° and 212°F, is 0.365 of the original volume: 
and for each degree it equals 0.365-^180=0.00203. Simi- 
liarly, when the volume remains constant the pressure 
varies in the above ratio. 

Combining Boyle's and Charles* laws we see that the pro- 
duct of the pressure and volume of a portion of gas is 
proportional to the absolute temperature. Thus, 4— — 
X, in which p and P-^ ^absolute pressures (that is pres- 
sures above a vacuum) in lbs. per sq. ft.; v and 27i=vol- 
umes in cu. ft.; 7" and 7\=absolute temperatures. 

Transforming the above equation and substituting 32 
for T^ and 26,200 iorp^v^, we get 

p^v^. 
pv=. r=53.2 T. 



The specific heat of a gas is the quantity of heat, in heat 
units, necessary to raise the temperature of one pound of 
the gas through one degree of temperature. 

The specific heat of air at constant pressure is c =0.238 
and at constant volume is c^ =0.169 British thermal unit. 

Adiabatic expansion of compfession of a gas means that 
the gas is expanded or compressed without transmission 
of heat to or from the gas. This would be the case were 
the expansion or compression to take place in an abso- 
lutely non-conducting cylinder, in which case the tem- 
perature, pressure and volume would vary as indicated 
by the following formulae. 

Y^./'MO-^l. P2_('XiV-41- l2_/XiWl- 

Vi-Vp2>' • ^-^^J ' Ti-Vv2>' • 

V2_/TA2.46. P2_/TA3.46. T2_/P2\0.29. 

vi \tJ ' Pi-^T/ • Ti Vpy • 

in which p^, Vj and Ti=initial absolute pressure, vol- 
ume and absolute temperature and pg, Vg and T3= final 
absolute pressure, volume and absolute temperature of 
the gas. 






NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



Tabic for Adiabitic Compfession or Expansion of Air. 

(Proc, Inst. M. E., Jan. 1881, p. 123.) 



Absolute Pressure. 


Absolute 
Temperature. 


Volume. 


P2 


Pi 


T, 


T, 


Vi 


V, 


P. 


P. 


T, 


T7 


V, 


V. 


1.2 


8.33 


1.054 


.948 


1.138 


8.79 


1.4 


7.14 


1.102 


.907 


1.270 


.788 


1.6 


.625 


1.146 


.873 


1.396 


.716 


1.8 


.556 


1.186 


.843 


1.518 


.659 


2.0 


.500 


1.222 


.818 


1.636 


.611 


2.2 


.454 


1.257 


.796 


1.750 


.571 


2.4 


.417 


1.289 


.776 


1.862 


.537 


2.6 


.385 


1.319 


.758 


1.971 


.507 


2.8 


.357 


1.348 


.742 


2.077 


.481 


3.0 


.333 


1.375 


.727 


2.182 


.458 


3.2 


.312 


1.401 


.714 


2.284 


.438 


3.4 


.294 


1.426 


.701 


2.384 


.419 


3.6 


.278 


1.450 


.690 


2.483 


.403 


3.8 


.263 


1.473 


.679 


2.580 


.388 


4.0 


.250 


1.495 


.669 


2.676 


.374 


4.2 


.238 


1.516 


.660 


2.770 


.361 


4.4 


.227 


1.537 


.651 


2.863 


.349 


4.6 


.217 


1.557 


.642 


2.955 


.338 


4.8 


.208 


1.576 


.635 


3.046 


.328 


5.0 


.200 


1.595 


.627 


3.135 


.319 


6.0 


.167 


1.681 


.595 


3.569 


.280 


7.0 


.143 


1.758 


.569 


3.981 


.251 


8.0 


.125 


1.828 


.547 


4.377 


.228 


9.0 


.111 


1.891 


.529 


4.759 


.210 


10.0 


.100 


1.950 


.513 


5.129 


.195 



"Work of adiabatic compression of aif . — If air is compressed 
from a volume Vj and pressure p^ to a volume Vg and 
pressure ps, in a non-conducting cylinder without clear- 
ance, the work involved in delivering one pound is as 
follows: 

Work of compression = 2.46 pi Vj I (^) " — ij = 
3.46p,v,[(g)0-29_i]. 



^ 



f 



ri NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 167 ^ 

Work of expulsion = pgVg = PiVi (^) ^'^^ • 

Total work is the sum of the work of compression and 
expulsion less the work, piVj, of the atmosphere done on 
the piston during admission, or 

Total work = 3.46 p^Vi ["(P-^j^^-^^-l] . 

The mean effective pressure equals the total work -^ the 
initial volume, v^, or 

3.46 p, [if) »-^»->]. 

Isothermal expansion or compression of a gas means that 
the gas is expanded or compressed with the addition or 
rejection of sufificient heat to maintain the temperature 
constant. In this case, the temperature being constant, 
the pressure and volume will vary according to Boyle's 
law, namely 

pv=C, 

in which ^=:absolute pressure in lbs. per sq. ft., z/= vol- 
ume in cu. ft., and C=a. constant depending upon the 
temperature. For a temperature of 33°F, this constant 
is 26,200 ft. lbs., and for isothermals corresponding to 
other temperatures it may be found from the formula 
C=53.2 T, in which 2"= the absolute temperature of the 
isothermal. 

Work of isothermal compression of air. — If air is com- 
pressed from a volume v^ and pressure p^ to a volume Vg 
and pressure pg, in a cylinder without clearance, in such 
manner as to keep the temperature constant, the work 
involved in delivering one pound is as follows: 

Work of compression = PiV^ log Xi. 

Work of expulsion = PgVg = piV^. 

The total work then is the sum of the work of com- 
pression and expulsion less the work, p^v^ 
phere done on the piston during admission, or 



Total work = pi Vi log Ii + p^v^ — PiVi = pjVi 

Vg 



^ 



J 



'■I 168 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



^ 



In this formula Naperian, or hyperbolic, logarithms 
must be used. These may be obtained from the common 
logarithms by multiplying by the constant 2.303. 

The mean effective pressure equals the total work -f- 
the initial volume, Vi, or p^ log ^. 

C Vo 



Volumes Mean Pressures per Stroke, Temperatures, etc., 
in the Operation of Air-compression from from J Atmosphere 
and 60" Fahr. (F. Richards, Am. Mach., March 30, 1893.) 









.a 


S.-i 


t.:^ 


2^ 


>, a; 


UJ 


•1=^ 




1^22 


i^-o 


3.y. 




1 


'ti- 


r^l 


£££2 

"S a3 b f , 


0^ o o 
u. u ^ 




^i 


< 




1 ^2 




fl. 


1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 





1 


1 


1 








60° 


1 


1.068 


.9368 


.950 


.96 


.97 


71 


2 


1.136 


.8803 


.910 


1.87 


1.91 


80 


8 


1.204 


.8305 


.876 


^ 2.72 


2.80 


89 


4 


1.272 


.7861 


.840 


8.53 


8.67 


98 


5 


1.340 


.7462 


.810 


4.30 


4.50 


106 


10 


1.680 


.5952 


.690 


7.62 


8.27 


145 


15 


2.020 


.4950 


.606 


10.83 


11.51 


178 


20 


2.360 


.4237 


.543 


12.62 


14.40 


207 


25 


2.700 


.3703 


.494 


14.59 


17.01 


284 


30 


3.040 


.8289 


.453 


16.84 


19.40 


252 


85 


3.381 


.2957 


.420 


17.92 


21.60 


281 


40 


3.721 


.2687 


.393 


19.82 


23.66 


302 


45 


4.061 


.2462 


.370 


20.57 


25.59 


321 


50 


4.401 


.2272 


.850 


21.69 


27.39 


339 


55 


4.741 


.2109 


.381 


22.76 


29.11 


357 


60 


5.081 


.1968 


.314 


23.78 


30.75 


375 


65 


5.423 


.1844 


.301 


24.75 


32.32 


889 


70 


5.762 


.1735 


.288 


25.67 


38.83 


405 


75 


6.102 


.1639 


.276 


26.55 


85.27 


420 



^ 



J 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



f^ 



Volumes, Mean Pressures per Stroke, Temperatures, etc. 

(CONTINUED.) 





tn 


■^ 1 • 


^ 


e. -OJ- 


S -a 


<u 


1 OJ 

11 


1 

o 




•I i 


Pressu 
Stroke 
"onstan 
peratur 






^K 






1 ^ 


Mean 

Air( 
Tern 




fi 


1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


>y 


80 


6.442 


.1552 


.2670 


27.38 


36.64 


432° 


85 


6.782 


.1474 


.2566 


28.16 


37.94 


447 


90 


7.122 


.1404 


.2480 


28.89 


39.18 


459 


95 


7.462 


.1340 


.2400 


29.57 


40.40 


472 


100 


7.802 


.1281 


.2324 


30.21 


41.60 


485 


105 


8.142 


.1228 


.2254 


30.81 


42.78 


496 


110 


8.483 


.1178 


.2189 


31.39 


43.91 


507 


115 


8.823 


.1133 


.2129 


31.98 


44.98 


518 


120 


9.163 


.1091 


.2073 


32.54 


46.04 


529 


125 


9.503 


.1052 


.2020 


33.07 


47.06 


540 


130 


9.843 


.1015 


.1969 


33.57 


48.10 


550 


135 


10.183 


.0981 


.1922 


34.05 


49.10 


560 


140 


10.523 


.0950 


.1878' 


34.57 


50.02 


570 


145 


10.864 


.0921 


.1837 


35.09 


51.00 


580 


150 


11.204 


.0892 


.1796 


35.48 


51.89 


589 


160 


11.880 


.0841 


.1722 


36.29 


53.65 


607 


170 


12.560 


.0796 


.1657 


37.20 


55.39 


624 


180 


13.240 


.0755 


.1595 


37.96 


57.01 


640 


190 


13.920 


.0718 


.1540 


38.68 


58.57 


657 


200 


14.600 


.0685 


.1490 


39.42 


60.14 


672 



Combined compression of air, is compression under con- 
ditions that permit of some withdrawal of heat during 
compression, but not sufficient to keep the temperature 
of the air constant. In this case the compression curve 
lies between the isothermal and adiabatic curves, and the 
relation of pressure to volume may be expressed by the 
formula 

Pz^"" = C, 

in which p = absolute pressure in lbs, per sq. ft.; v = 
volume in cu. ft.; C = a constant; and n = an exponent 
whose value may vary from 1, that for isothermal, to 
1.41, that for adiabatic compression or expansion. 



^ 



^ 



^ 



170 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 

Work of combined compression, — If air is compressed 
from a volume v^ and pressure p^ to a volume Vg and 
pressure pg, in a cylinder without clearance, the work 
involved in delivering one pound is as follows: 

Work of compression = (P2V3 — Pi^i) = 

Vg Y Y 

53.2 (T2-T1) . 

Work of expulsion = Ps^s- 

The total work is the sum of the work of compression 
and expulsion less the work, piV^, done by the atmos- 
phere on the piston during admission, or 

V2 

Total work = (p^Vg — p^v^) \- p^Vg — p^Vj 

Vi— Vs 

== (P2V2 — PiVi) . 



^ Fl fV 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



171 



^ 



21 




\ 




















19 
18 




\ 


\ 




















\ 




\ 


















\ 


\ 




\ 














16 
15 
14 
13 

112 

1 
"^ll 




\ 


\ 




\ 


















\ 


\ 


\ 


















\ 


\ 


\ 


















\ 


\ 


\ 








1 








\ 


\ 




\ 
















\ 




°A 






1 










\ 


sX 


l\ 










^'o 








o\ 


t\ 


o\ 






, 












t 

1 


y% 


\ ^^ 


\ 


<5/ 




' 














x.\ 


\ 


-7 


w 
















^\ 


\ 


7 


















\^ 


\ , 


i^/ 




4' 












\ 


^ 




















.^ 


\ 




\ 












^^^::^ 






^ 


^ 


n\ 










^^ 




J>' 








^ 


L\ 



294.0 
279.3 
264.5 
249.9 
235.2 
220.5 
205.8 
191.1 
176.4 
161.7 
147.0 
132.3 
117.6 
102.9 

73.5 



000 



(N -™ 



Temperature Fahrenheit 



The results of air compression and expansion are 
shown by the above diagram. 



^ 



J 



3 172 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 

Useful infofmation on Volume and Pressure Curves of Air. 

(FROM COMPRESSED AIR MAGAZINE.) 

In the diagram on the preceding page, the figures at 
the left indicate pressures in atmospheres above a 
vacuum ; the corresponding figures at the right denote 
pressures in pounds per square inch, by the gauge. At 
the top are volumes from one-tenth to one. At the 
bottom, degrees of temperatures from zero to 1,000 
degrees Fahrenheit. The two curves which begin at the 
lower left hand corner and extend to the upper right are 
the lines of compression, or expansion. The upper one 
being the "Adiabatic" curve, or that which represents 
the pressure at any point on the stroke, with the heat 
developed by compression remaining in the air ; the 
lower is the "Isothermal," or the pressure curve, when 
the heat of compression is withdrawn so as to keep 
the temperature constant. The three curves which begin 
at the lower right hand corner and rise to the left are 
heat curves, and represent the increase of temperature 
corresponding to different pressures and volumes, as- 
suming in one case that the temperature of the air before 
admission to the compressor is zero, in another sixty de- 
grees, and in another one hundred degrees. 

Beginning with the adiabatic curve, we find that for 
one volume of air, when compressed without cooling, the 
curve intersects the first horizontal line at a point be- 
tween 0.6 and 0.7 volume, the gauge pressure being 14.7 
pounds. If we assume that this air was admitted to the 
compressor at a temperature of zero, it will reach about 
100° when the gauge pressure is 14.7 pounds. If the air 
had been admitted to the compressor at 60°, it would 
register about 176° at 14.7 pounds gauge pressure. If 
the air were 100° before compression, it would go up to 
about 230° at this pressure. Following this adiabatic 
curve until it intersects line No. '5, representing a pres- 
sure of five atmospheres above a vacuum (58.8 pounds 



^ 



J 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 173 



gauge pressure), we see that the total increase of tem- 
perature on the zero heat curve is about 270°; for the 
60° curve it is about 370°, and for the 100° curve it is 
435°, The diagram shows that when a volume of air is 
compressed adiabatically to 21 atmospheres (294 pounds 
gauge pressure), it will occupy a volume a little more 
than one-tenth; the total increase of temperature with 
an initial temperature of zero, is about 650°; with 60° 
initial temperature it is 800° and with 100° initial it is 
900°. It will be observed that the zero heat curve is 
flatter than the others, indicating that when free air is 
admitted to a compressor cold, the relative increase of 
temperature is less than when the air is hot. This points 
to the importance of low initial temperature. It is plain 
that a high initial temperature means a higher tempera- 
ture throughout the stroke of a compressor. The dia- 
gram gives the loss of temperature during compression 
from initial temperatures of 0°, 60°, 100°. If we compare 
the compression line from zero with the compression 
line from 100°, we observe that in compressing the air 
from, say 1 atmosphere to 10 atmospheres, the original 
difference, which at the start was only 100°, has now 
been about doubled; that is, it has reached 200°, and in 
carrying the compression to 20 atmospheres, the differ- 
ence now becomes about 250°. Bach horizontal division 
represented by the figures at the bottom is equal to 100°, 
and the space between any two adjacent horizontal lines 
may be sub-divided into 100 equal parts representing 1° 
each. 

Where there is a system of cooling the air during 
compression, the lines on the indicator cards can be 
traced between the adiabatic and isothermal curves on 
the diagram. 

For all practical purposes in using this diagram, it is 
best to follow the adiabatic curve in all determinations, 
except where the exact pressure line is known. This 
diagram will be found convenient to those who are called 
upon to figure the pressure at different points in the ^ 
^ . H^ 



m NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



stroke of an air compressor, and it points out the com- 
mon error of neglecting to take into consideration in one's 
figures the fact that, at the beginning of the stroke, one 
atmosphere in volume already exists. Beginning at the 
lower left hand corner, the adiabatic pressure curve 
intersects the first horizontal line at that point in the 
stroke when the pressure on the gauge will register 14.7 
pounds. 

The next horizontal line shows where the gauge reaches 
29.4 pounds, and it is evident here that the piston of an 
air compressor travels much farther in reaching 14.7 
pounds than in doubling that pressure or in reaching 
29.4 pounds; thus an air compressor is an engine of un- 
evenly distributed resistance. During the early stages 
of the stroke it has a slowly accumulating load to carry, 
while later on this load is multiplied very rapidly. This 
is one of the reasons for heavy flywheels in air com- 
pressors. 



^ 1 - ^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY 1?5 



Compressed Air* 

KFFECT OF COMPOUNDING, COOI,ING, INTKR-COOI.ING, 
AFTKR-COOI.ING AND REHEATING. 

(From Compressed Air Magazine.) 

Builders of air compressors and those who use com- 
pressed air will agree that the problem of heating or 
cooling air is a difficult one. Hot air in the cylinder of 
an air compressor means a reduction in the efficiency of 
the machine. The trouble is, that there is not sufficient 
time during the stroke to cool thoroughly by any avail- 
able means. Water-jacketing is the generally accepted 
practice, but it does not by any means effect through 
cooling. The air in the cylinder is so large in volume 
that but a fraction of its surface is brought in contact 
with the jacketed parts. Air is a bad conductor of heat 
and takes time to change its temperature. The piston 
while pushing the air towards the head rapidly drives it 
away from the jacketed surfaces; so that little or no 
cooling takes place. This is especially true of large 
cylinders where the economy effected by water-jackets 
is considerably less than in small cylinders. Kngineers 
who are shown indicator cards from large air compres- 
sors with pressure lines running away from the adiabatic, 
naturally regard them with suspicion and look for leaks 
past the piston or through the valves. Such leaks will 
explain many isothermal cards, and until something 
better than a water-jacket is devised, it is well to seek 
economy in air compression through compounding. 

The great advantage of compounding is in the fact 
that the inter-cooler, which should always be used with 
compound machines, effects a larger saving by cooling 
and thereby causing the air to shrink in volume between 
the stages. A properly designed inter-cooler should 
^ reduce the temperature of the air back to the orginal 

^ 1 ^ — 07 



176 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 

point, that is, to the temperature of the intake air. It 
can even do more than this, especially in winter, when 
the water used in the inter-color is of low temperature. 
A simple coil of pipe submerged in water is not an 
effective inter-cooler, because the air passes through tbe 
coil too rapidly to be cooled to the core, and such inter- 
coolers do not sufficiently split up the air to enable it to 
be cooled rapidly. This splitting up of air is an import- 
ant point. A nest of tubes carrying water and arranged 
so that the air is forced between and around the tubes is 
an efficient form of inter-cooler. 

Receiver inter-coolers are more efficient than those of 
the common type because the air is given more time to 
pass through the cooling stages and because of the free- 
dom from wire drawing which may take place in inter- 
coolers of small volumetric capacity. 

After-coolers are in some installations as important as 
inter-coolers. An after-cooler serves to reduce the tem- 
perature of the air after the final compression. In doing 
this it serves as a drier, reducing the temperature of air 
to the dew point, thus abstracting moisture before the air 
is started on its journey. In cold weather with air pipes 
laid over the ground an after-cooler may prevent accu- 
mulation of frost in the interior walls of the pipes, for 
where the hot compressed air is allowed to cool gradually 
the walls of the pipe in cold weather act like a surface 
condenser and moisture may be deposited on the inside, 
for the same reason that we have frost on the inner side 
of a window pane. Another advantage of the after- 
cooler is that it keeps the temperature of the line pipe 
uniform, otherwise this pipe will be hottest near the com- 
pressor, gradually cooling down and being thus subject 
to irregularities of expansion and contraction. 

The following table will serve to illustrate the large 
saving that it is possible to effect by compounding. 
This table gives the percentage of work lost by the heat 
of compression, taking isothermal compression, or com- 
I pression without heat, as a base. 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



177 





One Stage. 


Two 


Stage. 


Four Stage. 


in 


"rt 


u 


"rt 


o 


"rt 


o 


i 

PL, 


.SB 
71 o w 


1=1 •- 




ill 


ill 


il-i 




r^^ 0) 


^<t 


.^ 5o oj 


^< ^ 


^^ OJ 


^< t 


3 


o^ a 


°^ S' 


0*Z Oh 


o*^ e* 


o^ a 


o^ a 


•2 


^ o g 


^ o g 


^ o a 


^ ° a 


^ o a 


^ ° a 


o 




^ cfl O 


^ c« O 


^^ "2 o 


^-. m O 


14H 2 O 




°au 


ogU 


o gu 


o au 


OgU 


oau 




^S 




0) 


^S 




^s 


60 


30. ^ 


23. % 


13.38^ 


11.8 % 


4.65^ 


4.45^ 


80 


34. 


25.26 


15.12 


13.12 


5.04 


4.80 


100 


38. 


27.58 


17.10 


14.62 


8.00 


7.41 


200 


52.35 


34.40 


23.20 


18.88 


9.01 


8.27 


400 


68.60 


40.75 


29.70 


22.90 


12.40 


11.04 


600 


83.75 


44.60 


32.65 


24.60 


15.06 


13.10 


800 


90. 


47.40 


35.80 


26.33 


16.74 


14.32 


1000 


96.80 


49.20 


39.00 


28.10 


16.90 


14.45 


1200 


106.15 


51.60 


40.00 


28.60 


17.45 


14.85 


1400 


108. 


52. 


41.60 


29.4 


17.70 


15.00 


1600 


110. 


53.3 


42.90 


30.0 


18.40 


15.54 


1800 


116.80 


54. 


44.40 


30.6 


19.12 


16.05 


2000 


121.70 


54.8 


44.60 


30.8 


20.00 


16.65 



In the above table no account is taken of jacket 
cooling, it being a well known fact among pneumatic 
engineers that water jackets, especially cylinder jackets, 
though useful and perhaps indispensable, are not efficient 
in cooling, especially so in large compressors. The 
volume of air is so great in proportion to the surface ex- 
posed and at the time of compression so short, that little 
or no cooling takes place. Jacketed heads are useful 
auxiliaries in cooling, but it has become an accepted 
theory among engineers that compounding or stage com- 
pression is more fertile as a means of economy than any 
other system that has yet been devised. The two and 
four stage figures in this table (columns 3 and 4), are 
based on reduction to atmospheric temperature, or 60° 
Fahrenheit, between stages. A rule which might be 



^ 



S 



™ 178 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. ^ 

observed to advantage among engineers is to specify that 
the manufacturers should supply a compressor with 
coolers provided with one square foot of tube cooling 
surface for every ten cubic feet of free air furnished by 
the compressor when running at its normal speed. 

Referring again to the table, we learn that when air is 
compressed to 100 pounds pressure per square inch in a 
single stage compressor without cooling, the heat loss 
may be thirty-eight (38) per cent. This condition, of 
course, does not exist in practice, except perhaps, at 
exceedingly high speeds, as there will be some absorp- 
tion of heat by the exposed parts of the machine. It is 
safe, however, to say that in large air compressors that 
compress in a single stage up to 100 pounds gauge 
pressure, the heat loss reaches thirty (30) per cent. This, 
as shown by the table, may be cut down more than one- 
half by compressing in two-stages, and with three-stages 
this loss is brought down to eight (8) per cent, theo- 
retically, and perhaps to three or five (3 or 5) per cent, 
in practice. As higher pressures are used, the gain by 
compounding is greater. 



Efficiency of Air Compressors at 
Different Altitudes* 

The altitude, where the compressor is to operate, is an 
important factor because it affects its capacity to a 
greater or lesser extent, according to the elevation. As 
the density of the atmosphere decreases with the altitude, 
a compressor located at a high altitude takes in less 
weight of air at each revolution, that is to say, the air 
being taken in at a lower pressure, the early part of each 
stroke is occupied in compressing the air up to the 
normal pressure of 14.7 pounds, and the capacity of the 
air cylinder is correspondingly diminished. The power 

^1 1 ' - ^ 



^ 



NAtlOKAL TUBE COMPANY. 



1^9 



^ 



required to drive the same compressor is also less than 
at sea level, but the decrease in power required is not in 
as great a ratio as the reduction in capacity. Therefore, 
compressors to be used at high altitudes should have the 
steam and air cylinders properly proportioned to meet 
the varying conditions at different places. 

The following table shows the efficiency and loss in 
capacity of compressors working at different altitudes, 
also the approximate decrease in power required as com- 
pared with the same compressor working at sea level, 
and delivering air at 70 pounds pressure per square inch. 

TABLE OF EFFIQENQES AT DIFFERENT 
ALTITUDES. 

THE EFFICIENCY AT SEA LEVEL BEING 100 PER CENT. 



. 


Barometric Pressure. 




^ 




s 






•-°o^- 


^j 


3 


Inches, 


Pounds per 


umet 
;iency 
ipress 
rCen 


UU 




< 


Mercury. 


Square 
Inch. 




O 0) 

o 


o 

Q 


1000 


28.88 


14.20 


97. 


3. 


1.8 


2000 


27.80 


13.67 


93. 


7. 


3.5 


3000 


26.76 


13.16 


90. 


10. 


5.2 


4000 


25.76 


12.67 


87. 


13. 


6.9 


5000 


24.79 


12.20 


84. 


16. 


8.5 


6000 


23.86 


11.73 


81. 


19. 


10.1 


7000 


22.97 


11.30 


78. 


22. 


11.6 


8000 


22 11 


10.87 


76. 


24. 


13.1 


9000 


21.29 


10.46 


73. 


27 i 


14.6 


10000 


20.49 


10.07 


70. 


30. 


16.1 


11000 


19.72 


9.70 


68. 


32. 


17.6 


12000 


18.98 


9.34 


65. 


35. 


19.1 


13000 


18.27 


8.98 


63. 


37. 


20.6 


14000 


17.59 


8.65 


60. 


40. 


22.1 


15000 


16.93 


8.32 


58. 


42. 


23.5 



^ 



J 



^ 



180 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



"^ 



Hofsc-power Required to Compress 100 Cubic Feet Free Air, 
from Atmospheric to Various Pressures. 



Gauge 


One-Stage 


Gauge 


Two-Stage 


Four-Stage 


Pressure, 


.Compression, 


Pressure, 


Compression, 


Compression, 


Pounds. 


D. H. P. 


Pounds. 


D. H. P. 


D H. P. 


10 


3.60 


60 


11.70 


10.80 


15 


5.03 


80 


13.70 


12.50 


20 


6.28 


100 


15.40 


14.20 


25 


7.42 


200 


21.20 


18.75 


30 


8.47 


300 


24.50 


21.80 


35 


9.42 


400 


27.70 


24.00 


40 


10.30 


500 


29.75 


25.90 


45 


11.14 


600 


31.70 


27.50 


50 


11.90 


700 


33.50 


28.90 


55 


12.67 


800 


34.90 


30.00 


60 


13.41 


900 


36.30 


31.00 


70 


14.72 


1000 


37.80 


31.80 


80 


15.94 


1200 


39.70 


33.30 


90 


17.06 


1600 


43.00 


35.65 


100 


18.15 


2000 
2500 
3000 


45.50 


37.80 
39.06 
40.15 



D. H. P. , delivered horse-power at compressor cylinder 

Capacity of Air Compressors^ 

To ascertain the capacity of an air compressor in cubic 
feet of free air per minute, the common practice is to 
multiply the area of the intake cylinder by the feet of 
piston travel per minute. The free air capacity of the 
compressor divided by the number of atmospheres will 
give the volume of compressed air per minute. To 
ascertain the number of atmospheres at any given press- 
ure, add 14.7 lbs. to the gauge pressure, divide this sum 
by 14.7 and the result will be the number of atmospheres. 

The above method of calculation, however, is only 
theoretical and these results are never obtained in actual 
practice even with compressors of the very best design. 



^ 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



181 "' 



Allowances should be made for losses of various kinds, 
the principal loss being due to clearance spaces, but in 
machines of poor design and construction other consider- 
able losses occur through imperfect cooling, leakages past 
the piston and through the discharge valves, insufficient 
area and improper working of inlet valves, etc. We 
have seen compressors where the total loss was fully 25 
to 30 per cent., whereas, 3 to 10 per cent, should be the 
maximum — according to the size — in compressors of 
proper design and construction. 



Weights of Aitf Vapor of "Water^ and Saturated Mixtures 
of Air and Vapor at Different Temperatures, under the 
Ordinary Atmospheric Pressure of 29.92 inches of Mercury, 



to 


^ PI 




MIXTURES OF AIR SATURATED WITH VAPOR 


^'1 


-S-S t 


Weight of Cubic Foot 


^ 


::?.^^ 


of the Mixture of 


g° 


Bq 


oS^' 


o^ 


osa^ 


Air and Vapor. 


&s 




-nf^ 


O 


(U fi c3 0) 












IM "2 


'^-1 !_r 


j^ <J 


ao; 


'SO s 


oo 




O.Q 


o 5 


bcS 


o.ti^ 


So 

^1 








'^ <y>'~' 


th 

^^^ 


la 


(S 






u<^a 




^1 


&-0 





.0864 


.044 


29.877 


.0863 


.000079 


.086379 


.00092 


12 


.0842 


.074 


29.849 


.0840 


.000130 


.084130 


.00155 


22 


.0824 


.118 


29.803 


.0821 


.000202 


.082302 


.00245 


32 


.0807 


.181 


29.740 


.0802 


.000304 


.080504 


.00379 


42 


.0791 


.267 


29.654 


.0784 


.000440 


.078840 


.00561 


52 


.0776 


.388 


29.533 


.0766 


.000627 


.077227 


.00819 


62 


.0761 


.556 


29.365 


.0747 


.000881 


.075581 


.01179 


72 


.0747 


.785 


29.136 


.0727 


.001221 


.073921 


.01680 


82 


.0733 


1.092 


28.829 


.0706 


.001667 


.072267 


.02361 


92 


.0720 


1.501 


28.420 


.0684 


.002250 


.070717 


.03289 


102 


.0707 


2.036 


27.885 


.0659 


.002997 


.068897 


.04547 


112 


.0694 


2.731 


27.190 


.0631 


.003946 


.067046 


.06253 


122 


.0682 


3.621 


26.300 


.0599 


.005142 


.065042 


.08584 


132 


.0671 


4.752 


25.169 


.0564 


.006639 


.063039 


.11771 


142 


.0660 


6.165 


23.756 


.0524 


.008473 


.060873 


.16170 


152 


.0649 


7.930 


21.991 


.0477 


.010716 


.058416 


.22465 


162 


.0638 


10.099 


19.822 


.0423 


.013415 


.055715 


.31713 


172 


.0628 


12.758 


17.163 


.0360 


.016682 


.052682 


.46338 


182 


.0618 


15.960 


13.961 


.0288 


.020536 


.049336 


.71300 


192 


.0609 


19.828 


10.093 


.0205 


.025142 


.045642 


1.22643 


202 


.0600 


24.450 


5.471 


.0109 


.030545 


.041445 


2.80230 


212 


.0591 


29.921 


0.000 


.0000 


.036820 


.086820 


Infinite. 



^ 



J 



^ 



182 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



^' 



FLOW OF AIR THROUGH AN ORIFICE FROM A 

RESERVOIR INTO THE ATMOSPHERE, 
In Cubic Feet of Free Air per Minute for Varying Diameters 
of Orifice and Gauge Pressttres> 



1 


Receiver 


Gauge Pressure. 




21 












o- 




















p^ 


2 


5 


10 


15 


20 


25 


30 


35 


40 


5 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


A 


0.038 


0.060 


0.084 


0.103 


0.119 


0.133 


0.156 


0.173 


0.19 


n 


0.153 


0.242 


0.342 


0.418 


0.485 


0.54 


0.632 


0.71 


0.77 


tV 


0.647 


0.965 


1.36 


1.67 


1.93 


2.16 


2.52 


2.80 


3.07 




2.435 


3.86 


5.45 


6.65 


7.7 


8.6 


10. 


11.2 


12.3 


1 


9.74 


15.4 


21.8 


26.7 


30.8 


34.5 


40. 


44.7 


49. 


21.95 


34.6 


49. 


60. 


69. 


77. 


90. 


100. 


110. 




61.6 


87. 


107. 


123. 


1.38. 


161. 


179. 


196. 


KZ 


61. 


96.5 


136. 


167. 


193. 


216. 


252. 


280. 


307. 




87.6 


133. 


196. 


240. 


277. 


310. 


362. 


400. 


442. 


^4 


119.5 


189. 


267. 


326. 


378. 


422. 


493. 


550. 


601. 


1 


156. 


247. 


350. 


427. 


494. 


550. 


645. 


715. 


785. 




242. 


384. 


543. 


665. 


770. 


860. 


1000. 






350. 


550. 


780. 


960. 












2 


625. 


985. 

















45 


50 


60 


70 


80 


90 


100 


125 


150 




lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


, 


0.208 


0.225 


0.26 


0.295 


0.33 


0.364 


0.40 


0.486 


0.57 


1 


0.843 


0.914 


1.05 


1.19 


1.33 


1.47 


1.61 


1.97 


2.33 


1 


3.36 


3.64 


4.2 


4.76 


5.3<5 


5.87 


6.45 


7.85 


9.25 


^ 


13.4 


14.50 


16.8 


19.0 


21.2 


23.50 


25.8 


31.4 


37.2 


lA 


53.8 


58.2 


67. 


76. 


85. 


94. 


103. 


125. 


148. 


az 


121. 


130. 


151. 


171. 


191. 


211. 


231. 


282. 


334. 


i^ 


215. 


232. 


268. 


304. 


340. 


376. 


412. 


502. 


596. 


5X 


336.- 


364. 


420. 


476. 


532. 


587. 


645. 


785. 


925. 


1 


482. 


522. 


604. 


685. 


765. 


843. 


925. 






658. 


710. 


622. 


930. 


1004. 










1 


860. 


930. 

















The above table was computed with the aid of Fliegner's equa- 
tions and have given results that approximate very closely to the 
conditions of actual practice. These equations are : 

For/i>2/a, 6^=0.530/^-^^; 



/i>2/a, G^=1.060 7^, 



/^ 



(Jjrpa), 



in which 



G — flow of air through the orifice in lbs. per sec, I^= area of orifice 
in square inches, J>i = pressure in reservoir in lbs. per sq. in., ^a = 
pressure of atmosphere, T^ = absolute temperature, Fahrenheit, of 
air in reservoir. 



\>e(SBi 



1^ 



"» NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 183 ^ 



FLOW OF AIR THROUGH PIPES** 

The following new and original tables are based upon 
D'Arcy's formula adapted to the flow of elastic fluids, 
namely : 

Discharge in cubic ] ^ ^ i/ll^KihEKX 
feet per minute j r I Y, w^ 

As it is most convenient in the case of compressed air 
installations to deal with its equivalent volume of free 
air, /. e ., air at atmospheric pressure, these tables have 
been specially calculated with this end in view. 

Table I. Gives the theoretical volume of equivalent 
free air in cubic feet that will flow per minute 
at various pressures through straight pipes of 
various diameters, each loo feet long, no re- 
duction of the filial pressure being allowed 
for. 



The formula by which it is calculated is : 

Theoretical discharge ) c \/ d^ /i 



of free air \ iq 



Table IL Is a table of multipliers to be used in connec- 
tion with /t, as found by Table I., by 
which may be obtained the theoretical dis- 
charge of equivalent free air from pipes of 
various lengths up to 60,000 feet. It is 
calculated from 

Multiplier for ) /lOO 

length of pipe j ^ I 

*Copyrig-ht 1899, by the Ingersoll-Sergeant Drill Co., New York, 
and is reprinted, by permission, from their catalogue of air 
compressors. 



^ 184 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. ^ 



Table nL Is a table of Multipliers to be used in con- 
nection with F't and M\ as found by Tables I, 
and II., to obtain the real volume of discharge 
of equivalent free air, for reductions of the 
terminal pressure varying from 1 to 50 pounds. 
It is calculated from 

Multiplier for ) „^ /s 

real discharge \ f 

The notation used in above formulas is 

d=^aciual diameter of pipe in inches. 

/^length of pipe in feet. 

c=:2i co-efficient, (D'Arcj^'s) varying with the diameter 
of the pipe. 

Z£/i=density of the air at initial gauge pressure. 

/>! and /2=initial and terminal gauge pressures. 

f^ and y3=f actors to reduce compressed air at initial 
and terminal pressures />! and. p^ to their corresponding 
volumes of free air. 

Tables are also added showing the increase in the 
length of pipe to be allowed for on account of the fric- 
tion caused by globe valves, elbows and tees. 

Several examples are worked out to show the method 
of using the tables for the solution of problems likely 
to be met with by the Engineer. 



^ ■ ^..■^u— .— ^ J 7 



"I 
o <-> 

^ o 



(U O 



<s 



> i^ 
*3 '^ 

&S 

II 

^ O 
O 0) 

o *^ 

x be 

a; 



h o 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



185 " 



^or 



ooooooooooo 



s 



I OOOOOOOOOOOOO 
C^ 00 C^ •^^ O 1-H T). rj. 05 CO CO O 00 to 

§j Ki;cocooJOt-Tj'Ot-coo5?Dqi 
«3t-xa500i-iOieMcoco-*»o 



ooooocoooo 
QOooM<ooooooi>gic29R2S 

^Ot-«OCOtDT-lT-<-i-il-£J-*C^3JO» 

ooj>T)<-t-i-^coc»'*05cogo-3<T);coTH 

-* lO <» J> t- 00 GO t 



I 05 O O T-i W CO T)! 



oooooooooogooooo 



.oooooooooopoooo< 



!oo t-»o 



lC005COTj<TfTl<Tj*i010»0505DJ-COC50 



>o oooo o < 

.gcOOWOCOCpOGOiOCO 



,-1 T-i T-( <ri <N ( 



ooooooo 

to <M Tf T-H i- 00 5» 
(N05COt-0500001QOtDOOtr'2r'SS8^;S 



ooo 

Oi«5Q0 
10 05 (N 



■>* CD 

oo 
wo 



SOOTOCO WCOGO 



IoSSt-o6oO»OOi-lrHOiCOTC10?000 



gi^giS£SSS§25Sg355gi«gog5« 






iOloioSSt-J>OOC50i-H(MOOTt<i050<^t^aJ030J 



i2SN§*o<SS«wcococc^'*^'Oio«or-t-aoo50500T-(T^r;^o* 



:^ 



;?! 



:^ 



i^ssicg§g^sig||i|sei|g|||||||| 

oJe^^iyK?<coeo^Ti.^io>oioiogg<g'^<o 



SOi-lCC-*'050i>OOC5050C 



1 oo-* 
) eo'io 



£io6aio?5,-ic*ececiT)<in«ot-QO< 



1 OS T-l -53< CD 00 O C 
! W CO CO CO CO -^ " 



C0 01Ot-»O05Q0tD0000 05 



j>QO-r-((MeO-*05C30QOlOT-(COt-'^'^"^'^ 

iiiiiii§iiisisg§iisiiiiiiilli 



iCOt^CCiOtOO-^O 



OOSOO-^^OOCOOOOOOQOICO 

sSiiisiiiSSiSslSigiiliaililll 



S S CD »0 'i' ^ 05 05 <» O «» lO T-i^«0 05 CO OS C» t 



OB 



iT^T^t-05t-00OC-0iS0T-(C0C0C0C0C--(N(N 



I Tt< -* »0 iO lO CO CO ! 



S§§§g8gSS|2|g8|S||||8|||||||l 



^ 



p — ^ ^ 

186 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 


TABLE IL MULTIPLIERS FOR LENGTH OF PIPE. 


Length, 
feet. 


Multipler 
Ml. 


Length, 
feet. 


Multipler 
Ml. 


100 


1.0 


6000 


0.129 


200 


0.707 


7000 


0.119 


300 


0.577 


8000 


0.112 


400 


0.500 


9000 


0.105 


500 


0.447 


10000 


0.100 


600 


0.408 


12000 


0.0912 


750 


0.365 


15000 


0.0817 


1000 


0.316 


20000 


0.0707 


1250 


0.283 


25000 


0.0632 


1500 


0.258 


30000 


0.0577 


2000 


0.224 


35000 


0.0534 


2500 


0.200 


40000 


0.0500 


3000 


0.183 


45000 


0.0471 


3500 


0.169 


50000 


0.0447 


4000 


0.158 


55000 


0.0426 


5000 


0.141 


60000 


0.0408 



^ 



B^ 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



187 



^ 



^ 



0005t-COQO(?*«5QOO(NlM 
CQ -"J- W3 to 5D t- t- t- QO 30 00 



iOOOOCOOCDCOOOOCD 



L-(Mi-iio7-it-i-iT*<t^a5THeoTt<»o 

«Ol>00 0>050 000i-iT-li-li-i 
»0 lO O »0 lO lO O 5D « «o ?o o to o 



, rt CO Tt< «D t- 00 

1 1- 1- 1- ?> t- t- 

Tj< •^' >o »o »c «o io o io io o lo »o lo io ui 



Ot-i-li-110»000Oi-l-*£-03T-lC0 3»0«D< 

eo-^«>t-Q0050T-<c<o«W(Nooecicoecico< 



en 05 T-H ( 






ooi-iosococ*ojoeoQOi005(N^«ot- 

10!0Ot-000JOOi-Hi-l'N(MCCC0C0C0 



00OSO5 O O 1 



ec«ieoeoececi-^-#-<*-*-.*T#rjiTit-.j<- 



CO tH t-- CO 06 t^ ' 



CO CO CO CO CO 



00 050C 

CO CO CO eo' -^ -^ •^' T)« • 



>(Neoi0 50«DJ> 0000 0J05 



iO»005-*J>-0iT-i0JC0C0- 



C><e0COTf<-<3<«5tO«Oi-t-J>.0000Q0O5OiC5 

cooococococococooococococococococo 



O^ Ci Oi Oi Oi c 

CO CO CO CO CO ^ 



C* OS -^ 00 OJ to ( 

TH rH c* •?< CO eo ■ 
co" CO CO eo' co' co' < 



I eo (M* co' co' CO 



int^t-ooojosojooo 

OOtOtOCDCOcOt-i-l-- 
CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 



>OCO!D 

I coco CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 



_ __>T-ITt>t-OCOCDOO__ 
i-rHTHi-KMWC^COCOCOCO-^-^T*"* 



00»-i-c 

CO CO ci CO 



(W (?J coco CO c 

CO CO CO CO CO < 



JOOOi 

iw'oi' 



>t--t-ooao 
! c* oi oi ci 



OOOCOt-Oii-H^tDOOO 
QOOSOSOSOSOOOO-i-l 

(N (N O* (N (?< co' co' CO co' co' 



1-17-1 o^!^^ 
CO CO coco' 



CO CO CO CO ^ ' 

co' CO co' co' co' < 



) CO 00 i-H Tti O 00 t-i < 



( oi ^' oi oj 



I- 1- 00 c 
OJ o» ©*' c 



) 00 00 03 05 05 

i o* cj" oi oi oi 



•m' oi -N oi rri ci si si si oi 



j> sr-^ 00 c* 50 05 -i-i ( 






HCOTf<- 

■sisii 



«s«n into 

ci si si si si si si si oi ??« si si si si si si si si 



00 00 00 30 ooc 

w c* si si sic 



\st mc 
'.si sic 



ICO-* Tf -^ 

I oi ffi si si 



ooosi-<cOTt<oc-aoO'-iT-io»c*oi 
■* -^ m ■ - - 

OJi'ojftr? 



'.sisisisid 



to 50< 

si sit 



O* OJ Cl C* WN ©J 



'MQOJ 

> 7-1 th ( 

!(n'(W< 



! ©two* CO 

! (m' c« (N si 



00 CO CO 

(jioi'cj 



«Ot-Q0050i-lC«C<iOJCOCO 
CO CO CO CO ^ "^ "^ "^ Tj* Tt* Tj^ 

c? oi w ci ©i ci ci (?i (^^ ci ci 



CO CO CO CO CO c 

'*."*. ^. '^ "^ " 
ci ci cj cj ci ( 



OOt-iOOCOCDODOi-iCJ 
" Oi-ii-(i-i 

ci ci ci ci 



t- 05 05 O O < 



corftin 

ci ci ci 



«0 J> 00 05 O T- ,-1 , 



( c* c« c* 
i Ci ci ci ci ci 



C8 Ci c< CJ 

ci ci ci ci 



CJ C« etc* Ci ! 

ci ci ci ci ci ( 



I t-t-CilOt-OSOi-iCiCOCOTtUOOCDt 
?Ol>00000000OSC»O5C»C5a5O5O5OiC 






J O Oi 05 OS Oi OS 
) OS OS OS OS OS OS 



• t-i^t-t-t- 



OOi-iQO-^TftOQOOSOT-iCiCOTfTtiJCS 

lOt-t-QOOOOOQOOOOSOSOSOSOSOSOSOSC . 

OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS c 



ib-r-QOOOOOOOOSOSOSOSOSOSOS 



ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 



>oooooooooowo»oooooooooooooooo 

<CJCO^»Q?pJ>OOC»Or-iC»iO{>OiOOOOOOOOOOpOOO 
T-i tH T-ii-c n C< Ci CO Tf JP «0 J> 00 OS O S ^ CO ^ O 



asv 



tvS5« N A 1 u >N \L TUBE COMPANY, 



The (vuuuUrtv^ l\Y wUvoU Uvette UMo*i htvve bocu c;*Wii- 
kttd ^liow i\\i\i the foUowhig t«cK>i^ eutt&r into their 

TVit diameter vvf the pipes . . 

The leu^th of ttie pipe 

The iuvtitU i\ud tiut\l pi^e<ii$ur^» ^ ,, ,, 
ov the i^hiotimi ot* pr^^iu^ S '' ^ '' ^' 

char§^\ »»x»».» »>»»»» =i^F. 

U bevi\j> often v^v^hIixhI tv> iuul «ny vnie of thej<e ttvoto^t^ 
when the otlierjs avt? known, t\ie toUowittg exivniplej* at-t? 
jivven tv> jitvow t\\e tnethvxl of ptwevhuf in ej^ch onse. 

The ii^iuiple ^tatiement of the foitiuila« tvdapti^.1 tv> the 

l*\^t« t\k disvhtit>i^l .F FKMxK^ix 
Awd by thi?;s «U pvv>blenv*!i itivvUviiv^^ s^ny of the above fae- 
t\n^ may h^ solv^* a^s sliown ia the <ixaMipi<^ 

KxAMViA^ l.^T© find tl\e N^limie of frt^ au di^^ 

ehavgiKl. 
E^AMtH,^' !^>'=-To t\nd the i^Utotioti of pt^ei^<ni^^ 
^^ §.=TV ttnd a j^uitable diiuneter of pipe> 
^' 4— 'To find the letigth <etf pipe whkh 
ma>' be used* 
K^.unv'U U— OiYea SI Miieli pipe. IOaW feet loiig» 
iuit^Al pi^iij^ui-e I. too lb«,, tetiuinal pi'e^ui^e lAX^O U\^.j 
t© find the vv>hi«ie of e^nivalent fi^^ air dij^vhai^^d. 
By Table lv~\?iider §' pipe and opposite 1^00 

lbs. >\'e find /t ^.^>6. 
% t^ble IL— jTc* lO.tXX) feet of pipe. M^ D. I . 
H\.^t^ttder 50 lbs> teduetioii ajid 
opiKmt^ l;UX> lbs., iVr «t.Y5. 
Then ^s t^Uown 
i^V^iX.V^.Vt S.^iO^XO.lX^T^ t^l cnbic feet 
f i^ee ait. 



^r 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 18i 



Example 2.— Given a 4-iiicli pipe, 600 feet long, initial 
pressure 60 lbs., required to discharge 1,200 cubic feet 
free air. What will be the reduction of pressure and the 
terminal pressure ? 

By Table I.— Under 4" pipe and opposite 60 lbs., 

we find /^t 1,535. 
By Table II.— For 600 feet, 3/^-^-0 AOS. 
Given jr=:l,20Q. 
By transposing the formula 

F 1,200 

3fr = =: = 1.9. 

Ft X M^ 1,535X0.408 

' Now by Table III., opposite 60 lbs. pressure, and 
under 4 lbs. reduction, we find 7^/r=1.89, so that the 
terminal pressure will be slightly less than 60—4=56 
pounds. 

Example 3.— It is required to discharge 1000 cubic feet 
of free air from a pipe 2,500 feet long. The initial pres- 
sure is 100 lbs. and the terminal pressure must not be 
less than 90 lbs. What diameter of pipe should be 
used? 

Here we have given 7^=1000. 

By Table II i^/^ ==0.200 for 2,500 feet. 

" " III i^r= 2.88 for /»! = 100 lbs., 

and /»a =90 lbs. 
By transposing the formula we get 
F 1,000 

AAxMr 0.200X2.88 

By Table I. looking along the line of 100 lbs. pressure 
we see that the value of Ft for a 3 >^ -inch pipe is 1,370, 
and for a 4-inch pipe 1,904, so that this latter size of 
pipe would have to be used. 

Example 4. — It is required to transmit 4,000 cubic feet 
of free air through a 6-inch pipe, the initial pressure 
being 200 lbs. How far can it be carried with a reduc- 
tion of pressure of 10 lbs. ? 



k 



J 



m NATIONAL TUBE COMPAMV. 



Here we have given 7^=4,000. 

By Table 1 7^1=7,489 for 200 lbs. pressure 

and 6" pipe. 
By Table III Mr=dM for 200 lbs. pressure 

and lo lbs. reduction. 
Then by transposing the formula : 

J^ 4,000 

Mi= = =0. 177. 

FtXMr 7,489X3.01 

Now by Table 11. we see that this is an intermediate 
value of Ml between 3000 and 3500 feet, so that the dis- 
tance sought is approximately 3250 feet. 



GLOBE VALVES, TEES AND ELBOWS^ 

The reduction of pressure produced by globe valves is 
the same as that caused by the following additional 
lengths of straight pipe, as calculated by the formula : 

1 14 X diameter of pipe 

Additional length of pipe= 

l+(3.6^diameter) 

Diameter of pipe. ) 1 Ij 2 2^ 3 3^ 4 5 6 inches. 

Addition'llength. \ 2 4 7 10 13 16 20 28 36 feet. 

7 8 10 12 15 18 20 22 24 ins. 

44 53 70 88 115 143 162 181 200 ft. 

The reduction of pressure produced by elbows and 
tees is equal to f of that caused by globe valves. 

These additional lengths of pipe for globe valves, 
elbows and tees must be added in each case to the actual 
lengths of straight pipe. Thus, a 6-inch pipe, 500 feet 
long, with one globe valve, 2 elbows and three tees, 
would be equivalent to a straight pipe 500-|-36-|-(2x24) 
+(3X24)=656 feet long, and this is the length which 
must be used in the tables as the value of Mi. 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 191 

GENERAL EXAMPLE, 

How much free air will a 6-incli pipe, 8,000 feet long, 
discbarge under the following conditions, namely : 
Initial pressure 150 lbs., terminal pressure 135 lbs., with 
2 globe valves, 3 elbov/s and 1 tee ? 

The equivalent length of straight pipe must first be 
found as follows : 

8,000+(2 X 36)+(3 X 24)+24=8, 168 feet. 
Now we have 

By Table I., 7^t=6,558 for 6 inch pipe and 150 lbs. 

pressure. 
By Table II., i^i=0.112 for 8000 feet, making by 

interpolation say 0.110 for 8,168 feet. 
By Table III., Mr=SA2 forlSO lbs. pressure and 
14 lbs. reduction, and 3.61 for 150 lbs. pressure 
and 16 lbs. reduction, so that by interpolation 
Mr would be 3.51 for 15 lbs. reduction of pres- 
sure. 
Then by the formula : 

Free air discharged=i^==/^tX^iX^r. 
=6,558X0.11X3.51. 
=2,532 cubic feet equivalent 
free air per minute. 

FORMULA FOR FLOW OF AIR IN PIPES. 

Mr. Richards, in Am. Mack., Dec. 27, 1894, published 
a new formula, viz.: 



^ 



^~io,ooo^^«' ^~^ Z ' ^^ y^ ' 

d^ap= ; 

10,000/' 

in which V~ actual volume of compressed air delivered, 
in cubic feet per minute (not the volume of free air, as 



^ 



^ 



192 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



■=^ 



in the other formula), Z— length of pipe in feet, d~ in- 
ternal diameter of pipe in inches, p = head or additional 
pressure in pounds per square inch required to maintain 
the flow, and « is a coefficient varying with the diameter 
of the pipe. Its value for different nominal diameters of 
wrought-iron pipe is given by Mr. Richards as follows : 



Diam., 


Value 


Diam., 


Value 


Diam., 


Value 


Inches. 


of a. 


Inches. 


oia. 


Inches, 


of a. 


1 


.35 


3K 


.79 


12 


1.26 


1^ 


.44 


4 


.84 


16 


1.34 


W2 


.50 


5 


.93 


20 


1.4 


2 


.56 


6 


1. 


24 


1.45 


2^ 


.65 


8 


1.125 






3 


.73 


10 


1.2 







The following values of the fifth power of d and of d^a 
are given by Mr. Richards to facilitate calculations : 



Fifth Powers of d. 


Value of d^a. 


1" 


.... 1 


5".. 

6".. 

8".. 
10".. 
12".. 
16".. 
20".. 
24".. 


3,125 

32^768 

100,000 

248,832 

. 1,048,576 

. 3,200,000 

. 7,962,624 


V .... 


... .35 
... 1.34 
... 3.80 
... 18.08 
... 63.47 
.. .177 4 


5".. 

6'.. 

8".. 
10".. 
12".. 
16".. 
20'.. 
24".. 


. 2,918.75 
7,776 
, 36,864 
. 120,000 
. 313,528 
. 1,405,091 
. 4,480,000 
.11,545,805 


2'f.'.! 


.... 3.05 
.... 7.59 
.... 32 
.... 97.65 
.... 243 
.... 525 
.. 1ft24 




4" 


. .413.2 
...860.2 





J 



f 



194 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



■^ 



FLOW OF GAS IN PIPES. 

If ^ = diameter of pipe in inches ; Q = quantity of gas 
delivered in cu. ft. per hour ; / = length of pipe in yards ; 
h = pressure in inches of water column ; s — specific 
gravity of the gas, air being one ; then 

5 = 1000 \/^, (Molesworth). 
r si 



Q=l^md 



■V 



si' 



(King's Treatise on Coal Gas.) 



5=1290 



/. 



d^h 



(^_i-/)'(J- P- Oin, Am. Gas-light Jour., 1894). 

Mr. Gill's formula is said to be based on experimental 
data, and to make allowance for obstructions by tar, etc., 
that tend to check the flow of gas through the pipe. 

An experiment made by Mr. Klegg, in London, on a 
4 inch pipe, 6 miles long, gave a discharge that cor- 
responds very closely with that computed by the use of 
Molesworth's formula. 



Maximum Supply of Gas through Pipes in cu. ft. per Hour, 
Specific Gravity being 0.45. Formula Q= J000|/ d^h -^ si. 

(Molesworth.) 
Length of Pipe = 10 Yards, 





Pressure by the Water-gauge in Inches. 


s 3 


0.1 


0.2 


0.3 


0.4 


0.5 


0.6 


0.7 


0.8 


0.9 


1.0 


1 

2 ^ 


13 

26 
73 
149 
260 
411 
843 


18 
37 
103 
211 
368 
581 
1192 


22 
46 
126 
258 
451 
711 
1460 


26 
53 
145 
298 
521 
821 
1686 


29 
59 
162 
333 

582 
918 
1886 


31 

64 

187 

365 

638 

1006 

2066 


34 

70 

192 

394 

689 

1082 

2231 


36 

74 

205 

422 

737 

1162 

2385 


38 

79 

218 

447 

781 

1232 

2530 


41 

83 

230 

471 

823 

1299 

2667 



^ 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



195 



^ 



Maximum Supply of Gas through Pipes, etc. — (continued.] 
Length of Pipe = 100 Yards. 





Pressure by the Water-gauge in Inches. 


f- 


0.1 


0.2 


0.3 


0.4 


0.5 


0.75 


1.0 


1.25 


1.5 


2.0 


2.5 


% 


8 


12 


14 


17 


19 


23 


26 


29 


32 


36 


42 


a;^ 


«2 


42 


46 


51 


63 


73 


81 


89 


103 


115 


1 


47 


67 


82 


94 


105 


129 


149 


167 


183 


211 


236 


i!l 


82 


116 


143 


165 


184 


225 


260 


291 


319 


368 


412 


180 


184 


225 


260 


290 


356 


411 


459 


503 


581 


649 


2 


267 


377 


462 


533 


596 


730 


843 


943 


1033 


1193 


13.33 


aK 


466 


659 


807 


932 


1042 


1276 


1473 


1647 


1804 


2083 


2329 


3 


7;i5 


1039 


1270 


1470 


1643 


2012 


2323 


2598 


2846 


3286 


3674 


3V^ 


1080 


1528 


1871 


2161 


2416 


2958 


3416 


8820 


4184 


4831 


5402 


4 


1508 


2133 


2613 


3017 


3373 


4131 


4770 


5333 


5842 


6746 


7542 







Length of 


Pipe = 


1000 Yards. 




u 




Pressure by the Water-gauge in Inches. 




Fhl ° 










•2 c 
















Q •- 


0.5 


0.75 


1.0 


1.5 


2.0 


2.5 


3.0 


1 


33 


41 


47 


58 


67 


75 


82 


1V» 


92 


113 


130 


159 


184 


205 


226 


2 


189 


231 


267 


327 


377 


422 


462 


2U 


329 


403 


466 


571 


659 


737 


807 


3 


520 


636 


735 


900 


1039 


1162 


1273 


4 


1067 


1306 


1508 


1847 


2133 


2385 


2613 


5 


1863 


2282 


2635 


3227 


3727 


4167 


4564 


6 


2939 


3600 4157 


5091 


5879 


6573 


7200 





Length of 


Pipe = 5000 Yards. 






O j: 


Pressure by the Water-gauge in Inches. 


6^i 

.2 r- 


















Q - 


1.0 


1.5 


2.0 


2.5 


3.0 


2 


119 


146 


169 


189 


207 


3 


329 


402 


465 


520 


569 


4 


675 


826 


955 


1067 


1168 


5 


1179 


1443 


1667 


1863 


2041 


6 


1859 


2277 


2629 


2939 


3220 


7 


2733 


3347 


3865 


4321 


4734 


8 


3816 


4674 


5397 


6034 


6610 


9 


5123 


6274 


7245 


8100 


8873 


10 


6667 


8165 


9428 


10541 


11547 


12 


10516 


12880 


14872 


16628 


18215 



Where there is apt to be trouble from frost no pipe less than % 
inch should be used, and in extremely cold climates the smallest 
size should not be less than one inch. 

To provide for the resistance due to bends, one rule is to allow a 
pressure of 0.204 inch of water column for each right angled elbow. 



^ 



^ 



^ 



196 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



'^ 



Services for Burners^ 

The following table is the standard of the principal gas 
works. It governs the size of pipe used by gas fitters 
for consumers, and will be found of value, Kvery service 
should have a T so placed as to permit of easily clearing 
the service pipe should any obstruction occur in it. 



Size 


Threads 


Weight 


Length 


Number of 


of Pipe. 


per Inch. 


per Foot. 


allowed. 


Burners. 








Feet. 




Vs 


27 


.243 


2 


1 


U 


18 


.422 


6 


1 


% 


14 


.561 


20 


3 


M 


14 


.845 


30 


6 


% 


UK 


1.126 


50 


20 


1 


IIK 


1.670 


70 


35 


IK 


IIK 


2.258 


100. 


60 


IK 


UK 


2.694 


150 


100 


2 


8 


3.367 


200 


200 


2^ 


8 


5.773 


300 


300 


3 


8 


7.547 


450 


450 


4 


8 


10.728 


600 


750 



TABLE OF AQUEOUS VAPOR 

Contained in 1000 Cubic Feet of Gas at Indicated 
Temperature. 



^ 



Temp. 
Degrees 


Volume, 
Aqueous 
Vapor. 


Temp 
Degrees 


Volume, 
Aqueous 
Vapor. 


Temp. 
Degrees 


Volume, 
Aqueous 
Vapor. 


40 


9.33 


54 


15.33 


68 


24.06 


41 


9.73 


55 


15.86 


69 


24.83 


42 


10.13 


56 


16.40 


70 


25.66 


43 


10.53 


57 


16.93 


71 


26.53 


44 


10.93 


58 


17.53 


,72 


27.40 


45 


11.33 


59 


18.10 


73 


28.30 


46 


11.73 


60 


18.66 


74 


29.23 


47 


12.13 


61 


19.23 


75 


30.20 


48 


12.53 


62 


19.80 


76 


31.20 


49 


12.93 


63 


20.50 


77 


32.20 


50 


13.33 


64 


21.20 


78 


33.23 


51 


13.80 


65 


21.90 


79 


34.23 


52 


14.26 


66 


22.60 


80 


35.33 


53 


14.80 


67 


23.30 


81 


36.43 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



197 



^ 



TABLE OF THE WEIGHTS OF GAS-HOLDERS. 

In Pounds for every One-tenth of an Inch maximum 
Pressure, and for Diameter from 20 to 200 Feet. 



>H 1=1 

rt o 


o O JJ 

^ o y 

0) o - 


.1 

CO 0) 

o 


o o <u 

m 


o 


O o <1J 

•^ <u'-^ 
<u o Z 

> ^ S 





0*0 <v 
0) ^ 


20 


164 


53 


1149 


86 


3026 


119 


5793 


21 


181 


54 


1193 


87 


3097 


120 


5891 


22 


198 


55 


1238 


88 


3168 


121 


5990 


23 


217 


56 


1283 


89 


3241 


122 


6089 


24 


236 


57 


1329 


90 


3314 


123 


6189 


25 


256 


58 


1376 


91 


3388 


124 


6290 


26 


277 


59 


1424 


92 


3463 


125 


6392 


27 


298 


60 


1473 


93 


3538 


126 


6495 


28 


321 


61 


1522 


94 


3615 


127 


6598 


29 


344 


62 


1573 


95 


3692 


128 


6703 


30 


368 


63 


1624 


96 


3770 


129 


6808 


31 


393 


64 


1676 


97 


3849 


130 


6914 


32 


419 


65 


1729 


98 


3929 


131 


7021 


33 


446 


66 


1782 


99 


4010 


132 


7128 


34 


473 


67 


1837 


100 


4091 


133 


7237 


35 


501 


68 


1892 


101 


4173 


134 


7346 


36 


530 


69 


1948 


102 


4256 


135 


7456 


37 


560 


70 


2005 


103 


4340 


136 


7567 


38 


591 


71 


2062 


104 


4425 


137 


7678 


39 


622 


72 


2121 


105 


4510 


138 


7791 


40 


655 


73 


2180 


106 


4597 


139 


7904 


41 


688 


74 


2240 


107 


4684 


140 


8018 


42 


723 


75 


2301 


108 


4772 


141 


8133 


43 


757 


76 


2363 


109 


4861 


142 


8249 


44 


792 


77 


2426 


110 


4950 


143 


8366 


45 


828 


78 


2489 


111 


5041 


144. 


8483 


46 


866 


79 


2553 


112 


5132 


145 


8601 


47 


904 


80 


2618 


113 


5224 


146 


8720 


48 


943 


81 


2684 


114 


5317 


147 


8840 


49 


982 


82 


2751 


115 


5410 


148 


8961 


50 


1023 


83 


2818 


116 


5505 


149 


9083 


51 


1064 


84 


2887 


117 


5600 


150 


9205 


52 


1106 


85 


2956 


118 


5696 


200 


16364 



^cr 



s^ 



^ 198 NATIONAL TtJfeE COMt>ANY. * ^ 



Example, — Find the weight of a gas-holder 80 feet in 
diameter, the maximum pressure being 3,2 inches water 
column, or 32/lOths. 

In preceding table, opposite 80 in column of diameters 
read 2618, the weight for 1/lOth inch pressure. There- 
fore the weight required = 2618 X 32 = 83,776 lbs. 



^ 



fflC--' 



^ 



IRON AND STEEL. 



^^ 



^ 



^ 200 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. ^ 



IRON AND STEEL. 

Wfotight Iron is the product of the puddling process. 
It is made in a reverberatory furnace by melting pig 
iron on a hearth of iron oxide, over which passes a 
reducing flame which causes the carbon to unite with 
the oxide during the mixing which the puddler gives it, 
and further causes a large portion of the impurities to 
enter the surrounding slag. As the impurities — carbon, 
manganese, phosphorus, sulphur, silicon — leave the 
molten iron, the melting point rises so that the iron 
becomes first viscous, then pasty. When it has been 
v^^orked into a ball the puddler carries it, still at a 
welding heat, to the hammer or squeezer where the 
greater part of the slag which permeated it is expelled 
from the mass. The roughly shapen slab is then rolled 
into muck bar, which, when piled, rolled and re-rolled 
becomes the wrought iron of commerce. 

Steel is the malleable product of either the cementation 
process, the crucible, the converter or the open hearth 
furnace. 

Cementation is the earliest process that we know of for 
making steel, and was founded upon the fact that 
wrought iron if packed in charcoal and heated to a high 
temperature, while excluded from air, absorbs carbon. 
The process consisted in packing bars of wrought iron, 
of about 3^ inch thickness, in charcoal, and then sealing 
up the vessel and keeping it at a j^ellow heat until the 
carbon had penetrated to the centres of the bars and 
converted them into steel. The carbon penetrates the 
bar at the rate of about Vz inch in 24 hours, and while 
the point of saturation of iron by carbon is about 1.50%, 
yet the average content of carbon by this process in the 
finished bars, is about 1% or lower. 

The use of steel made by this process was always 
limited because of the fact that it contained the., old 
seams and slag [marks which everywhere crossed and 

^ 1 ^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 201 



1 



recrossed tlie iron, causing great trouble in the manu- 
facture of cutting tools. But by melting this steel 
(called also blister steel, because its surface was covered 
with blisters) in a covered crucible, the seams and fibres 
of slag all disappeared, and a homogeneous ingot was the 
result. But this was a long way to a steel ingot, and the 
pursuit of cheapness gave rise to the direct method of 
melting iron in a crucible, made for the purpose, together 
with the requisite carbon and other ingredients necessary 
for imparting hardness, toughness, etc. The molten iron 
absorbs the carbon very quickly and gives a product 
which approaches closely the merit of that produced by 
the older method. 

Up to the middle of the nineteenth century these two 
processes were the principal ones, yet they were too 
expensive for a product of general use, except for tools. 

About 1856, Sir Henry Bessemer completed his experi- 
ments and gave to the world his famous process. In this 
process the pig iron is melted and poured into a bottle 
shaped vessel. Air is then blown into it from the bottom, 
burning out, first the silicon, then the manganese and 
carbon, (the first two elements entering the slag, the last 
one going out of the mouth of the converter as gas) but 
not reducing either the phosphorus or sulphur. When 
the carbon is burned out— a fact recognized by the color 
of the flame— the vessel contains practically pure wrought 
iron, which becomes steel on the addition of sufficient 
carbon and manganese to give the requisite hardness and 
toughness to the cast. 

When the iron is melted in a Converter which has a 
silicon lining the process is called the Acid Bessemer^ 
and the principal fuel to keep the bath liquid is silicon. 
If the iron is high in phosphorus and melted in a vessel 
lined with dolomite or magnesite the process is called the 
Basic Bessemer and phosphorus is the principal element 
of fuel. 

Following the introduction of Sir Henry Bessemer's 
process, William Siemans invented the regenerative 



^ 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



furnace, a furnace in which the heat of the waste gases 
passes through chambers checkered off with fire brick, 
which so obstruct the passage of the gases to the chimney 
as to make them give up their heat. The air and fuel gas 
entering the furnace is then passed through this hot 
checker work and highly heated, thus returning to the 
furnace a large part of the heat carried out before by the 
gases passing to the stack. In a furnace of similar con- 
struction Op 671 Hearth Steel is made. Pig iron, steel 
scrap, wrought iron, and iron ore charged together, or 
separately, (all, one or any two of them) are rendered steel 
by burning out their impurities with an oxidizing flame. 
If the metal is melted on a hearth lined with sand, the 
carbon, manganese and silicon are burned out and the 
sulphur and phosphorus remain as before. This is the 
Acid Open Hearth Process. But if, on the other hand, 
the bottom is made of dolomite or magnesite, and lime 
is added to hold the phosphorus in the slag formed (as in 
the case of Basic Bessemer) the phosphorus, silicon, car- 
bon and manganese are burned out, and sulphur remains 
as before. This is the Basic Open Hearth process. 

We have, then, steel made by the following processes: 

1st. Cementation. 

2d. Crucible. 



3rd. Bessemer, | ^^^^ \ Converter. 
4th. Open Hearth, | ^^^^^ j- Furnace. 



Standard Specifications for Special Open-Hearth Plate and 

Rivet Steel, as adopted by the Association of 

American Steel Manufacturers. 



Testing and Inspection (1). All tests and inspections 
shall be made at place of manufacture prior to shipment. 

Test Pieces (2). The tensile strength, limit of elasticity 
and ductility, shall be determined from a standard test 

^ 



t. 



^ NATiONAL TUBE COMPANY 20^ ^ 



piece cut from the finished material. The standard 
shape of the test piece for sheared plates shall be as 
shown by the following sketch : 



About d" ,<^ fff^^^^^'^^SJ/FH 
* ,^ \''~''NotTes'sth'an'9" ",'^\ 

■^\ ! ---■ -"- ■ - //^ 1 ^ 



About a" 



-.H-*^l-^-EtCr-- 

• -About-/S- 



Piece to be of same thickness as the plate. 

On tests cut from other material the test piece may be 
either the same as for plates, or it may be planed or 
turned parallel throughout its entire length. The elon- 
gation shall be measured on an original length of 8 inches, 
except when the thickness of the finished material is 
5-16 inch or less, in which case the elongation shall be 
measured in a length equal to sixteen times the thickness; 
and except in rounds of % inch or less in diameter, in 
which case the elongation shall be measured in a length 
equal to eight times the diameter of section tested. 
Four test pieces shall be taken from each melt of finished 
material ; two for tension and two for bending. 

Annealed Test Pieces (3). Material which is to be used 
without annealing or further treatment is to be tested in 
the condition in which it comes from the rolls. When 
material is to be annealed or otherwise treated before use, 
the specimen representing such material is to be similarly 
treated before testing. 

Marking (4). Kvery finished piece of steel shall be 
stamped with the melt number. Rivet steel may be 
shipped in bundles securely wired together, with the 
melt number on a metal tag attached. 

Finish (5). All plates shall be free from surface de- 
fects and have a workmanlike finish. 



imum Phosphorous, 
' Sulphur. 


.04 % 
.04 % 


Phosphorous, 
' Sulphur, 


.06 % 
.04 % 


' Phosphorous, 
Sulphur, 


.04 % 
.04 % 



204 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 

Chemical Pfoperties (6). 
Extra soft and } 
Fire Box Steel, j 
Flange or boiler ) 
Steel. j 

Boiler Rivet 
Steel. 

Physical Properties (7). Steel shall be of four grades — 
KxTRA Soft, Fire Box, Fi^angk or Boii^er, and Boii^kr 
RiVKT Steki.. 

Extra Soft Steel (8). Ultimate strength, 45,000 to 55,000 
pounds per square inch. 

Elastic limit, not less than one-half the ultimate 
strength. Elongation, 28 per cent. 

Cold and Quench bends, 180 degrees flat on itself, 
without fracture on outside of bent portion. 

Fire Box Steel (9). Ultimate strength, 52,000 to 62,000 
pounds per square inch. 

Elastic limit, not less than one-half the ultimate 
strength. Elongation 26 per cent. 

Cold and Quench bends, 180 degrees, flat on itself, 
without fracture on outside of bent portion. 

Flange or Boiler Steel (10). Ultimate strength, 52,000 to 
62,000 pounds per square inch. 

Elastic limit, not less than one-half the ultimate 
strength. Elongation, 25 per cent. 

Cold and Quench bends, 180 degrees flat on itself, 
without fracture on outside of bent portion. 

Boiler Rivet Steel (11). Steel for boiler rivets shall be 
made of the extra soft quality specified in paragraph 
No. 8. 

Variation "When Ordered to Gauge (12). For all plates 
ordered to gauge, there will be permitted an average 
excess of weight over that corresponding to the dimen- 
sions on the order equal in amount to that specified in 
the following table, provided no plate shall be rejected 
for light gauge measuring .01" or less, below the ordered 
thickness. 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



205 



^ 



Table of Allowances for Overweight for Rectangular 
Plates J/4 Inch Thick and Heavier. 

Note. — The weight of 1 cubic inch of rolled steel is 
taken at 0.2833 pounds. 



Thickness of 


Width of Plate. 


Plate. 


Up to 75 in. 


75 in. to 100 in. 


Over 100 in. 


Kin.... 


10 percent. 


14 percent. 


18 percent. 


A "... • 


8 


12 


16 " 


%".... 


7 


10 


13 




6 


8 


10 


1^ " 


5 


7 


9 


Pb''"'' 


fA " 


6K " 


8K " 


4 


6 


8 


Overf^" ... 


3^ " 


5 


6^ " 



Table of Allowances for Overweight for Rectangular 
Plates less than 1/4 Inch in Thickness. 



Thickness of 


Width of Plate. 


Plate. 


Up to 50 in. 


50 in. and above. 


1^ in. up to A in. 


10 per cent. 


15 per cent. 

12 

10 



^ 



Variation When Ordered to Weight (13). Plates 12^^ lbs. 
or heavier when ordered to weight, shall not average 
more variation than 2^ per cent., either above or below 
the theoretical weight. 

Plates from 10 to 121^ lbs., when ordered to weight, 
shall not average a greater variation than the following : 

Up to 75 inches wide, 2^ per cent., either above or 
below the theoretical weight. 

75 inches and over, 5 per cent. , either above or below 
the theoretical weight. 

Plates under 10 lbs. down to 5 lbs. when ordered to 
weight shall not average more variation than 3 per cent, 
above or 5 per cent, below the theoretical weight. 

Plates under 5 lbs. when ordered to weight shall not 
average more variation than 5 per cent, either above 
or below the theoretical weight. 

I ' ' ■ 



35? 



^ 



206 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



SJ^ 



5 

Z 

I 

w 

pL. 

s 

z 
8 



^QP 



oo 









Oi 


iCioo 










■ in 


■ la 









88 



oooooo 
o o o ooo 
oooooo 

888888' 

o o o o o__o__ 



oooooo oooo 

oooooo ..... -oooo 

ooo^o__o_^o^ oo_^o__o 

CO 00 co't-'o'oo" ; ! '. ; ; t o'(N co'o 

TjiTtmooo ■* cc T-i oi 

oo 

::::::::::::: :88 
: : : : : : : : : i : : : igS 



;88888 

'OOOOO 



OCOQO OOJCO 

iocooooooo 



coo .ooooojoin 



T-Cl-l • <N 



•QOIOOQOIO- 



mo»ni0G0Q0?0'<*iooG0Q00}i0oo 

.-lOJC^eOT-i^COt-C^COOiOQOOCOO 



OOOOOOOO 

oooo>oooo 

OOOOOOOO 



>oo 
>oo 
>oo 



o" o' o" o o o' n Jii 
uoqjB3jo oj 2" 



6 S .§ S 

:s8 



oj.: 



Clj 






Sj3 : rt o 5 



C5 03; 

o'o 



o'o' 









m Q 



Oh < S 



=D^ 



^ 



NATIONAL, TUBE COMPANY. 



■^ 



207 



TENACITY OF METALS AT VARIOUS 
TEMPERATURES. 

Tensile Strength of Iron and Steel at High Temper at«f es» — 

James K. Howard's tests {Iron Age, April 10, 1890), shows 
that the tensile strength of steel diminishes as the tem- 
perature increases from 0° until a minimum is reached 
between 200° and 300°F., the total decrease being about 
4,000 lbs. per square inch in the softer steels and from 
6,000 to 8,000 lbs. in steels of over 80,000 lbs. tensile 
strength. From this minimum point the strength in- 
creases up to a temperature of 400° to 650°F., the maxi- 
mum being reached earlier in the harder steels, the in- 
crease amounting to from 10,000 to 20,000 lbs. per square 
inch above the minimum strength at from 200° to 300°. 
From this maximum, the strength of all the steels decreases 
steadily at a rate approximating 10,000 lbs. decrease per 
100° increase of temperature. A strength of 20,000 lbs. 
per square inch is still shown by 0.10 C. steel at about 
1000 F., and by 0.60 to 1.00 C. steel at about 1600° F. 

The strength of wrought iron increases with tempera- 
ture from 0° up to a maximum at from 400 to 600° F., the 
increase being from 8,000 to 10,000 lbs. per square inch, 
and then decreases steadily till a strength of only 6,000 
lbs. per square inch is shown at 1,500°F. 

Cast iron appears to maintain its strength, with a ten- 
dency to increase, until 900° is reached, beyond which 
temperature the strength gradually diminishes. Under 
the highest temperatures, 1,500° to 1,600° F., numerous 
cracks on the cylindrical surface of the specimen were 
developed prior to rupture. It is remarkable that cast 
iron, so much inferior in strength to the steels at atmos- 
pheric temperature, under the highest temperatures has 
nearly the same strength the high-temper steels then have. 

Strength of Iron and Steel Boiler-plate at High Tempera- 
tures, (Chas. Huston, Jour. K I. , 1877.) 

Average of Three Tests of Each. 



Temperature F 

Charcoal iron plate, tensile strength, lbs.. 

" " " contr. of area ^ 

Soft open-hearth steel, tensile strength, lbs 

" " " contr. % 

' ' Crucible steel, tensile strength, lbs. . . 

" *' " contr. % 



68« 


575° 


55,366 


63,080 


26 


23 


54,600 


66,088 


47 


38 


64,000 


69,266 


36 


30 



925° 
65,343 

21 
64,350 

33 
68,600 

21 



^■. 



^-^^ 



208 



NATIONAL TUBE- COMPANY. 



Strength of "Wrought Iron and Steel at High Temperatures, 
— {Jour. F. I., cxii., 1881, p. 241.) Kollmann's experi 
ments at Oberhausen included tests of the tensile strength 
of iron and steel at temperatures ranging between 70° and 
2000° F. Three kinds of metal were tested, viz., fibrous 
iron having an ultimate tensile strength of 52,464 lbs., 
an elastic strength of 38,280 lbs., and an elongation of 
17.5^; fine-grained iron having for the same elements 
values of 56,892 lbs., 39,113 lbs., and 20^; and Bessemer 
steel having values of 84,826 lbs., 55,029 lbs., and 14.5^. 
The mean ultimate tensile strength of each material ex- 
pressed in per cent, of that at ordinary atmospheric tem- 
perature is given in the following table, the fifth column 
of which exhibits, for purposes of comparison, the results 
of experiments carried on by a committee of the Frank- 
lin Institute in the years 1832-36. 



1 

'es. I 



^ 



Temperature 
Degrees F. 


Fibrous 


Fine-grained 


Bessemer 


Franklin 


Wrought 


Iron, 


Steel, 


Institute, 




Iron, p. c. 


per cent. 


per cent. 


per cent. 





100.0 


100.0 


100.0 


96.0 


100 


100.0 


100.0 


100.0 


102.0 


200 


100.0 


100.0 


100.0 


105.0 


300 


97.0 


100.0 


100.0 


106.0 


400 


95.5 


100.0 


100.0 


■ 106.0 


500 


92.5 


98.5 


98.5 


104.0 


600 


88.5 


95.5 


92.0 


99.5 


700 


81.5 


90.0 


68.0 


92.5 


800 


67.5 


77.5 


44.0 


75.5 


900 


44.5 


51.5 


36.5 


53.5 


1000 


26.0 


36.0 


31.0 


36.0 


1100 


20.0 


30.5 


26.5 




1200 


18.0 


28.0 


22.0 




1300 


16.5 


23.0 


18.0 




1400 


13.5 


19.0 


15.0 




1500 


10.0 


15.5 


12.0 





1600 


7.0 


12.5 


10.0 




1700 


5.5 


10.5 


8.5 





1800 


4.5 


8.5 


7.5 




1900 


3.5 


7.0 


6.5 




2000 


3.5 


5.0 


5.0 





J 



^' ^"^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



MECHANICS OF MATERIALS RELATING TO 
TUBULAR CONSTRUCTION. 



STRENGTH OF MATKRIAI.S. 

A tensile stress is produced in the walls of a cylindrical 
vessel, such as a pipe, tank, boiler, etc. when it contains 
a fluid such as water, steam or air, under pressure. 

The ultimate or breaking strength of a material is reached 
when the tensile stress equals its cohesive force, in which 
case the material is on the point of being ruptured. 

The working strength of a material is that fraction , or 
portion, of the ultimate or breaking strength that experi- 
ence has shown it is best to use in practice, in order to 
guard against failure due to unforeseen causes, such as 
defects and the possible action of unknown forces. 

The unit working strength of a material is the working 
strength of one square inch of cross section of that ma- 
terial. 

The factor of safety is the factor or number by which 
the ultimate strength is divided in order to obtain the 
working strength. The proper factor to use in any given 
case would depend upon the characteristics of the ma- 
terial and the nature of the forces, whether quiescent or 
impulsive. 

In tubular construction, reasonably free from vibration 
and shock, a factor of safety of from 5 to 6 should be 
ordinarily used for wrought iron and steel, and from 8 to 
10 for cast iron. Where there is uncertainty as to the 
magnitude and nature of the forces acting, or where there 
is much vibration or shock, such as water hammer in 
steam pipes or the sudden stoppage of flow in a water 
pipe, these factors should be increased to from one and 
one-half to three or more times the values given, depend- 
ing upon the severity of the vibration or shock. 

It is best, when possible, to compute the straining ac" 
tions of shocks, as for example the increase in fluid pres- 
sure in a long water pipe when the flow is more or less 
quickly checked, in which case they should be added to 
the normal straining action. Having provided for these 
abnormal forces, the ordinary factors of safety should 
then be used . 

Stress and Strain. — Should the fluid pressure in a cylin- 
drical vessel be gradually increased from zero, it will be 

^ 1 _ r^ 



210 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



observed that the walls of the vessel will stretch, thus in- 
creasing its volume. The stretch of the material consti- 
tuting the walls is termed the strain due to the force 
tending to tear the material asunder. 

The molecular actions within the material which oppose 
the external forces, and which resist deformation, are 
termed stresses. 

An clastic material when deformed by a straining action 
recovers its original form when the straining action is 
removed; as, for example, spring steel, ivory, etc. 

A plastic material when deformed does not recover its 
original form when the straining action is removed; as, 
for example, lead, putty, etc. 

Elastic limit. — Materials such as wrought iron and low 
carbon steel are elastic under some conditions and plastic 
under others. At ordinary atmospheric temperatures, 
these materials may be strained up to a point, termed the 
elastic limit, without suffering any permanent deforma- 
tion when the straining action is removed. 

Should, however, the elastic limit be exceeded, the ma- 
terial will but partially recover its original form when the 
straining action is removed, in which case it is said to 
have received a permanent deformation or set. 

Up to the elastic limit the strain is proportional to the 
stress, that is, strain h- stress = a constant. Beyond 
the elastic limit this constant becomes ordinarily an in- 
creasing varible. 

The modulus of elasticity of a material is obtained by 
dividing the unit stress by the strain, for unit length. 

Shearing strength of a material.— When a cylindrical ves- 
sel, made up from plates, connected together in the usual 
manner by riveted joints, is subjected to a fluid pressure, 
the adjoining plates will tend to separate by sliding one 
upon the other, thus subjecting the material of the rivets 
to a shearing action. The ability of a rivet to resist this 
action is known as its shearing- strength, and the stress 
created by snch action is called the shearing sti^ess . 

Unit shearing strength of a material is the shearing 
strength of one square inch of cross-section of that ma- 
terial. 



^ 1 -^ 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



211 1 



VALUES OF I (Moment of Inertia), AND S. (Section 
Modulws), FOR USUAL SECTIONS. 



SECTIONS. 




k...-d--i 




•X__^^^^^^,SC_ 



-h 



.^- 



p^|:::::-y'T 



-^- k/i 







12 



1= 



bh= 



64 
=0.0491 d^ 



12 



K 



X ^ 



X J 



y777r//h77777\ ' ^ 



xM 
■ % 



WmvhTTT^ 



:-- 



.i?^. 



1=0.0491 (d^-d/) 



j_ bin3 4-btii^-(b-bi)£ 



j_ bh^-2bih, 
12 



bh^ 



Miii.= 



bh2 



rd3 



32 

=0.0982 d3 



I 
0.5h 



0.0982 



(-r) 



Min.=- 



O.Sh. 



^55= 



j( X Penotes position of neutral axis. 



^ 



■^ 



Bending Moments and Deflections of Beams «ndef Various 
Systems of Loading. 



fF= total load, 
/—length of beam. 



(1) Beam fixed at one end and 
loaded at the other. 



Maximum bending moment at 
point of support= Wl. 

Maximum shear at point of sup- 
port = W. 

Deflection =^-EY 



(3) Beam supported at both 
ends, single load in the middle 



Maximum bending moment at 

middle of beam=— p- 
4 
Maximum shear at points of 
support=3^fF. 

Deflection=^-^^ 



(5) Beams supported at both 
ends, single unsymmetrical 
load. 



(w) 



Maximum bending moment un- 
der load = — ^ — 
Maximum shear : at support 

Wb 
near a= -j-\ at other support 

Wa 



Maximum deflection 
Wab{2l-a) 



WJl ^ 



Vy3a{2/-a) 



^ 



/=moment of inertia. 
^=modulus of elasticity. 



(2) Beam fixed at one end, and 
uniformly loaded. 



Maximum bending moment at 

pomt of support=-^ 

Maximum shear at point of 

support= TV. 
_ „ . Wl^ 
Deflection=g^^ 



(4) Beam supported at both 
ends and uniformly loaded. 

W 



Maximum bending moment at 
Wl 
middle of beam =— g- 

Maximum shear at points of 

support=^rF. 
^ „ ■ TVl^ 

Deflection=^g^g^^ 



(6) Beam fixed at both ends 
and uniformly loaded. 

5^ M/ f,^ 



Maximum bending moment at 



point of support: 



Wl 
12 



Maximum shear at points of 
support=J^fF. 



Deflection= 



Wl^ 
38iB/ 



/^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



"^ 



DEFLECTION AND STRENGTH OF PIPES TO 
RESIST BENDING ACTION. 



-f-i 
I, 



-G, 



The bending moment of a force is 
obtained by multiplying the force, 
P, in pounds, by the lever arm, /, 
in inches, with which it acts. Thus 
in the case of a trolley pole the 
bending moment at the ground, 
G, is 

M=P 1, and at Gi is Mi^Pl^. 

Jf ; The deflection of a pipe or tube 

> \._j „ when loaded transversely, that is, 

so as to subject it to a bending 
moment, is the deformation in inches produced by the 
given loading, and is due, of course, to the elasticity of 
the materials constituting it. In case of a trolley pole 
the greatest deformation will be at the extreme top of 
the pole. 

For a horizontal pipe supported at equidistant points 
the greatest deflection will be midway between supports. 

The moment of inertia of a section is the sum of the 
products of each elementary area of the section by the 
square of its distance from an assumed axis of rotation. 
It is a necessary factor in formulae for the determination 
of deflection of structures considered as beams. 

The moment of resistance of cross-section of a beam is 
the moment that resists a bending action at that cross- 
section. 

The section modulus is the factor that when multiplied 
by the unit working strength of the material will give the 
moment of resistance of cross-section of a structure con- 
sidered as a beam. 

In every case when a beam, as for example a trolley 
pole or a horizontal pipe supported at points, is subjected 
to a bending action the following condition must exist at 
every cross-section, namely: Bending mofnentz=imoment 



^ 



o^ 



214 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



■^ 









B 



A 



of resistance of cross-section— unit working strength of 
material X section modulus. 

Example J. — A 4 inch 

steel pipe has one end 

firmly fixed in a wall so 

as to project horizontally 

a distance of 8 feet. Find 

the greatest safe load it 

will carry at the free 

'- end, also the deflection 

with this load. 

Solution : From the table of Standard Steam and Gas 

Pipe, we see that the outside and inside diameters are 

d=4.500 and d^ = 4.026 inch. Assuming an ultimate 

strength of material = 60,000 lbs. per sq. inch, and a 

factor of safety of 6, we get as a working unit strength 

60,000^6=10,000 lbs. From the table of Section Moduli 

we get 

/ d,4\ 
Section modulus=0.098 I d^ j; 

which multiplied by the unit working strength gives 

Moment of resistance=980 I d^ I. 

V d / 

d3=:(4.5)=*=91.125 (see table of cubes). 

4 log. 4.026— log. 4.5=4X0.6049 



d/ (4.026) 

log. = log. 

d 4.5 



d/ 



—0.6532 = 1.7664, or — = 58.4, the number whose 
d 

log. is 1.7664 

Then moment of resistance=980 (91.1— 58.4)=32,046 inch 
lbs. . 



^CT 



^ 



■* NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 215 ^ 



The bending moment at support = Wly = W8xl2 = 
96 W inch lbs. Since the bending moment equals the 
moment of resistance, then 
96 W=32,046, or 

W=333 lbs., the required load. 
For this style of loading (see table) the 

WP 

Deflection = , 

3KI 
In which W=333, the safe load as computed; 
Iy=96, the length of beam in inches; 
K=26,000,000. the modulus of elasticity; 
1 = 0.049 (d4—d/)== 0.049 [(4.54— (4.026)4] = 
7.21, the moment of inerta of cross-section. 
Substituting these values in above formula we get 
-r. ^ . 333 X (96)3 

Deflection = 3x26,000,000x7.21= ^"^^ ^"^^• 

Example 2.— A 10 
. •■ "'.' inch standard lap 

welded steel pipe, 
carrying water, is 
suspended from the 
top of a tunnel, as 
shown in the figure, the points of support being spaced 
at a distance of 20 feet apart. 

Find the deflection, D, due to the weight of the pipe 
and its contained water, on the supposition that the pipe 
bears equally on all of its supports. 

Solution: From the table of Standard Steel Welded Pipe 
we get weight of pipe per ft. =40. 06 lbs., and weight of 
contained water per ft. =34. 13 lbs., making a gross weight 
per foot of 74.2 lbs., or for 20 feet a total weight of ap- 
proximately 1500 pounds. 

Since the pipe is assumed to run continuously from one 
support to another, the deflection will be greatest midway 
between supports, and will be the same as that for a beam 

^■1 w 





c ,i, > 











,J- 


\ I 


3 



216 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. ^ 



fixed at both ends and uniformly loaded. For this style 
of loading (see page 212) the 

Deflection = . 



384 KI 
In which W=1500 pounds; 

Iv= 20x12=240 inches; 
E= 26, 000,000, the modulus of elasticity; 
I = 0.049 (d^— di*) = 0.049 [(10.75)4— (10.02)*] 
= 160, the moment of inertia of cross-section. 

Substituting these values in above formula we get 

1500 X (240)3 
Deflection = 384 x 26,000,000 X 160 ^^'^^^ ^°^^- 

In practice, where the usual rigid joints are used, it is 
often the case that a pipe does not bear equally upon all 
the hangers, and in cases of careless erecting or of shifting 
of hangers, the pipe may not receive any support from 
one or more of the hangers. 

Should each alternate hanger, in the above example, 
become inactive, owing to any cause, the maximum de- 
flection then would be that due to an unsupported length 
of 40 feet of pipe. An inspection of the formula will show 
that the deflection of a beam increases directly as the 
weight X {length)^, or, for uniformly loaded beams, since 
the weight increases directly as the length, as the 
{lengthy. 

Since in this case the length is doubled, the deflection 
will be increased 16 fold (that is 2*), or to an amount = 
0.014X16=0.22 inch. 

In the same manner it can be shown that an unsup- 
ported portion of 60 feet in length will deflect or sag 
an amount = 0.014 X 3* = 1.13 inch. 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 217 



f 



.4 



/ 



Should the pipe be 
merely supported at the 
ends, and not straight 
and continuous from 
one support to another, 



then the conditions would be those of a simple beam 
uniformly loaded and supported at the ends. 

By comparing the deflection formulae for the case just 
considered and this case, it will appear that the deflection 
for this case will be five times as great; or, for the three 
cases considered above, 0.07, 1.10 and 5.65 inches respec- 
tively . 

The maximtim deflection, or sag, that should be permit- 
ted in practice will depend ordinarily upon the effective 
thickness of wall of pipe and the unit working strength 
of the material composing it . 

The effective thickness of pipe in any particular case will 
be the thickness remaining after deducting the depth of 
screw-thread (for wrought pipe with threaded ends 
for coupling or flange connections) plus a reasonable 
amount for the deterioration due to corrosion, or other 
causes; which amount will depend upon the nature of the 
service and the expected life of pipe. 

In every practical example the effective thickness of 
pipe should be used in applying all formulae relating to 
strength of pipe to resist either bending or bursting. 



STRESS DUE TO INTERNAL BURSTING 
PRESSURE, 

Owing to the difference in the nature of the stress 
occuring in thin and thick walls of cylinders, pipes, etc., 
when subjected to a fluid pressure, it will be necessary 
to divide them into two classes, namely, those having 
thin walls and those having thick walls. In the follow- 
ing discussion only those having thin walls will be con- 
sidered. 



(■ 218 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. ^ 

Let d = internal diameter in inches ; 

t = thickness of cylinder wall in inches ; 

p = internal fluid pressure, lbs. per sq. inch ; 

7r= 3.1416; 

ft= unit working strength in tension ; 

fc= " " " " compression ; 

fs= " " " " shear ; 

^ . r • • . strength of joint, 

e = efficiency of lomt, or -7 ^rr — r , ^ > 

-^ •' ' strength of plate 

c = thickness of metal, in inches, allowed for wast- 
ing away due to corrosion, or other causes. 



STRENGTH OF THIN CYLINDERS TO RESIST 
BURSTING, 

A The force tending to 

.. tear the plate along a 



/ 7 \ line lying circumfer- 
r y entially around the 
~t ' -^^ — cylinder, as, for ex- 

ample, along the sec- 
tion lying in the plane A B, will equal the fluid pressure 
exerted on one end of the cylinder, which equals the 
area of a cross-section of cylinder in square inches X in- 
ternal pressure per square inch, or 

Longitudinal bursting pressure ) '^^^ 

tending to rupture circumferentially \ —~T P- 

This bursting pressure will be resisted by the tenacity 
of the metal whose cross-section lies in the plane A B, 
which equals the circumference, or distance around the 
cylinder, multiplied by the thickness of the metal. Hence 

Resistance to bursting pressure ) _ 1 , r 

tending to rupture circumferentially \ ~'^ '' 

Since the resistance to the bursting pressure must equal 
the pressure itself, we have 

7rd2 dp 4 ft t 

TT d t ft. = p, or t = ; p = . 

4 .4 ft d 

^ ■ i \ ^ 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



219 



"^ 



d 




The force tending to 
tear the plate along a 
line extending longi- 
tudinally, as, for ex- 
ample, along the sec- 
tion lying in the plane C D, will equal the sum of the 
normal components of the fluid pressures on the inner 
surface of the cylinder, which it can be shown is the 
same as the fluid pressure on a surface equal to the 
length of the cylinder multiplied by its diameter, or d 1. 
We then have 



Transverse bursting pressure \ 

Tending to rupture longitudinally J 



d Ip. 



This bursting pressure will be resisted by the tenacity 
of the metal whose cross-section lies in the plane C D, 
which latter equals twice the length of cylinder multi- 
plied by the thickness of the metal. Hence 



Resistance to bursting pressure ] 
Tending to rupture longitudinally f 



3 1 1 f t 



K 



Since the resistance to the bursting pressure must equal 
the pressure itself, we have 

dp 3 f 1 1 
3 1 1 ft = d 1 p, or t = ; p = . 

3 ft d 

From a comparison of the above formulae, it will be seen 
that the force due to a fluid pressure within a pipe, boiler, 
or other cylindrical vessel, that tends to cause rupture 
longitudinally is twice that which tends to cause rupture 
transversely, that is circumferentially or around the 
pipe. 

From the above relations, then, it will appear that a 
pipe, or other cylindrical vessel having walls of uniform 
thickness, when subjected to a fluid pressure only, will 
always tend to rupture longitudinally. The strength at 
the joints, resisting rupture transversely, may be reduced 
by the cutting of threads or riveting to flanges, or other- 
wise, to an amount equal to one-half the strength of the 



^ 



220 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 

metal of pipe in cross-section, without altering the ten- 
dency of the pipe to rupture longitudinally. 

Example J. — Find the safe working pressure and also 
the bursting pressure of a standard 10-inch lap-welded 
steel pipe, having plain ends, or welded heads. 

Solution: Assuming that the pipe is not subjected to 
shock or vibration, we will assume a unit working strength 
of material=10,000 lbs., which allows a factor of safety 
of 6 on the assumption that the ultimate tensile strength 
is 60,000 lbs. per sq. inch. 

Then in the formula for the internal fluid pressure. 
2ftt 

" = —' 

ft =10,000 lbs., the unit working strength of material; 
t = 0.366 inch, the thickness of wall of pipe; 
d =10.385, the diameter of pipe. 
Substituting these values we get 

2 X 10,000 X 0.366 ^^^ ^^ 

p = = 705 lbs. per sq. m. 

^ 10.385 ^ ^ 

The bursting pressure, on the above assumption, would 
be six times the working pressure, or 

Bursting pressure=705X 6=4,230 lbs. per sq. in. 

Example 2. — Find the working 'pressure for the pipe 
given in example 1, when provision is made for wasting 
away of the metal by corrosion, or otherwise, so as to 
reduce the thickness of the walls by ^ inch. 

Then t=0.366— 0.125=0.241 inch, the thickness of wall 
after corrosion of % inch has occurred, the other values 
remaining the same as before. Substituting in the form- 
ula for pressure we get 

2 X 10,000 X 0.241 ^^^ ^^ 

p = = 465 lbs. per sq. m. 

^ 10.385 ^ ^ 

In practice it is often necessary to provide, especially 

in steam and water pipes, for stresses due to vibration, 

shock, temperature changes and various other causes, in 

which case the factor of safety of six assumed in the 

above examples should be increased to from 8 to 15 for 



^ NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 221 ^ 



wrought pipe, depending upon the severity of these 
actions . 

Assuming a factor of safety of 12, the safe working 
pressure in the above examples would be for Example 1, 
350 lbs. per sq. in., and for example 2, 230 lbs. per sq. 
inch. 

Example 3. — Find the thickness of a mild steel seamless 
cylindrical receiver, 20 inches in diameter, to contain 
air at 2,000 lbs. per sq. in. gauge pressure . 

Solution: Assuming a unit working strength of material 
of 12,000 lbs. then in the formula for thickness, 

"3 ft' . 

d— 20, the diameter of receiver in inches; 

p=2,000, the internal pressure in lbs. per sq. inch; 

ftr=12,000, the working strength persq. in. of material; 

Substituting these values in the formula we get 

20 X 2,000 

t = -^— - = 1.67 inches. 

2 X 12,000 

In tubular construction, having longitudinal riveted 
joints intended to resist internal fluid pressure, the form- 
ulae for thickness of wall and for safe working pressure 
will become 

dp 2e ft t 

t = — ; p = ; 

2eft d 

In which d=diameter of vessel in inches; 
t= thickness of wall in inches; 
p=internal fluid pressure, lbs. persq. inch; 
ft=unit working strength of material in tension; 
e=eflaciency of riveted joint, from 0.6 to 0.8. 
To provide in practice for wasting away of the metal, 
due to corrosion, or other causes, the above formulae will 
become 

dp 2 eft (t— c) 

t = h c ; p = . 

^eft d 



^cr 



" 222 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 

Where c=reduction in the thickness, in inches, of the 
metal constituting the wall of the vessel, because of the 
wasting away of the metal in practice due to corrosion 
and other causes. 

Example 4, — Find the thickness of plate for a 60-inch 
steam boiler, to carry 100 lbs. gauge pressure, the longi- 
tudinal riveted joints having an eflSciency of 0.7, the 
ultimate tensile strength of the material being 60,000 lbs. 
per sq. inch. 

Solution: Assuming an actual factor of safety of five 
and allowing }i inch for wasting away of plates during 
the life of the boiler, we have in the above formula for 
thickness of plate: 

d=:60, the diameter of boiler in inches; 
p=100, the gauge pressure per sq. inch; 
ft=12,000, the unit working strength of material; 
e=0.7, the efl&ciency of longitudinal joint; 
c=0.125, the allowance for corrosion, etc. 
Substituting these values in the formula we get 

60 X 100 

t = 1- + 0.125^0.48 inch. 

3 X 0.7 X 12,000 ^ 

Example 5. — Find the greatest steam pressure that 
could be carried by the boiler, in Example 4, when new, 
that is, before any wasting away of metal has occurred, 
all other conditions being the same. 

Solution: Making c = in the above equation, we get 
dp 2 e f 1 1 

t = ; and p = ; 

2eft d 

Which are the general equations for the thickness, t, in 
inches and safe fluid pressure, p, in lbs, per sq. inch, for 
pipes or other cylindrical vessels having longittidinal 
riveted joints. 

Substituting the values, given in Example 4, in the 
above formula for pressure, we get 



^ 



2 X 0.7 X 12,000 X 0.48 
p = — = 135 lbs. gauge. 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 223 

In Examples 4 and 5 an actual factor of safety at the 
longitudinal joints is assumed, which makes the apparent 
factor of safety, that is, the factor of safety on the plate 
itself, for the assumed conditions, =5-^0.7=7.1. 

In practice an apparent factor of safety of 5 is often 
used, for double riveted longitudinal lap joints, resulting 
in an actual factor of safety of 5 X (0.68 to 0.72)= from 3.4 
to 3.6. Very often no allowance is made for the wasting 
away of the metal, which fact in conjunction with the 
use of too small a factor of safety will account for a large 
number of the boiler explosions that have occurred in 
practice. 



STRENGTH OF CYLINDER ENDS OR HEADS. 



4. The ends or heads of 

V , cylindrical vessel intended 



"y I to contain a fluid under 
<-^ J* / pressure, should be de- 

'^""Or —f-^ Ct I signed so as to be as strong 
as the cylindrical part of 
the vessel. This can ordin- 
arily be best accomplished 
by giving the end the form of a portion of a hollow 
sphere, as shown in the figure, whose radius equals the 
diameter of the cylindrical part, in which case to be 
equally strong throughout the thickness should be the 
same as that of the cylindrical part. This is because of 
the fact that for a given internal fluid pressure, the stress 
created in the walls of a thin hollow cylinder will be the 
same as that created, for the same pressure, in the walls 
of a thin hollow sphere of double the diameter. 

The use of flat ends should be avoided, except for con- 
structions such as tube plates, where they are desirable 
because of constructional reasons and can be easily 
stayed. 



^fr 



^ 



224 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY 



'^ 



o y 



Pi 

PL. 

i 
I 
I 

g 



r 



^ 



O00C0t-O<MTj4i0O00OWlO0iC0i>0000C? 
OOt>i>«DCDlO^'cOC'?T-lT-lOC5o6o6i>OlO'<d^ 



^T-lcDO<^^^«D^>oo■r^cocoo'^05Ttlo^>TJ^ 



ooicoscoici:Doooii-i^i>o»ooiOTH'*r>o 






i>(?5CC>0STHC0TiHi>O'«:t<00C005lO0505^O'<:t^ 
THTHOoio5odj>CO?OlO-^"'<^COCOCOCC>C^C^-r-l 



T-lO05-i-iC0<:D«>i-ll0O«0(??00l0C0-r-li>'TtH0i 

o 05 00 00 t-^ o lo lO Tin ^' o^ CO (?-:> C5 o? ci tH tH 



00001>O1O'^^CCiC0C<?05C5i-ItHi-1i-It-I 



OOiO^'^COCQC^G^ 



io-<^coo:)C^cqt-itHth 



«5GJcoi>i:ooooiir>iO'*ccc? 

CO C? O? 1-1 tH tH 



'I^SjI THC<lC0^1001>00050-rHO?CO^»OCOOOO»0 

li;SU3T -pHT-li-HTHT-lTHT-lr-KT^C? 



^ 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



225 



;^ 



^ 






^ 



^ 



j>i>?010'>!t<C0i-lO00J>lCC0'r-lO00i>^TH?0C0O 

htl■Tt^xt^^-<^^^'>3'cocoo:)coo:)co<^^(:^?<^^c<^^-:T^■r^ 



iC05005£>CQOOcncoi>T-ii:owoGOi:oi>ooi 

■tH CO CO tH O OS i> lO -<*' C'i -r-I Ol 00 i> lO ^ CQ ■^ t- 
COCOCOCOCOCQ(75(^JWOiCQT-l-pHTHTHT-lTH-r-l 

-vHt-t-iOCOr-OOCOOT-HD^T-iOCSOCOt- 

THOcioOr-lOCOO^Ooit-OlO^CQOJOGO 
COCOCQOiC<?CQC^C3C^i-lT-li-lT-lTH-r-lTH-r-l 

COO'*C010THlO-i-liOi-(i>lO'rt<CO^iOOOO 

o6i>co»oco'(?;Jooii>cDiocoo"?'rHOOiooi:o 

(?i<?5 0'JC-?G<iC?G<iT-li-lTHT-:T-lTHTHrH 
-^COi-iOO'^OOCOCDC^Ot-OOaOOCOOT-i 

io^'co'-i-Hoooi^io-^cooocioooot^oio 

CiWOiOiC^I-lTH-l-ll-lT-lTHt-l 

OS-rHCi'l^O^OitOWOOT-lCOOOiCiOGO 

THi-iOiOOi>iOCOCQ— 'OCiOOt-iX)i:DiOTt<CO 
O^iWi-lT-li-li-iT-lTHT-lr-l 



•|aaj THC^COM^lOOt-ODOiO-r-iCQCO^iOO'XiOiOOiCOir'O 
tj^Suai tH-i— ItHt-ItH-i— li—lT-lC^OiCOCO'^'TjHlO 



33^ 



^ 



*^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



^nc 



OOiOO^OCDC^OOCOt-O-rH'^t-O'^OOCvJ-r-iCOOOO 
CSOOOOOOQOt-t-COCDiOiC^C^OCit^iOeOi-iOJt-O 
S<JC^C<JC^C<J(MO?C<JC<?0?WG^C<>(NTHT-n-lTHT-l 



CClW-r-lOOTi^OlCOlOt-OC^ilOOOCOOOCOOST-lTtlCOCO 
OCO^OlOlOlO'rtH'^COCvJOi-r-lOSt-O^COOOit-tOlO 
C3C?CQC<iC?C<iOiC<}OJO?Oi(N-r-l-rHTHi-lT-lTH 



OOi>lOC500'*010:)£>-r-IO"JCCi>i-l»OCOCiOOCO£-01-.-l 
C0C0C0C0C<>C^T-i-r-iOOCi00Ol0CC(?5OG0«>l0^^ 
03CviOiC<iC<iC^CQC<iCQC<Ji-lTHT-iTHT-lTH-r-l 



^050£>COOi^i>OC010i>-r-llfflOQOi>OiO-<*COO 
i-i-r-iT-iOOCJ0i0000i>?C>l0^03TH0S00CDl0-^0t)C0 

?5C?C?C^C?THT-|-I-lTHT-l'r-lT-lT-lr-l'-l 






w 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



227 





k 


00J>O^00'^00O<?3C0iOJ>0i«0Ot- 




1^ 






1 


i>OOCO«DOI>iOOOOOlO<:OOOiOOOO 
lO-^C^OOCOCDOCOCOOCOCDOSOOOO^ 
CiC<iC."?-rH-i-HOOOiOOODi>OiO'rti^CO 

1-t tH tH T-H T-: 1—1 1—1 




^ 


i>050J>£>T-lTH^i>^T-lOOl010T-t05 

10^C<Jt~05<:DOiO?i005COCDOOCOO 
T-Hi-i-rHOOOSOOOOt-OOtOiO^COCQ 




^^ 


C005«00:)CQ00i-ilO05O0'?'<*?D00O<X> 
OOO0i05G0t:-l>«Dl010-*TtlC0CJC^ 

-1— 1 T— 1 1— 1 


s 

< 


o 


iooscocD«ooos<:ocooico<:D«:ic<)oooo 

lO'-^-rHCOO'^OOTtiOOCOOOCOCOOO 
OiOiOiOOOOt-OCOlOrtl^COCOCQC^i-l 


Pi 


00 


^COOOOT-it-OSOiOCQlCO^OSGOlO'"* 

ooooooj><:dcdio^^cococO(>?-i-it-it-i 


o 




lOi0050i?DOiOQO(75i>CO'*iOTHOOCO 
OOilOOiOOi-O^OSxHOCDGQt-COO 




o 


COCQCQlO'^«OC?00^C0CQi>C5lO(?3Oi 
IC^O-^GOT-HOOl-^OOWOiTtiT-lOO 

t-i>r^?DioiO'<*icocococQCQT-iTHT-i 




1—1 


^--^^OOO^OOOQOt-hiOCOC^CQIO^ 
J>?DCDiOlO-=:t^-*COC3030;iT-iT-lT-l 




^ 


C0001000O1O00O»O05O05»Ot-iG0O 
lOC005COi>0'*OlCC?05CDCOOi:-CD 
"X'OlOlO'^^COCOOiOiT-lT-lT-li-t 




CO 


COOOCOOS10»00«D10lOt-'^T-l05COa5 
OC»-:t^£-T-llOOlOl-lGOlOCO^-^00?D^ 
C0iOiO'<*i^0:)C0C5 0'"?T-iT-n-<TH 






'~'T-IWCO-*10'X>i>00050T-i0^iOt>0 

T-l tH -iH tH T-l 05 



H^ 





228 


NATIONAL 


TUBE COMPANY. 








[ 


, 












oo 








a 














T-l t- 






^ 


^ 














s^ 






o 

















tH 1—1 
















(^ 


oo 




a; 






















esito 












CO 


OlS 






nJ 


rtH 












(^ 


O 1-1 






;3 














1—1 


1-1 1-1 


















oo 
















o o 


COOl 






P 

•S 


k 














oo 
















Ol Ol 


1—1 T— 1 






^S- 






































-= (I* 












o 


o o 


oo 






O "^ 












CO 


lot- 


ooo 






S X 










t- 


C3 t- 


C."> GO 
















£' 


00 00 


OlOl 




l1 






























o 


oo 


oo 


oo 


to] 


k 








Ol 


CO CO 




-^ tH 




1 


0) tw 












lO Ol 


^ Ol 




5^ 








CO 


cot- 


i>i> 


00 00 






















'*-' a 










o o 


o o 


oo 


oo 




[3h 


'^ ^ 


^-^ts 








CO 00 


T-l CO 


lO Ol 


OliTi 




o 


m u 








O xH 


Ol CO 


t-l-i 


lOO 




0) •- 








lO lO 


icco 


cot- 






w 






































3 


c X 








o 


o o 


oo 


oo 


oo 




^ 


!:^ 






CO 




lO CO 


o oo 


iO CO 










T-t 


lO 00 


C5 CO 


O CO 






< 






-* 


'^ Ttl 


LOlO 


CO CO 


CO J> 




> 


H5 












































o 


o o 


o o 


o o 


oo 






O 


?, o 


^-^ 




lO 


00 -r-l 


-^ CO 


Ol C5 


lOOO 






0) 53 




Ci 


O? CO 


Ol GQ 


iCOl 


OTiO 








(M 


CO CO 


CO ^ 


-^ ^ 


lOlO 






2 


St; 








































o o 


o o 


o o 


oo 








^ 


^ 5 


k 




lO CO 




GO CO 


'^ c<? 








w 






Oi lO 


oo o 


CO CO 


Ol 0"J 








m 




C^Oi 


C3 CO 


Ot) CO 


CO ^ 








Q 




o 


oo 


o o 


o 










^ 


> 


" to 


-^ 


00 tH 


'Tt^ oo 














< 


CO 


00 1—1 


CO lO 


00 ■ 










o 


c3 


1—1 


1-1 C5 


C<? 05 


o? 












o o 


o o 


^ 










<u 


it 


M T-l 


005 


GO 












CQ 


T-i n 


IC CO 


00 












1 






1—1 -I— 1 


Tl T-l 


1—1 












ingle 
ear at 
00 lbs. 
per 
q. in. 


o o 


oo 


o o 


o o 


oo 


o o 


o o 


s 




00 Ci 


-5i CO 


lO -H 


T-I-* 


T-l Oi 


CO »o 




CO ci 


-t— 1 ^ 


00 07 


CO 1-1 


CO 1-1 


t- CO 


CI CO 




C/3 




T-l r-l 


■rH 05 


O? CO 


CO-* 


Tf lO 


lOCO 






X-SR. ^ 




















cn-o 




















-<* Ot) 


CO JO 


00 CQ 


00 lO 


coco 


-* CO 


OiO 




rt -Jr^ 


o o 


iO 00 


CO T-l 


^ 00 


T-l O 


lo CO 


"^ t- 






^o.> 


T-l lO 


Ol ^ 


O i> 


-* 1-1 


O Ol 


00 00 


Ol o 






1—1 T-i 


1-1 05 


CO CO 


^. *-? 


o o 


i>GO 


OlT-l 






< C^ 














■^ 




,^ 


„ 


1 Lf 


lO 


lO 


IC 


lO 


iO 


lO 




0) 


rt 


lOt^ 


oi 


lO t- 


O") 


lO t- 


CQ 


icr- 






> . 


E 


c-co 


CO 


oi oo 


lO 1—1 


t- CO 


CO 


O5 00 






r2 a3 




^^. 


LO lO 


o CO 


i> 00 


00 Ol 


o 










Q 












1—1 1—1 


1—1 1—1 




c 


















|S 


_o 


;^-s 


:^-^s 




Vfi «!» 


\coiato 


< 


^'^"^ 








ol 












1— 1 T— 1 


tH t— I 




::^ 


5 


(^ 


















^^ - ^=n 



-^ » 


















-L\ 


1^ 


NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 




229 


WV> 




















oo 








- 
















i>0 






^ 


^ 
















^1§ 
























tH tH 


















(^ 


oo 






K 














lO 


1-1 J> 






co|co 














^ 


^^ 






3 
















■1— I 


1— 1 1—1 


















o o 


o o 




^ w 


^ 














lO lO 


CO CO 






m O 


^ 














T—l T-H 


05 CO 




















T—t 1—1 


1—1 1—1 




















oo 


oo 




















o 


1-1 CO 


O lO 






o 


^Ke 












t- 


coo 


CO o? 






S '^ 

51 


iH)rH 












CO 


oo 


1-1 c? 


















Oi 




1—1 1—1 




CO 
































o 


oo 


oo 


o o 


W 


k 










c? 


O 05 


ooo 


ico:) 














CO 


C9 £- 


ooo 


»Oi-l 














i> 


00 00 


05 O 


o^ 

T-l 1—1 


























"t::; c 


^ 










o o 


oo 


oo 


oo 






°i3 


< 










CO CO 




-^ CO 


cric? 




t/3 CJ 












CO Oi 


^ o 


'^ o 














coco 


i>J> 


00 00 


oo 
1—1 
























3 


^ X 










o 


o o 


o o 


o o 


oo 




^ 








CO 


CO Oi 


coco 


o t- 


-*tH 




H 


U -U 








r-i 


CO o 


lO o 


lO o 


-^ o 




< 


■^ ^ 










to 


JO CO 


CO t- 


t-i> 


00 00 




> 


s^ 












































^ 




o 


o 


o 


o o 


oo 


oo 






O 


to 




Ol 


o 


1—1 


CQ CO 


■<*io 








'-H 




CD 


tH 


lO 


Oi CO 


t-1-l 


lOO 










CO 


-* 


-* 


^ lO 


loco 


coco 










oo 


^ 


o 


o o 


oo 








0.2 

5 11 


k 




-l-H CO 




t- 


C<? i> 


C<) i> 








TtT 




00 tH 


lO 


00 


^^ 


O CQ 








(4 






C? CO 


CO 


CO 


'tH lO 








Q 




^ 


oo 


^ 


^ 


^ 










j7 


to 


lO 




CO 


Ci 


c? 










l<-j 


be 

'u 

CTJ 

V 

m 


•"h 


o 


CO CO 


Oi 


C5 


lO 










1 




Oi 


^^ 


c? 


00 


0? 












o o 


o o 


^ 












^^ 


Ttl CO 


00 tH 

00 T^ 


^ 




















tH 1— i 


T-l 05 


(M 
















Single 

Shear at 

7,500 lbs. 

per 

sq. in. 


ooo 


oo 


o 


o 


o o 


OO 


oo 


oo 


S 


c^ CO 


i>CO 


o 


00 


tH 05 


T-lOO 


O lO 


CO 1—1 

'^ CO 




00 T-t 


-<*l 00 




t- 


CO 00 


^ lO 






1— 1 


■I— 1 1—1 


CCf 


C3 


CO CO 


lO CO 


i>0O 






"^ CO 


CO »o 


00 


(M 


00 lO 


CO CO 


-* CO 


O lO 




nj *;{ 


o o 


cooo 






1-1 00 


T-H O 


lo CO 


-^ t- 






^o.^ 


T-H lO 


CS-rtH 


o 


i> 


'^ tH 


oo 


00 00 


oo 






1—1 1— I 


-rH<^J 


CO 


co 


^ *^. 


coco 


£>0O 


O 1—1 






< C^ 






• 










T-l 




4.1 


„ 


lo 


lO 




lO 


JO 


lO 


lO 


lO 




2^ 




»o t- 




la 


t^ 


C-'i 


lO i> 


05 


to J> 






> . 


s 


i:-CO 


CO 


Oi 


00 


lO 1-1 


t- CO 


CO 


c^oo 






ss 


'o 


CO'* 


* 


CO 


CO 


J> 00 


00 C5 


o 


1— 1 1—1 






i.2 


Q 


* 










' 


1—1 1—1 


1—1 1—1 




2 


;:^-^ 


;^«s 


::^'^ 


rHto 


;^t:^ 


^:ss 




Vco„to 

I-l N H 




5 














T-l 1—1 


1—1 1—1 




'ri- 


fe i 
















■11 


^-^J-JL^ 






















— U' 



i 230 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



WEIGHT OF RIVETS IN POUNDS PER 100. 

lyength from under head. One cubic ft. weighing 480 lbs. 



Length 


%■ 


M" 


f^" 


M" 


h" 


1" 


IK" 


IH" 


Inches. 


Diam. 


Diam. 


Diam. 


Diam. 


Diam. 


Diam. 


Diam. 


Diam. 


1^ 


5.4 


12.6 


21.5 


28.7 


43.1 


65.3 


91.5 


123. 


1^ 


6.2 


13.9 


23.7 


31.8 


47.3 


70.7 


98.4 


133. 


W 


6.9 


15.3 


25.8 


34.9 


51.4 


76.2 


105. 


142. 


2 


7.7 


16.6 


27.9 


37.9 


55.6 


81.6 


112. 


150. 


2^4 


8.5 


18.0 


30.0 


41.0 


59.8 


87.1 


119. 


159. 


2y2 


9.2 


19.4 


32.2 


44.1 


63.0 


92.5 


126. 


167. 


2% 


10.0 


20.7 


34.3 


47.1 


68.1 


98.0 


133. 


176. 


3 


10.8 


22.1 


36.4 


50.2 


72.3 


103. 


140. 


184. 


3^ 


11.5 


23.5 


38.6 


53.3 


76.5 


109. 


147. 


193. 


31^ 


12.3 


24.8 


40.7 


56.4 


80.7 


114. 


154. 


201. 


3?€ 


13.1 


26.2 


42.8 


59.4 


84.8 


120. 


161. 


210. 


4 


13.8 


27.5 


45.0 


62.5 


89.0 


125. 


167. 


218. 


4¥ 


14.6 


28.9 


47.1 


65.6 


93.2 


131. 


174. 


227. 


4^ 


15.4 


30.3 


49.2 


68.6 


97.4 


136. 


181. 


236. 


43| 


16.2 


31.6 


51.4 


71.7 


102. 


142. 


188. 


244. 


5 


16.9 


33.0 


53.5 


74.8 


106. 


147. 


195. 


253. 


5K 


17.7 


34.4 


55.6 


77.8 


110. 


153. 


202. 


261. 


5K 


18.4 


35.7 


57.7 


80.9 


114. 


158. 


209. 


270. 


5^ 


19.2 


37.1 


59.9 


84.0 


118. 


163. 


216. 


278. 


6 


20.0 


38.5 


62,0 


87.0 


122. 


169. 


223. 


287. 


6K 


21.5 


41.2 


66.3 


93.2 


131. 


180. 


236. 


304. 


7 


23.0 


43.9 


70.5 


99.3 


139. 


191. 


250. 


321. 


7^ 


24.6 


46.6 


74.8 


106. 


147. 


202. 


264. 


338. 


8 


26.1 


49.4 


79.0 


112. 


156. 


213. 


278. 


355. 


8^ 


27.6 


52.1 


83.3 


118. 


164. 


223. 


292. 


372. 


9 


29.2 


54.8 


87.6 


124. 


173. 


234. 


306. 


389. 


9K 


30.7 


57.6 


91.8 


130. 


181. 


245. 


319. 


406. 


10 


32.2 


60.3 


96.1 


136. 


189. 


256. 


333. 


423. 


lOK 


33.8 


63.0 


101. 


142. 


198. 


267. 


347. 


440. 


11 


35.3 


65.7 


105. 


148. 


206. 


278. 


361. 


457. 


11>^ 


36.8 


68.5 


109. 


155. 


214. 


289. 


375. 


474. 


12 


38.4 


71.2 


113. 


161. 


223. 


300. 


388. 


491. 


Heads 


1.8 


5.7 


10.9 


13.4 


22.2 


38.0 


57.0 


82.0 



^oe 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



231 



^ 



WEIGHT IN POUNDS OF JOO BOLTS WITH 

SQUARE HEADS AND NUTS. 

One cubic foot weighing 480 lbs. 



bJo 


Diameter of Bolt, Inches. 


J^ 


M 


r% 


% 


/b 


^ 


% 


M 


Vs 


1 


1^ 


4.0 


Q.i 


10.6 


15.0 


23.9 


40.6 


70.0 






m 


4.4 


7.C 


11.3 


16.1 


25.1 


42.7 


73.1 






2 


4.7 


7.^ 


12.0 


17.2 


26.3 


44.8 


76.2 






2^ 


5.1 


8.4 


12.6 


18.2 


27.7 


47.0 


79.3 






5.4 


8.i 


13.3 


19.2 


29.0 


49.2 


82.4 


120.5 




2M 


5.8 


9.^ 


) 14.0 


20.2 


30.4 


51.4 


85.5 


124.7 




8 


6.1 


10. ( 


' 14.7 


21.2 


31.8 


53.5 


88.7 


128.9 


185.0 


m 


6.8 


11.: 


16.0 


23.2 


34.7 


57.9 


95.0 


137.4 


196.0 


4 


7.5 


12.5 


5 17.4 


25.2 


37.5 


62.3 


101.2 


145.8 


207.0 


4^ 


8.2 


13. i 


} 18.7 


27.2 


40.2 


66.7 


107.5 


159.2 


218.0 


5 


8.9 


UA 


; 20.0 


29.1 


43.0 


71.0 


113.7 


167.7 


229.0 


5^ 


9.6 


15.^ 


: 21.4 


31.2 


45.7 


75.4 


120.0 


176.1 


240.0 


6 


0.3 


16.f 


5 22.8 


33.1 


48.4 


79.8 


126.2 


184.6 


251.0 


6^ : 


1.0 


17.1 


5 24.1 


35.1 


51.2 


84.1 


132.5 


193.0 


262.0 


7 ] 


1.7 


18.1 


5 25.9 


37.1 


54.0 


88.5 


138.7 


201.4 


273.0 


m : 


2.4 


19.^ 


r 27.7 


39.1 


56.7 


92.9 


145.0 


209.9 


284.0 


8 


3.1 


20.: 


1 29.5 


41.0 


59.4 


97.2 


151.2 


218.3 


295.0 


9 






33.1 


45.0 


64.8 


106.0 


163.7 


240.2 


317.0 


10 










36.7 


49.0 


70.3 


114.7 


176.2 


257.1 


339.0 


11 










40.4 


53.0 


75.8 


123.5 


188.7 


273.9 


360.0 


12 










44.0 


57.0 


81.3 


132.2 


201.0 


290.0 


382.0 


13 














86.7 


140.7 


213.4 


307.7 


404.0 


14 














92.2 


149.2 


225.9 


324.5 


426.0 


15 














97.7 


157.6 


238.3 


341.4 


448.0 


16 














103.1 


166.1 


250.8 


358.3 


470.0 


17 














108.6 


174.6 


263.2 


375.2 


492.0 


18 














114.1 


183.1 


275.6 


S92.0 


514.0 


19 














119.5 


191.5 


288.1 


408.9 


536.0 


20 














125.0 


200.0 


300.5 


425.8 


658.0 


Per in. 
addi- 


1.4 


2A 


I 3.6 


4.0 


5.5 


8.5 


12.4 


16.9 


22.0 


tional. 





















APPROXIMATE WEIGHT OF NUTS AND BOLT 
HEADS IN POUNDS. 



Diam. of Bolt in Inches 


M 


.042 
.049 


Vs 


/b 


V2 


% 


M 


Weight of Hexagon ) 
Nut and Head f 

Weight of Square! 
Nut and Head f 


.017 
.021 


.057 
.069 


.109 
.120 


.128 
.164 


.267 
.320 


.43 
.55 


Diam. of Bolt in Inches 


Va 


1 


m 


m 


m 


2 


2% 


Weight of Hexagon ) 
Nut and Head \ 

Weight of Square! 
Nut and Head . . . . ) 


.73 

.88 


1.10 
1.31 


2.14 
2.56 


3.78 
4.42 


5.6 

7.0 


8.75 
10.5 


17.0 
21.0 



^ 



^ 



{^ — 

232 


NATIONAL TUBE 


COMPANY. 


-^ 


Sizes and Weights of Hot Pressed Hexagon Nuts. | 


The sizes are the usual manufacturers', not the Franklin 
weights and sizes are for unfinished Nuts. One cubic 


institute Standard. Both 
foot weighing 480 lbs. 


Size of 
Bolt. 


Weight 
of 100 
Nuts. 


Rough 
Hole. 


Thickness 
of Nut. 


Short 
Dia- 
meter. 


Long 
Dia- 
meter. 


No. of 
Nuts in 
100 lbs. 


¥ 
1 


1.3 
2.4 
4.1 
6.8 


1 

if 


7 

T?" 




.58 

.72 

.87 

1.01 


8000. 

4170. 
2410. 
1460. 


¥ 

T6 


7.1 

9.8 

14.0 








1.01 
1.15 
1.30 


1410. 

1020. 

710. 


i 


14.7 
19.1 
22.9 


1 


I 


IK 


1.30 
1.44 
1.44 


680. 
520. 
440. 


i 


27.2 
39. 
44. 
50. 


tl 






1.59 
1.73 

1.88 
1.88 


370. 
256. 
226. 

198. 


1 

1 


57. 
64. 
96. 


I 

if 


1 




2.02 
2.02 
2.31 


176. 
156. 
104. 


IK 

W2 


134. 
180. 
235. 


ItV 


11 


2M 


2.60 

2.89 
3.18 


75. 
56. 
42. 




300. 
370. 
460. 


ItV 
Hi 


2 


3 

3K 
3>^ 


3.46 
3.75 
4.04 


33.4 
26.7 

21.5 


2 

2% 


450. 
560. 
560. 


•s 


2 
2K 


3K 
334 

3^ 


4.04 
4.33 
4.33 


22.4 

18.0 

17.7 




680. 
810. 

980. 


2^ 
2tV 


2% 
2^ 
2M 


t. 

4K 


4.62 
4.91 
5.20 


14.7 
12.3 
10.2 


3 


1150. 
1340. 
1580. 




3 

31^ 


43, 

5.K 


5.48 
5.77 
6.06 


8.7 
7.5 
6.3 


L— — . \ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



233 



Sizes and "Weights of Hot Pressed Square Nuts, 

The sizes are the usual manufacturers', not the Franklin Institute Standard. Both 
weights and sizes are for unfinished Nuts. One cubic foot weighing 480 lbs. 



Size of 
Bolt. 


Weight 
of 100 

Nuts. 


Rough 
Hole. 


Thickness 
of Nut. 


Side of 
Square 

i 


Diagonal 


No. of 

Nuts in 
100 lbs 




1.5 
2.9 
4.9 




M 


.71 

.88 

1.06 


6800. 
3480. 
2050. 


tV 


7.7 

8.6 

11.8 


1 


tV 




1.24 
1.24 
1.41 


1290. 

1170. 

850. 


1 


16.7 

17.7 
22.8 


1^ 


s 

78 


Wz 


1.59 
1.59 

1.77 


600. 
570. 
440. 


% 
'A 


32.3 
39.8 
53. 
63. 


ft 

II 
II 


i 


1% 
1^ 


1.94 
2.12 
2.30 

2.47 


310. 
251. 

190. 
159. 


1 

1 


68. 

94. 
103. 
137. 


'A 
A 

tI 


1 

1 


2 

3M 


2.47 
2.83 
2.83 
3.18 


146. 
106. 

97. 

73. 


1^ 


145. 
186. 

247. 


ItV 


!.1 

1% 


2^ 
2M 


3.18 
3.54 
3.89 


69. 
54. 

41. 


1^4 


319. 
400. 
500. 
620. 


1* 


IK 


3 
3^ 

3M 


4.24 
4.60 
4.95 
5.30 


31.3 
24.8 
19.9 
16.2 


2 


750. 
780. 
930. 


P 


2 
2M 


4 
4 

4)^ 


5.66 
5.66 
6.01 


13.4 

12.8 
10.7 


2% 

2% 


960. 
1130. 
1370. 


3M 

2^i 
2t\ 


2M 


4M 
4^ 
4^ 


6.01 
6.36 
6.72 


10.4 
8.9 
7.3 


3 
3^ 


1610. 
2110. 
2750. 


2H 


3 

35i 
3K 


5 


7.07 
7.78 
8.49 


6.2 

4.7 
3.6 



^ 



a 234 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



STANDARD GAUGES. 



i 

3 




Thickness in Decimals of an 


Inch. 







Birm- 














ingham 








Wash- 






o 


or 


Browne & 


United 


British 


burn & 


Trenton ^ 


tubs 


d 


Stubb's 


Sharpe 


States 


Imperial 


Moen 


Iron Co. ,'- 


steel 


Iron 








Co. 


V 


Vire 


Wire 














?" 






.50000 


.500 








6" 







.46875 


.464 










5" 


.... 





.43750 


.432 




.45 






40 


.454 


.46000 


.40625 


.400 


.3938 


.40 






3° 


.425 


.40964 


.37500 


.372 


.3625 


.36 






2° 


.380 


.36480 


.34375 


.348 


.3310 


.33 









.340 


.32486 


.31250 


.324 


.3065 


.305 






1 


.300 


.28930 


.28125 


.300 


.2830 


.285 


227 


2 


.284 


.25763 


.26562 


.276 


.2625 


.265 


219 


3 


.259 


.22942 


.25000 


.252 


.2437 


.245 


212 


4 


.238 


.20431 


.23437 


.232 


.2253 


.225 


207 


5 


.220 


.18194 


.21875 


.212 


.2070 


.205 


204 


6 


.203 


.16202 


.20312 


.192 


.1920 


.190 


201 


7 


.180 


.14428 


.18750 


.176 


.1770 


.175 


199 


« 


.165 


.12849 


.17187 


.160 


.1620 


.160 


197 


9 


.148 


.11443 


.15625 


.144 


.1483 


.145 


194 


10 


.134 


.10189 


.14062 


.128 


.1350 


.130 


191 


11 


.120 


.09074 


.12500 


.116 


.1205 


.1175 


188 


12 


.109 


.08081 


.10937 


.104 


.1055 


.1050 


185 


18 


.095 


.07196 


.09375 


.092 


.0915 


.0925 


182 


14 


.083 


.06408 


.07812 


.080 


.0800 


.0800 


180 


15 


.072 


.05707 


.07031 


.072 


.0720 


.0700 


178 


16 


.065 


.05082 


.06250 


.064 


.0625 


.0610 


175 


17 


.058 


.04526 


.05625 


.056 


.0540 


.0525 


172 


18 


.049 


.04030 


.05000 


.048 


.0475 


.0450 


168 


19 


.042 


.03589 


.04375 


.040 


.0410 


.0400 


164 


20 


.035 


.03196 


.03750 


.036 


.0348 


.0350 


161 


21 


.032 


.02846 


.03437 


.032 


.0317 


.0310 


157 


22 


.028 


.02535 


.03125 


.028 


.0286 


.0280 


155 


28 


.025 


.02257 


.02812 


.024 


.0258 


.0250 


153 


24 


.022 


.02010 


.02500 


.022 


.0230 


.0225 


151 


25 


.020 


.01790 


.02187 


.020 


.0204 


.0200 


148 


26 


.018 


.01594 


.01875 


.018 


.0181 


.0180 


146 


27 


.016 


.01419 


.01719 


.0164 


.0173 


.0170 


143 


28 


.014 


.01264 


.01562 


.0148 


.0162 


.0160 


139 


29 


.013 


.01126 


.01406 


.0136 


.0150 


.0150 


134 


30 


.012 


.01002 


.01250 


.0124 


.0140 


.0140 


127 


31 


.010 


.00893 


.01094 


.0116 


.0132 


.0130 


120 


82 


.009 


.00795 


.01016 


.0108 


.0128 


.0120 


115 


88 


.008 


.00708 


.00938 


.0100 


.0118 


.0110 


112 


34 


.007 


.00630 


.00859 


.0092 


.0104 


.0100 


110 


35 


.005 


00561 


.00781 


.0084 


.0095 


.0095 


108 


36 


.004 


.00500 


.00703 


.0076 


.0090 


.0090 


106 


87 




.00445 


.00664 


.0068 




.0085 


103 


38 


.... 


.00396 


.00625 


.0060 




.0080 


101 


89 


.... 


.00353 








.0075 


099 


40 




.00314 









.0070 


097 



^ 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



^ 



DECIMALS OF AN INCH AND FOOT FOR 



EACH 



c 










fl 










o 






Decimals 


Decimals 


o 






Decimals 


Decimals 


!* 


h 


^V 


of an 
Inch. 


of a 
Foot. 


si 


A 


i^ 


of an 
Inch. 


of a 
Foot. 


fc 










fe 


— 


33 










1 


.015625 


.0013 


.515625 


.0430 




1 




.031250 


.0026 




17 




.531250 


.0443 






3 


.046875 


.0039 






35 


.546875 


.0456 


tV 






.062500 


.0052 


A 






.562500 


.0469 






5 


.078125 


.0065 






37 


.578125 


.0472 




3 




.093750 


.0078 




19 




.593750 


.0495 






7 


.109375 


.0091 






39 


.609375 


.0508 


H 






.125000 


.0104 


% 






.625000 


.0521 






9 


.140625 


.0117 






41 


.640625 


.0534 




5 




.156250 


.0130 




21 




.656250 


.0547 






11 


.171875 


.0143 






43 


.671875 


.0560 


tV 






.187500 


.0156 


\\ 






.687500 


.0573 






13 


.203125 


.0169 






45 


.703125 


.0586 




7 




.218750 


.0182 




23 




.718750 


.0599 






15 


.234375 


.0195 






47 


.734375 


.0612 


M 






.250000 


.0208 


% 






.750000 


.0625 






17 


.265625 


.0221 






49 


.765625 


.0638 




9 




.281250 


.0234 




25 




.781250 


.0651 






19 


.296875 


.0247 






51 


.796875 


.0664 


tV 






.312500 


.0260 


il- 






.812500 


.0677 






21 


.328125 


.0273 






53 


.828125 


.0690 




11 




.343750 


.0286 




27 




.843750 


.0703 






23 


.359375 


.0299 






55 


.859375 


.0716 


% 






.375000 


.0313 


% 






.875000 


.0729 






25 


.390625 


.0326 






57 


.890625 


.0742 




13 




.406250 


.0339 




29 




.906250 


.0755 






27 


.421875 


.0352 






59 


.921875 


.0768 


tV 






.437500 


.0365 


if 






.937500 


.0781 






29 


.453125 


.0378 






61 


.953125 


.0794 




15 




.468750 


.0391 




31 




.968750 


.0807 






31 


.484375 


.0404 






63 


.984375 


.0820 


K 






.500000 


.0417 


1 






1.000000 


.0833 





DECIMALS OF A FOOT FOR EACH INCH. 


In 


Ft. 


[n. 


Ft. 


In. 


Ft. 


In. 


.. 


[n. 


Ft. 


In. 


Ft. 


1 

2 


.0833 
.1667 


3 
4 


.2500 
.3333 


5 
6 


.4167 
.5000 


7 

8 


.5833 
.6667 


9 
10 


.7500 
.8333 


11 

12 


.9167 
1.0000 



^ 



rS 



236 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 


WEIGHTS OF SHEETS AND PLATES OF STEEL, 


WROUGHT IRON, COPPER AND BRASS. 


Birmingham Gauge. 




No. of 
Gauge. 


Thickness 
in Inches 


Weight per Square Foot. 


Steel. 


Iron. 

18.16 
17.00 
15.20 


Copper. 


Brass. 


0000 
000 
00 


.454 
.425 
.380 


18.5232 
17.3400 
15.5040 


20.5662 
19.2525 

17.2140 


19.4312 
18.1900 
16.2640 




1 

2 
3 

4 


.340 
.300 

.284 
.259 
.238 


13.8720 
12.2400 
11.5872 
10.5672 
9.7104 


13.60 
12.00 
11.36 
10.36 
9.52 


15.4020 
13.5900 
12.8652 
11.7327 
10.7814 


14.5520 
12.8400 
12.1552 
11.0852 
10.1864 


5 
6 

8 
9 


.220 
.203 
.180 
.165 
.148 


8.9760 
8.2824 
7.3440 
6.7320 
6.0384 


8.80 
8.12 
7.20 
6.60 
5.92 


9.966 

9.1959 

8.1540 

7.4745 

6.7044 


9.4160 
8.6884 
7.7040 
7.0620 
6.3344 


10 
11 
12 
13 

14 


.134 

.120 
.109 
.095 
.083 


5.4672 
4.8960 
4.4472 
3.8760 
3.3864 


5.36 

4.80 
4.36 
3.80 
3.32 


6.0702 
5.4360 
4.9377 
4.. 3035 
3.7599 


5.7352 
5.1360 
4.6652 
4.0660 
3.5524 


15 
16 

17 
18 
19 


.072 
.065 
.058 
.049 
.042 


2.9376 
2.6520 
2.3664 
1.9992 
1.7136 


2.88 
2.60 
2.32 
1.96 
1.68 


3.2616 
2.9445 
2.6274 
2.2197 
1.9026 


3.0816 
2.7820 
2.4824 
2.0972 
1.7976 


20 
21 
22 
23 
24 


.035 
.032 
.028 
.025 
.022 


1.4280 
1.3056 
1.1424 
1.0200 
.8976 


1.40 
1.28 
1.12 
1.00 

.88 


1.5855 
1.4496 
1.2684 
1.1325 
.9966 


1.4980 
1.3696 
1.1984 
1.0700 
.9416 


25 
26 

27 
28 
29 


.020 
.018 
.016 
.014 
.013 


.8160 
.7341 
.6.528 
.5712 
.5304 


.80 
.72 
.64 
.56 
.52 


.9060 

.8154 
.7248 
.6342 
.5889 


.8560 
.7704 
.6848 
.5992 
.5564 


30 
31 
32 
33 
34 


.012 
.010 
.009 
.008 
.007 


.4896 
.4080 
.3672 
.3264 
.2856 


.48 
.40 
.36 
.32 

.28 


.5436 
.4530 
.4077 
.3624 
.3171 


.5136 
.4280 
.3852 
.3424 
.2996 


35 
36 


.005 
.004 


.2040 
.1632 


.20 
.16 


.2265 
.1812 


.2140 
.1712 


Specific Gravities 

Weight of a Cubic Ft. 

" " " In. 


7.85 
489.6 
0.2833 


7.70 
480.0 

0.2778 


8.72 
543.6 
0.3146 


8.24 
513.6 
0.2972 


J 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY, 



237 



WEIGHTS OF SHEETS AND PLATES OF STEEL, 
WROUGHT IRON, COPPER AND BRASS. 

American or Browne & Sharps Gauge. 



No. of 
Gauge. 



0000 

000 

00 


1 
2 
3 
4 



Thickness 
in Inches. 



.460000 
.409642 
.364796 



.289297 
.257627 
.229423 
.204307 

.181940 
.162023 
.144285 
.128490 
.114423 

.101897 
.090742 



Weight per Square Foot. 



.071962 
.064084 

.057068 
.050821 
.045257 
.040303 
.035890 

.031961 



.025346 
.022572 
.020101 

.017900 
.015941 
.014195 
.012641 
.011257 

.010025 
.008928 
.007950 
.007080 
.006305 

.005615 
.005000 



Steel. 



18.7680 
16.7134 

14.8837 

13.2543 

11.8033 

10.5112 

9.3605 

8.3357 

7.4232 
6.6105 
5.8868 
5.2424 
4.6685 

4.1574 

3.7023 
3.2970 
2.9360 
2.6146 

2.3284 
2.0735 
1.8465 
1.6444 
1.4643 

1.3040 
1.1612 
1.0341 
.92094 
.82012 

,73032 
.65039 
.57916 
.51575 
.45929 

.40902 
.36426 
.32436 



Iron. 



.25724 



.20400 



18.4000 
16.3857 
14.5918 

12.9944 

11.5719 

10.3051 

9.1769 

8.1723 

7.2776 
6.4809 
5.7714 
5.1396 
4.5769 

4.0759 
3.6297 
3.2323 

2.8785 
2.5634 

2.2827 
2.0328 
1.8103 
1.6121 
1.4356 

1.2784 
1.1385 
1.0138 
.90288 
.80404 

.71600 
.63764 
.56780 
.50564 
.45028 

.40100 
.35712 

.31800 



.25220 



.22460 

.20000 



Copper. Brass 



18.5568 
16.5253 

14.7162 
13.1052 
11.6705 
10.3929 
9.2551 

8.2419 
7.3396 
6.5361 
5.8206 
5.1834 

4.6159 
4.1106 
3.6606 
3.2599 
2.9030 

2.5852 
2.3022 
2.0501 
1.8257 
1.6258 

1.4478 
1.2893 
1.1482 
1.0225 
.91058 

.81087 
.72213 
.64303 
.57264 
.50994 

.45413 
.40444 
.86014 
.32072 



.25436 

.22650 



19.6880 
17.5327 
15.6133 

13.9041 

12.3819 

11.0264 

9.8193 

8.7443 

7.7870 
6.9346 
6.1754 
5.4994 
4.8973 

4.3612 
3.8838 
3.4586 
3.0800 
2.7428 

2.4425 
2.1751 
1.9370 
1.7250 
1.5361 

1.3679 
1.2182 
1.0848 
.96608 
.86032 

,76612 
.68227 
.60755 
.54103 
.48180 

.42907 
.38212 
.34026 
.30302 
.26985 

.24032 
.21400 



^asc 



'^ 



^ 



==^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



WEIGHT OF PLATE IRON IN POUNDS PER 

LINEAL FOOT* 
(Based on 480 lbs. per Cubic Foot. For Steel add 2 pef cent.) 



^ 



5?^ 


Thicknkss in Inchks. 


yS O 


tV 


Vs 


A 


H 


T% 


Vs 


tV 


K 


12 


2.50 


5.00 


7.50 


10.00 


12.50 


15.00 


17.50 


20.00 


13 


2.71 


5.42 


8.13 


10.83 


13.54 


16.25 


18.96 


21.67 


14 


2.92 


5.83 


8.75 


11.67 


14.58 


17.50 


20.42 


23.33 


15 


3 13 


6.25 


9.38 


12.50 


15.63 


18.75 


21.88 


25.00 


16 


3.33 


6.67 


10.00 


13.33 


16.67 


20.00 


23.33 


26.67 


17 


3.54 


7.08 


10.63 


14.17 


17.71 


21.25 


24.79 


28.33 


18 


3.75 


7.50 


11.25 


15.00 


18.75 


22.50 


26.25 


30.00 


19 


3.96 


7.92 


11.87 


15.83 


19.79 


23.75 


27.71 


31.67 


20 


4.17 


8.33 


12.50 


18.67 


20.83 


25.00 


29.17 


33.33 


21 


4.38 


8.75 


13.13 


17.50 


21.88 


26.25 


30.63 


35.00 


22 


4.58 


9.17 


13.75 


18.33 


22.92 


27.50 


32.08 


36.67 


23 


4.79 


9.58 


14.38 


19.17 


23.96 


28.75 


33.54 


38.33 


24 


5.00 


10.00 


15.00 


20.00 


25.00 


30.00 


35.00 


40.00 


25 


5.21 


10.42 


15.62 


20.83 


26.04 


31.25 


36.46 


41.67 


26 


5.42 


10.83 


16.25 


21.67 


27.08 


32.50 


37.92 


43.33 


27 


5.63 


11.25 


16.88 


22.50 


28.13 


33.75 


39.38 


45.00 


28 


5.83 


11.67 


17.50 


23.33 


29.17 


35.00 


40.83 


46.67 


29 


6.04 


12.08 


18.13 


24.17 


30.21 


36.25 


42.29 


48.33 


30 


6.25 


12.50 


18.75 


25.00 


31.25 


37.50 


43.75 


50.00 


32 


6.67 


13.33 


20.00 


26.67 


33.33 


40.00 


46.67 


53.33 


34 


7.08 


14.17 


21.25 


28.33 


35.42 


42.50 


49.58 


56.67 


36 


7.50 


15.00 


22.50 


30.00 


37.50 


45.00 


52.50 


60.00 


38 


7.92 


15.83 


23.75 


31.67 


39.59 


47.50 


55.42 


63.33 


40 


8.33 


16.67 


25.00 


33.33 


41.67 


50.00 


58.33 


66.67 


42 


8.75 


17.50 


26.25 


35.00 


43.75 


52.50 


61.25 


70.00 


44 


9.17 


18.33 


27.50 


36.67 


45.84 


55.00 


64.17 


73.33 


46 


9.58 


19.17 


28.75 


38.33 


47.92 


57.50 


67.08 


76.67 


48 


10.00 


20.00 


30.00 


40.00 


50.00 


60.00 


70.00 


80.00 


50 


10.42 


20.83 


31.25 


41.67 


52.08 


62.50 


72.91 


83.33 


52 


10.83 


21.67 


32.50 


43.33 


54.17 


65.00 


75.83 


86.67 


54 


11.25 


22.50 


33.75 


45.00 


56.25 


67.50 


78.75 


90.00 


56 


11.67 


23.33 


35.00 


46.67 


58.33 


70.00 


81.66 


93.33 


58 


12.08 


24.17 


36.25 


48.33 


60.42 


72.50 


84.58 


96.67 


60 


12.50 


25.00 


37.50 


50.00 


62.50 


75.00 


87.50 


100.00 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 239 


WEIGHT OF PLA'l'K IRON IN POUNDS PER 


LINEAL FOOT 


(continued.) 




Thickness in Inches. 


^ 


ys 


H 


% 


if 


r. 


H 


1 


13 


22.50 


25.00 


27.50 


30.00 


32.50 


35.00 


37.50 


40.00 


13 


24.38 


27.08 


29.79 


32.50 


35.21 


37.92 


40.63 


43.33 


14 


26.25 


29.17 


32.08 


35.00 


37.92 


40.83 


43.75 


46.67 


15 


28.13 


31.25 


34.38 


37.50 


40.63 


43.75 


46.88 


50.00 


16 


30.00 


33.33 


36.67 


40.00 


43.33 


46.67 


50.00 


53.33 


17 


31.88 


35.42 


38.96 


42.50 


46.05 


49.59 


53.13 


56.67 


18 


33.75 


37.50 


41.25 


45.00 


48.75 


52.50 


56.25 


60.00 


19 


35.67 


39.58 


43.54 


47.50 


51.45 


55.41 


59.37 


63.33 


20 


37.50 


41.67 


45.83 


50.00 


54.17 


58.33 


62.50 


66.67 


21 


39.38 


43.75 


48.13 


52.50 


56.88 


61.25 


65.63 


70.00 


22 


41.25 


45.83 


50.42 


55.00 


59.58 


64.17 


68.75 


73.33 


23 


43.13 


47.92 


52.71 


57.50 


62.30 


67.09 


71.88 


76.67 


24 


45.00 


50.00 


55.00 


60.00 


65.00 


70.00 


75.00 


80.00 


25 


46.88 


52 -.08 


57.29 


62.50 


67.70 


72.91 


78.13 


83.33 


26 


48.75 


54.17 


59.58 


65.00 


70.42 


75.83 


81.25 


86.67 


27 


50.63 


56.25 


61.88 


67.50 


73.13 


78.75 


84.38 


90.00 


28 


52.50 


58.33 


64.17 


70.00 


75.84 


81.67 


87.50 


93.33 


29 


54.38 


60.42 


66.46 


72.50 


78.55 


84.59 


90.63 


96.67 


30 


56.25 


62.50 


68.75 


75.00 


81.25 


87.50 


93.75 


100.0 


32 


60.00 


66.67 


73.33 


80.00 


86.67 


93.33 


100.0 


106.7 


34 


63.75 


70.83 


77.91 


85.00 


92.08 


99.17 


106.3 


113.3 


36 


67.50 


75.00 


82.50 


90.00 


97.50 


105.0 


112.5 


120.0 


38 


71.25 


79.17 


87.09 


95.00 


102.9 


110.8 


118.8 


126.7 


40 


75.00 


83.33 


91.67 


100.0 


108.3 


116.7 


125.0 


133.3 


42 


78.75 


87.50 


96.25 


105.0 


113.7 


122.5 


131.3 


140.0 


44 


82.50 


91.67 


100.8 


110.0 


119.2 


128.3 


137.5 


146.7 


46 


86.25 


95.83 


105.4 


115.0 


124.6 


134.2 


143.8 


153.3 


48 


90.00 


100.0 


110.0 


120.0 


130.0 


140.0 


150.0 


160.0 


50 


93.75 


104.2 


114.6 


125.0 


135.4 


145.8 


156.3 


166.7 


52 


97.50 


108.3 


119.2 


130.0 


140.8 


151.7 


162.5 


173.3 


54 


101.3 


112.5 


123.8 


135.0 


146.3 


157.5 


168.8 


180.0 


56 


105.0 


116.7 


128.3 


140.0 


151.7 


163.3 


175.0 


186.7 


58 


108.8 


120.8 


132.9 


145.0 


157.1 


169.2 


181.3 


193.3 


60 112.5 


125.0 


137.5 


150.0 


162.5 


175.0 


187.5 


200.0 



^ 



340 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



§ 






Ph 



^ 



•qSnoH 
•uiHiQ Suoq 




^too^nl-*^H<ioH»nhf\5(l«w JNOMgjPO 


P 

Q 

<: 

>< 


•qsmij 

'SS9U3l3iqX 




'Js:^"=s^-s:^«KHt^;^s^ts-s 


•qSno-a 
'ssauJioiqx 




:^-e^-;s:^»K;;^;;^^^ 


•qSno^ 
Shot 


^ ^ShSSS^S^^^JS?!^^?! 


•qsmij 

•UIBIQ 

5-ioqS 


u5 


-Ks^;^sss^ <^<^ 


•qSnoH 

•lUBIQ 

?JOqs 


If) 


^X-Z^^l^-'^^^'^^'^^ 


Q 

«< 
W 
Pi 

h 

Q 

2; 

H 

o 


•sgqoui 

•bsui 

pnaaqx 

JO loo-a 




liiissiiiii 


•saqoni 
•bs ui 

^poa ^pa 

JO B9JV 








Joq?pxA\ 


G 


80880000000 




•p^aaqx Jo 

lOO^ 

IB uiBia 


G 


i0O'+<THOTt<t^O'^?:^O 




•qoui a9d 
spB9jqx 




OQ0«D-<tC00jT-iO0500l> 


•4ioa 

JO -lUBIQ 




;^<;^'-e:^'>p^^^^^ 



33^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



^ 





•qSnoH 


fl 


G^COCOCOCO'*Tj<Tj(0>fflCOJ>t-C»C0050iOOi-(T-4(n(N 


p 


Q 
< 

K 
Q 

x' 

W 






rH,-l7-lT-li-n-n-l(?JC^(N<?iCOCOeOCO-*Tj<^>*»010»OiO 


8 
T 


'ss9U5ioiqx 


S ^^::^;^;;^ x^;^ :^:s^^ :^:^;^ :s:f;;g: 

1— 1 i-n-H 7-H TH T-( rl (M OJ (>i (ri so CO CO CO Tjt '^ Tf Tt< O iO »0 lO to 


t 


•qSnoH 
tuEia 
Suoq 




0>«(MOJ<NeOCOCOTf<^Ti(0»OCO?0!>J>!>-OOQ005050o' 


•qsiuij 

•UIHIQ 


in 


T-lC4(MCMJi(riCOCOCOT}H^Tt<010COCOCDt-t-l>Q00005 


I 


•qSno^ 
1-ioqs 


a 


.SJ"Ii^^^^.HHiSg„SSS 


C 

h 
Q 

< 

h 

§ 


■saqoui 
•bsui 

JO 500^ 

;b V3XY 




cct-iOiO«OT-ic^coo50QOOQO-r-icoc»eO(fflcoc«t-(MQO 


TH,-li-li-l(Ji(NCOCO-*iO«3l>000»i-H5*'*OJ>05— 'CO 


•saqoui 
•bsui 

JO Baay 




t-«01--<i<10THOJcDC35005«3^«0?OCDTli-,-HOQOQOt-Tt< 


,-i,-(T-(©»cjoicoco'*ior-Q005i-ie^^iOt-j05jHgjoQO 


g 


JO q;piM 




QOOOgt-OOt-t-WNt-t-TiHCOCOiO-HcOOOOCDiO 


a 




1 

:3 


•pB9jqjL JO 

lOOH 
}B -uiBia 




1-H 1-i i-I ,-(' -i-i -i-I th i-I oj (jj CJ cm' CO* co' CO eo' TjH T)i t)< ^t* Tf lo jo 


•qoui J9d 
spB9jqx 




t-O^DlOlClO-^Tt^-^-^COCOCOCOWCMOlO^CiCilJJiNCi 


JO -uiBia 


i 


:^;;^:^;^ :s::^;^ :s^^ :^^;^ :£^^ 

i-(i-i7-n-n-n-i(?i(?i(JJOiCOCOC0 03-*^'*-*miOiOA050 



s 



^ 



;£»»: 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



STANDARD SIZES OF SCREW-THREADS FOR 
BOLTS AND TAPS. 

(CHAS. A BAUER.) 



1 


2 
n 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


A 


D 


d 


// 


/ 


D'-D 


D' 


d' 


H 






Inches 


Inches 


Inches 


Inches 


Inches 


Inches 


Inches 


Inches 


Va 


20 


.2608 


.1855 


.0379 


.0062 


006 


.2668 


.1915 


.2024 




18 


.3245 


.2403 


.0421 


.0070 


.006 


.3305 


.2463 


.2589 


% 


16 


.3885 


.2938 


.0474 


.0078 


.006 


.3945 


.2998 


.3139 




14 


.4530 


.3447 


.0541 


.0089 


.006 


.4590 


.3507 


.3670 




13 


.5166 


.4000 


.0582 


.0096 


.006 


.5226 


.4060 


.4236 


1 


12 


.5805 


.4543 


.0631 


.0104 


,007 


.5875 


.4613 


.4802 


11 


.6447 


.5069 


.0689 


.0114 


.007 


.6517 


.5139 


.5346 


10 


.7717 


.6201 


.0758 


.0125 


.007 


.7787 


.6271 


.6499 




9 


.8991 


.7307 


.0842 


.0139 


.007 


.9061 


.7377 


.7630 


1 


8 


1.0271 


.8376 


.0947 


.0156 


.007 


1.0341 


.8446 


.8731 


W^ 


7 


1.1559 


.9394 


.1083 


.0179 


.007 


1.1629 


.9464 


.9789 


m 


7 


1.2809 


1.0644 


.1083 


.0179 


.007 


1.2879 


1.0714 


1.1039 



^=nominal diameter of bolt. 
Z>=actual diameter of bolt, 
^.—diameter of bolt at bottom of thread. 
«=:number of threads per inch. 
/=flat of bottom of thread. 
^=depth of thread. 
U and flf'=diameters of tap. 
//'=diameter of hole in nut before tapping. 
.2165 

n 
1.29904 



D^A^ 



d=A 



/= 



.7577_ 

n 
.125 



H=D' 



:Z>' — .85(2/0. 



Efficiency of Screw-bolts. — Mr. Lewis gives the following 
approximate formula for ordinary screw-bolts (V threads, 
with collars): />=pitch of screw, ^=outside diameter of 



^OT 



t3^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



^ 



screw, I^=force applied at circumference to lift a unit of 
weight, E = eflSiciency of screw. For an average case, in 
which the coefficient of friction may be assumed at 0.15, 



F= 



E= 



M ' p-\-d 

For bolts of the dimensions given above, >^-inch pitch, 
and outside diameters 1^, 2^^, Z%, and 4>^ in., the 
efficiencies according to this formula would be, respec- 
tively, 0.25, 0.167, 0.125, and 0.10. 

James McBride (Trans. A.S.M.B., xii. 781) describes an 
experiment with an ordinary 2-in. screw-bolt, with a V 
thread, 4>^ threads per inch, raising a weight of 7500 lbs., 
the force being applied by turning the nut. Of the power 
applied 89.8^ was absorbed by friction of the nut on its 
supporting washer and of the threads of the bolt in the 
nut. The nut was not faced, and had the flat side to 
the washer. 



STRENGTH OF WROUGHT IRON BOLTS. 

(COMPUTED BY A. F. NAGLE.) 



^ 





w 


a 




Stress upon Bolt upon Basis 




*:f 


-^ 


o 


o . 


of working strength of 


-a 


O 

m 










l^ 




h 


a^ 


PQ 


II 


o 

1 






• u 


o cr 


|.2 
1^ 




o a* 

O VI 


Q 


;3 


5 


< 
















lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


V. 


18 


.38 


.12 


350 


4eo 


580 


810 


1160 


5800 




12 


.44 


.15 


450 


600 


750 


1050 


1500 


7500 


% 


11 


.49 


.19 


560 


750 


930 


1310 


1870 


9000 


M 


10 


.60 


.28 


750 


1130 


1410 


1980 


2830 


14000 


% 


9 


.71 


.39 


1180 


1570 


1970 


2760 


3940 


19000 


1 


8 


.81 


.52 


1550 


2070 


2600 


3630 


5180 


25000 


m 


7 


.91 


.65 


1950 


2600 


3250 


4560 


6510 


30000 


li 


7 


1.04 


.84 


2520 


3360 


4200 


5900 


8410 


39000 


6 


1.12 


1.00 


3000 


4000 


5000 


7000 


10000 


46000 


1^ 


6 


1.25 


1.23 


3680 


4910 


6140 


8600 


12280 


56000 


1^ 


5U 


1.35 


1.44 


4300 


5740 


7180 


10000 


14360 


65000 


iS 


5 


1.45 


1.65 


4950 


6600 


8250 


11560 


16510 


74000 


5 


1.57 


1.95 


5840 


7800 


9800 


13640 


19500 


85000 


2 


4)^ 


1.66 


2.18 


6540 


8720 


10900 


15260 


21800 


95000 


iS 


4U 


1.92 


2.88 


8650 


11530 


14400 


20180 


28800 


125000 


4 


2.12 


3.55 


10640 


14200 


17730 


24830 


35500 


150000 


2M 


4 


2.37 


4.43 


13290 


17720 


22150 


31000 


44300 


186000 


3 


8U 


2.57 


5.20 


15580 


20770 


26000 


36360 


52000 


213000 


3U 


3H 


3.04 


7.25 


21760 


29000 


36260 


50760 


72500 


290000 


4 


3 


3.50 


9.62 


28860 


38500 


48100 


67350 


96200 


385000 



'^ 



244 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 

When the greatest load that has to be sustained by a 
bolt is known, and the working strength per sq. in. of 
the material constituting it is determined, look in the 
proper column for the given load. Should the load 
sought be not found, then take the load next larger as 
found in the column, and opposite to it in the first col- 
umn read the required size of bolt. 

Effect of Initial Strain in Bolts. — Suppose that bolts are 
used to connect two parts of a machine and that they are 
screwed up tightly before the effective load comes on the 
connected parts. Ivct P ^ = the initial tension on a bolt 
due to screwing up, and Pg = the load afterwards added. 
The greatest load may vary but little from P ^ or P^, 
according as the former or the latter is greater, or it may 
approach the value P ^ -\- P 2^ depending upon the rela- 
tive rigidity of the bolts and of the parts connected. 
Where rigid flanges are bolted together, metal to metal, 
it is probable that the extension of the bolts with any 
additional tension relieves the initial tension, and that 
the total tension is Z' ^ or P 2, but in cases where elastic 
packing, as india rubber, is interposed, the extension of 
the bolts may very little affect the initial tension, and 
the total strain may be nearly P^ + Po. Since the 
latter assumption is more unfavorable to the resistance 
of the bolt, this contingency should usually be provided 
for. (See Unwin, "Elements of Machine Design" for 
demonstration.) 



" ci B J 



^ 



246 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



^ 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, 



AVOIRDUPOIS OR COMMERCIAL WEIGHT, 



UNITED STATES AND BRITISH. 



Grains. 


Ounces. 


Pounds. 


Hundred- 
weight. 


Gross Tons. 


1. 
437.5 

7000. 
784000. 
5680000. 


0.002286 

1. 

16. 

1792. 

35840. 


0.000143 
0.0625 
1. 
112. 

2240. 


0.00000128 
0.00055804 
0.0089286 
1. 
20. 


0.000000176 

0.00002790 

0.0004464 

0.05 

1. 



1 pound avoirdupois = 1.215278 pounds troy. 
1 net ton = 2000 pounds = 0.892857 gross tons. 
1 pound troy = 0.82286 pounds avoirdupois. 

LINEAR MEASURE. 



UNITED STATES AND BRITISH. 



Inches. 


Feet. 


Yards. 


Rods. 


Miles. 


1. 

12. 

36. 

198. 

63360. 


0.08333 
1. 
3. 
16.5 

5280. 


0.02778 
0.33333 
1. 
5.5 
1760. 


0.0050505 
0.0606061 
0.1818182 
1. 
320. 


0.00001578 

0.00018939 

0.00056818 

0.003125 

1. 



GUNTER'S CHAIN MEASURE. 



USED IN SURVEYING. 

1 link = 7.92 inches = 0.01 chain = 0.000125 mile. 
1 chain = 100 links = 66 feet -- 
1 mile = 80 chains = 8000 links. 



4 rods=0.0125 mile 



^QC 



ar 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



247 



^ 



SQUARE OR SURFACE MEASURE. 



UNITED STATES AND BRITISH, 



Square 
Inches. 


Square Feet. 


Square Yards 


Square 
Rods. 


Acres. 


Square 
Miles, 


1 


0.006944 

1. 

9. 

272.25 

43560. 

27878400. 


0.0007716 
0.111111 
1. 
30.25 
4840. 
3097600. 








144 








1296 


0.03306 
1. 
160. 
102400. 


6.0*002666 
0.00625 
1. 
640. 




39204 
6272640 


6.00666977 

0.0015625 

1. 



1 acre = 10 square chains. 

CUBIC MEASURE. 

1728 cubic inches =1 cubic foot, 
27 cubic feet =1 cubic yard— 46656 cubic inches, 
1 cord wood =4 ft.X 4 ft.x8 ft. =128 cubic feet, 
1 perch of masonry=16.5 ft.Xl.5 ft.Xl ft. =24. 75 
cubic feet, but is generally assumed to be 25 cubic feet. 

DRY MEASURE. 



UNITED STATES ONLY. 



Struck 
Bush. 


Pecks. 


Quarts. 


Pints. 


Gallons. 


Cubic Inch. 


1 


4 


32. 


64 


8. 


2150.4 




1 


8. 


16 


2. 


537.6 






1. 


2 


0.25 


67.2 






0.5 


1 


0.125 


33.6 






4, 


8 


1, 


268.8 



The United States standard unit for dry measure is the 
old English Winchester bushel, which contains 2,150.42 
cubic inches, or 1.2445 cubic feet. 

The heaped bushel, the cone of which is 6 inches 
above the brim of the measure, contains 2,747.7 cubic 
inches. 



^ 



J 



^ 



248 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



^ 



In New York a bushel contains 2,218.2]cubicinclaes, or 
1.2837 cubic feet, which is the same as the Imperial 
bushel of E)ngland. 33 Bnglish or Imperial bushels are 
equal to 34.04 Winchester or United States bushels. 



LIQUID MEASURE. 



UNITED STATES ONLY. 



Cubic Inch. 


Pints. 


Quarts. 


Gallons. 


28.875 


1. 


0.5 


0.125 


57.75 


2. 


1. 


0.25 


231. 


8. 


4. 


1. 


7276.5 


252. 


126. 


31.5 


14553.0 


504. 


252. 


63. 



Barrels. 



0.003968 
0.007937 
0.031746 
1. 

2. 



Hogs- 
head. 



0.5 
1. 



The British Imperial gallon = 1.20032 U. S. gallons. 

The United States standard unit for liquid measure is 
the gallon = 231 cu. in. = 8.33888 pounds, avoirdupois, 
of distilled water at 62° Fahr. 

The English standard is the Imperial gallon = 277.2738 
cu. in. = 10 pounds, avoirdupois, of distilled water at 
62° Fahr. 

NAUTICAL MEASURE. 

A knot or nautical mile = 1.1527 statute miles = 6086. 
feet = length of a minute of longitude of the earth at 
the equator, at the level of sea, as determined by U. S. 
Coast Survey. 

3 knots = 1 league. 



SHIPPING MEASURE. 

1 Register ton = 100 cubic feet. 

1 U. S. Shipping ton =40 cubic feet. 

1 British Shipping ton = 42 cubic feet. 



^ 



J 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



^ 



MEASURE OF WORK AND POWER. 

A unit of work = one foot pound, or a pressure of one 
pound exerted through a space of one foot. 
A British Thermal unit = 778 foot pounds. 

33,000 foot pounds per minute, 
550 foot pounds per second, 
42.42 heat units per minute, 
0.707 heat units per second, 

746 watts, 
0.746 kilowatt. 



A Horse Power 



THE METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND 
MEASURES. 

In the Metric System, the Meter is the base of all the 
weights and measures which it employs. 

The Meter is the primary unit of length and was in- 
tended to be one-ten millionth part of the distance, 
measured on a meridian of the earth, from the equator 
to the pole, and equals about 39.37 inches. 

Upon the Meter are based the following primary units; 
the Square Meter the Are, the Cubic Meter or Stere the 
Liter, and the Gram. 

The Square Meter or Centare is the unit of measure for 
small surfaces. 

The Are is the unit of land measure ; this is a square 
whose side is ten meters in length, and which contains 
one hundred square meters or centares. 

The Cubic Meter, or Stere, is the unit of volume; this is 
a cube whose edge is one meter in length. 

The Liter is the unit of capacity ; this is the capacity 
of a cube whose edge is one tenth of a meter, that is, 
one decimeter in length. 

The Gram is the unit of weight ; this is the weight of 
distilled water at 4° centigrade, contained in a cube 
whose edge is the one hundredth part of a meter. 

From these primary units the higher and lower orders 
of units are derived decimally as follows : 



s 

J 



250 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



Scheme of the "Weights and Measures of the Metric System. 



- 



Ratios 


Lengths 


Surfaces 


Volumes 


Weights 


1,000,000. 
100,000. 
10,000. 
1,000. 
100. 
10. 
1. 
0.1 
0.01 
0,001 








Millier or Xonneau 








Quintal 

Myr'iagram 

Kil'ogram, or Kilo 

Hec'togram 

Dek'agram 

Gram 

Dec'igram 

Cen'tigram 

Mil'ligram 


Myr'iameter 

Kil'ometer 

Hec'tometer 

Dek'ameter 

Meter 

Dec'imeter 

Cen'timeter 

Mil'limeter 






Hect'are 
Are"" 

Cen'tare 


Kil'oliter 

Hec'toliter 

Dek'aliter 

Li'ter 

Dec'iliter 

Cen'tiliter 

Mil'liliter 



It will be seen, from this table, that ten millimeters 
equal one centimeter, ten -centimeters equal one deci- 
meter, and so on. 



Multiples and sub-multiples of the units, meter, liter 
and gram are expressed by the prefixes : 



Deka ^ 10 
Hecto = 100 
Kilo = 1000 



Deci = 0.1 
Centi = 0.01 
Milli = 0.001 



ABBREVIATIONS COMMONLY IN USE. 



mm, 


millimeter, 


m^, square meter, 


cm. 


centimeter, 


km^ " kilometer, 


dm, 


decimeter, 


mm^, cubic millimeter, 


m, 
km, 
mm 2 


meter, 
kilometer, 
square millimeter, 


^^ t " centimeter, 
dm^, " decimeter, 


cm^, 


" centimeter, 


m^, ** meter, 


dm3, 


" decimeter, 







a, are ; ha, hectare ; cl, centiliter ; 1, liter ; hi, hecto- 
liter ; s, stere ; mg, milligram ; eg, centigram ; g, gram; 
kg, kilo, or kilogram ; t, tonneau, or metric ton. 



^ 



asP 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 251 

METRIC AND U. S. CONVERSION TABLE. 



MEASURES OF LENGTH. 
Metric to U. S. 

1 millimeter = 0.03937 inch. 
1 centimeter = 0.3937 
1 meter = 39.37 inches. 

1 " = 3.2808 feet. 

1 kilometer = 0.6214 mile. 

U. S. TO Metric 

1 inch =25.4 millimeters. 
1 " = 2.54 centimeters. 
1 " = 0.254 meter. 
1 foot = 0.3048 '« 
1 mile = 1.609 kilometers. 

MEASURES OF SURFACE. 

Metric to U. S. 

1 sq. millimeter = 0.00155 sq. inch. 
1 " centimeter = 0.155 " " 



1 " meter 


= 10.764 " feet. 


1 " 


= 1.196 " yards. 


1 hectare 


= 2.471 acres. 


1 


= 0.00386 sq. mile. 


1 sq. kilometer = 0.3861 " 


U. 


S. to Metric 


1 sq. inch = 


645.14 sq. millimeters. 


1 " " = 


6.452 " centimeters 


1 "foot = 


0.0929 " meter. 


1 "yard = 


0.8361 " 


1 acre = 


0.4047 hectares. 


1 sq. mile = 


259.00 


1 " " = 


2.59 sq. kilometers. 



BIV 



252 


^ 

NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 




MEASURES OF VOLUME AND CAPACITY. 




Metric to U. S. 




1 cu. centimeter = 0.061 cu. inch. 

1 " meter =35.316 '* feet. 

1 " " = 1.308 " yards. 

1 liter = 1 cu. decimeter = 61.023 cu. inch. 




LIQUE) MEASURE. 




1 liter = 1.0567 quart. 
1 '* = 0.2642 gallon. 
1 cubic meter = 264.17 gallons. 




DRY MEASURE. 




1 liter =0.908 quart. 
1 hectoliter = 2.8375 bushels 




U. S. TO Metric. 




1 cu. inch = 16.39 cu. centimeters. 
1 " foot = 0.0283 " meter. 
1 " yard= 0.7645" 
1 " foot = 28.32 liters. 




LIQUID MEASURE. 




1 quart = 0.9463 liter. 
1 gallon = 3.7854 Hters. 
1 " = 0.0038 cu. meter. 




DRY MEASURE. 




1 quart = 1.1013 litres. 

1 bushel = 0.3524 hectoliter. 




WEIGHTS. 




Metric to U. S. 




1 milligram = 0.0154 grain. 
1 gram = 15.432 grains. 
1 kilogram = 2.2046 lbs. (avoir.) 
1 metric ton = 1.1023 net tons. 
1 " " = 0.9842 gross ton. 




U. S. TO Metric. 


'a= 


1 grain = 64.80 milligrams. 
1 " = 0.0648 gram. 
1 lb. (avoir.) = 0.4536 kilogram. 
1 net ton = 0.9076 metric ton. 
1 gross ton = 1.0161 " tons. 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 253 

COMPOUND UNITS, 

Metric to United States. 
1 kilogram per meter = 0.6720 lbs. per foot. 

1 kilogram per sq. centimeter=14.223 lbs. per sq. inch. 
1 kilogram per sq. meter = 0.2048 lbs. per sq. foot. 

1 kilogram per cubic meter = . 0624 lbs. per cubic ft. 
1 kilogram-meter = 7.233 footpounds. 

1 chevel vapeur (metric H. P. )= 0.986 horse-power. 
1 kilo, watt =1.340 

1 kilo, per chevel = 2.235 lbs. per H. P. 

United States to Metric. 

1 lb. per foot = 1.4882 kilograms per meter. 

1 lb. per sq. inch = 0.0703 kilo, per sq. centimeter. 

1 lb. per sq. foot = 4.8825 kilograms per sq. meter. 

1 lb. per cubic foot =16.0192 kilo, per cubic meter. 

1 footpound = 0.1383 kilogram-meter. 

1 horse-power = 1.014 chevel vapeur (metric H. P.) 

1 " " =0.746 kilo watt. 

1 lb. per horse-power = 0.447 kilos per chevel. 



HEAT INTENSITY. 
Temp. Centigrade = Ttemp. Fahr. — S2°\ q- 
Temp. Fahrenheit = Aemp. C. X k"}+ 32°. 



/ HEAT QUANTITY. 

A kilogram calorie = 3 . 968 British thermal units. 

A pound calorie =1.8 " " " 

A British thermal unit = 0.252 kilogram calorie 
A British thermal unit = 0.555 pound calorie. 





254 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 


MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL AND HEAT 


EQUIVALENTS. 


(H. W. LEONARD.) 


Unit. 


Equivalent Value in Other Units 




1,000 watt hours. 




1 . 34 horse-power hours , 




2,654,200 ft.-lbs. 




3,600,000 joules. 


1 
K. W. 


3,412 heat units. 


367,000 kilogram metres. 


Hour = 


0.235 lb. carbon oxidized with perfect 




efficiency. 




3.53 lbs. water evaporated from and at 




212° F. 




22.75 lbs. of water raised from 62° to 




212° F. 




0.746 K. W. hours. 




1,980,000 ft.-lbs. 




2,545 heat-units. 




273,740 k. g. m. 


1 

H. P. 

Hour = 


0.175 lb. carbon oxidized with perfect 


efficiency. 




2.64 lbs. water evaporated from and at 




212° F. 




17.0 lbs. water raised from 62° F. to 




212° F. 




1,000 watts. 




1 , 34 horse-power . 




2,654,200 ft.-lbs. per hour. 




44,240 ft.-lbs. per minute. 


1 


737.3 ft.-lbs. per second. 


Kilowatt 


3,412 heat-units per hour. 


~ 


56.9 heat-units per minute. 




0.948 heat-unit per second. 




0.2275 lb. carbon oxidized per hour. 




3.53 lbs. water evaporated per hour 




from and at 212° F. 


r. — n^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 255 


MECHANICAL, ELECl'RICAL AND HEAT 
EQUIVALENTS.— (CONTINUED). 


Unit. 


Equivalent Value in Other Units 


1 
H. P. = 


746 watts. 
0.746 K.W. 
33,000 ft. -lbs. per minute. 
550 ft. -lbs. per second. 
2,545 heat- units per hour. 
42.4 heat-units per minute. 
0.707 heat units per second. 
0.175 lbs. carbon oxidized per hour. 
2.64 lbs. water evaporated per hour from 
and at 212° F. 


1 
Joule = 


1 watt second . 
0.000000278 K. W. hour. 
0.102 k.g.m. 
0.0009477 heat- units. 
0.7373 ft.-lb. 


1 

Ft.-lb. 


1.356 joules. 
0.1383 k. g. m. 
0.000000377 K. W. hours. 
0.001285 heat-units. 
0.0000005 H. P. hour. 


1 
Watt = 


1 joule per second. 
0.00134 H. P. 
3 . 412 heat-units per hour . 
0.7373 ft.-lb. per second. 
0.0035 lb. water evaporated per hour. 
44.24 ft. -lbs. per minute. 


.1 Watt 
per sq. 
in. = 


8.19 heat-units per square foot per minute. 
6371 ft.-lbs. per square foot per minute. 
0.193 H. P. per square foot. 


i. ^ 





^ 


256 


NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. f 


MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL AND HEAT | 




EQUIVALENTS.— (continukd) . 


Unit. 


Equivalent Value in Other Units. 




1,055 watt seconds. 




778ft.-lbs. 


1 


107 . 6 kilogram metres . 


Heat 


0.000293K. W. hour. 


unit. 


0.000393 H. P. hour. 


= 


0.0000688 lb. carbon oxidized. 




0.001036 lb. water evaporated from 




and at 213° F. 


1 Heat- 


. 122 watt per square inch . 


unit, per 

Sq.ft. per 

min. = 


0.0176 K. W. per square foot. 


0.0236 H. P. per square foot. 




7.233 ft.-lbs. 


1 Kilog- 


0.00000365 H. P. hour. 


gram 


0.00000272 K. W. hour. 


Metre = 


0.0093 heat-units. 




14,544 heat-units. 




1.11 lb. Anthracite coal oxidized. 


lib. 

Carbon 

Oxidized 


2.5 lbs. dry wood oxidized. 


21 cubic feet illuminating-gas. 


with 


4.26 K. W. hours. 


perfect 


5.71 H. P. hours. 


Efficiency 


11,315,000 ft.-lbs. 


~ 


15 lbs. of water evaporated from and 




at 212° E. 




0.283 K. W. hour. 


lib. 


0.379 H. P. hour. 


Water 


965.7 heat-units. 


Evapor- 
ted from 


103,900 k. g. m. 


and at 


1,019,000 joules. 


212° 'F.= 


751,300 ft.-lbs. 




. 0664 lb . of carbon oxidized . 


h 


F^ 



^yt|\ 



MENSURATION, 

TRIGONOMETRY 

AND 

MATHEMATICAL TABLES. 



" f i ■' I ' ' ' '■' nP 



^ 



258 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



MENSURATION, TRIGONOMETRY and 
MATHEMATICAL TABLES. 



MENSURATION. 



Mensuration of Surfaces. 



Area of any parallelogram 

*' triangle 

' ' circle 

sector of circle. . . . 
segment of circle . 



parabola, 
ellipse. . . 



cycloid = 

any regular polygon: 



Surface of cylinder. 



" " sphere.. 
** •* frustum. 



^ 



base X perpendicular 
height. 

base X % perpendicular 
height. 

(diameter)^ x (0.7854, or 
approx. 11/14.) 
arc X 1/3 radius, 
area of sector of equal 
radius and arc less area 
of triangle, 
base X 2/3 height, 
longest diameter X short- 
est diameter X 0.7854. 
area of generating circle 
X 3. 

sum of its sides X per- 
pendicular from its cen- 
ter to one of its sides -^ 2. 
area of both ends + 
(length X circumference.) 
area of base + (circum- 
ference of base X % slant 
height.) 

(diameter)^ x (3.1416, or 
approx. 22/7.) 
(sum of girt at both ends 
X 3^ slant height) -f area 
of both ends. 



15^ 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



Surface of cylindrical ring = thickness of ring added 

to the inner diameter X 
by the thicknessX9.8698. 

" ' ' segment = height of segment X by 

whole circumference of 
sphere of which it is a 
part. 

AREA OF AN IRREGULAR PLANE SURFACE. 



4 



!4 



"^-d-^-d-A 



Divide the surface 
into any number of 
parallel strips of 
equal widths, *'d." 
Take the sum of the 
middle ordinates h^, 
ho. etc., to hn, in- 



clusive ; then the sum of these middle ordinates, multi- 
plied by " d " will give the area required. 

The result, of course, is only approximate, the close- 
ness of the approximation depending upon the number 
of strips into which the surface is divided. 

Any degree of accuracy desired may be attained by 
making the number of strips suflSciently numerous. In 
practice it is usually best to determine the area of an 
irregular figure by the use of a planimeter, an instrument 
especially designed for measuring areas of plane figures. 

REGULAR POLYGONS. 

1. To find the area of any regular polygon. Square 
one of its sides, and multiply this square by the corres- 
ponding number in the third column of the following table. 

2. Having a side of a regular polygon, to find the 
radius of-^ circumscribing circle. Multiply the side by 
the corresponding number in the fourth column, 

3. Having the radius of a circumscribing circle, to 
find the side of the inscribed regular polygon. Multiply 
the radius by the corresponding number in the fifth 
column. 



^ 



^ 



^ 



260 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



TABLE OF REGULAR POLYGONS. 













Angle 


m 


Name of 


Area ^ 


Radius 


Side - 


contained 




Polygon. 


S-X 


= S X 


R X 


between 


6 










two sides. 


3 


/ Equilateral \ 
I triangle / 


.433 


.5774 


1.732 


60° 


4 


Square 


1. 


.7071 


1.4142 


90" 


5 


Pentagon 


1.7205 


.8507 


1.1756 


108° 


6 


Hexagon 


2.5891 


1. 


1. 


120° 


7 


Heptagon 


3.6339 


1.1524 


.8678 


128.57° 


8 


Octagon 


4.8284 


1.3066 


.7654 


135° 


9 


Nonagon 


6.1818 


1.4619 


.684 


140° 


10 


Decagon 


7.6942 


1.618 


.618 


144° 


11 


Undecagon 


9.3656 


1.7747 


.5635 


147.27° 


12 


Dodecagon 


11.1962 


1.9319 


.5176 


150° 



In the above table S = side of polygon and R = radius 
of circumscribing circle. 



PROPERTIES OF THE CIRCLE. 



Diameter X 3.1416 

X 0.8862 

X 0.7071 

(Diameter) 2 x 0.7854 

Radius X 6.2832 



circumference. 

side of an equivalent square. 

side of an inscribed square. 

area of circle. 

circumference. 



^ 



Circumference -^ 3.1416 = diameter. 

The circle contains a greater area than any plane 
figure, bounded by an equal perimeter, or outline. 

The areas of circles are to each other as the squares of 
their diameter, radii or circumferences. Thus, a circle 
whose diameter is double that of another has four times 
the area of the other. 



^ 



^ NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY 26^ ^ 



VOLUMES OF SOLIDS, 

Vol. of Cylinder = area of one end X length. 

" " Sphere = cube of diameter X 0.5236. 

" " Segment of sphere .= (cube of the height + 

three times the square of 
radius of base X height) X 
0.5236. 

" " Cone or pyramid. . . = area of base X % perpen- 
dicular height. 

" " Frustum of cone . . . — (product of diameter of 

both ends + sum of their 
squares) X perpendicular 
height X 0.2618. 

" " Frustum of pyramid = (sum of the areas of the 

two ends + square root of 
their product) X by 3^ of 
the perpendicular height. 

" " Wedge = area of base X % perpen- 
dicular height. 

" " Frustum of wedge. . = 3^ perpendicular height X 

sum of the areas of the 
two ends, 

" " Ring = (thickness -\- inner dia- 
meter) X square of the 
thickness X 2.4674. 



^ 1 ^ 



^ 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



TRIGONOMETRICAL FORMULAE. 

Sine of Angle K A H 



2) Cosine 



\ Tangent 




Cotangent 



Secant 



Cosecant 



KH 
A E 
AH 
A E) 
BH 
AH 
A H 
KH 
K A 
AH 
K A 
KH 



TRIGONOMETRICAL EQUIVALENTS. 



Sin 


= 


V 1 — cos^ 


Sin 


= 


COS 

cot 


Cos 


\/ 1 —sin 3 


Cos 


= 


sin 
tan 


Cos 


= 


sin X cot 


Tan 


= 


sin 

cos 

1 



Cot = 



Tan 



^ 



cot 



Cot = 




1 

tan 


Sec = 




1 
cos 


Cosec = 




1 

sin 


Vers 


: 1 


— cos 


Covers = 


-- 1 


— sin 


Sin^ + 


cos 2 


= 1 



s 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 261 

FUNCTIONS OF SUM AND DIFFERENCE OF 
TWO ANGLES. 

Sin (x -f- y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y 
Sin (x — y) = sin x cos y — cos x sin y 
Cos (x -f- y) = cos X cos y — sin x sin y 
Cos (x — y) = cos X cos y + sin x sin y 

tan X -\- tan y 
Tan(x + y) = i _ tan x tan y 

tan X — tan y 
Tan(x - y) = i _|_ tan x tan y 

cot X cot y — 1 
Cot(x + y) = cot X + cot y 

cot X cot y + 1 
Cot(x-y) = cot y - cot X 



FUNCTIONS OF HALF AN ANGLE. 

o- 1 / _!_./! — COS z 

Sm K z = ± y — o — 



/If 



Tan 3^ z = + 

Cos 1^ z = + j/^ 



Cot i<z 



-±i^\^ 



SUMS AND DIFFERENCES OF FUNCTIONS. 

Sin (x + y) -[- sin (x — y) = 2 sin x cos y 
Sin (x + y) — sin (x — y) = 2 cos x sin y 
Cos (x + y) + cos (x — y) = 2 cos x cos y 
Cos (x — y) — cos (x -f y) = 2 sin x sin y 



' 264 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. f 


Then by making (x + y) = A and (x — y) = 


B, we 


have X = 1^ (A 4- B) and y = 3^ (A — B), whence- 


- 


Sin A + sin B = 2 sin 1^ (A + B) cos ^ {A — 


B) 


Sin A — sin B = 2 cos 3^ (A + B) sin }4 (A — 


B) 


Cos A + cos B = 2 cos 1^ (A + B) cos ^ {A — 


B) 


Cos A — cos B = 2 sin 3^ (A + B) sin }4 {A — 


B) 


Sin A + sin B _ tan 3^ (A + B) 




Sin A — sin B tan 3^ (A — B) 




Cos A + cos B _ cot 3^ (A 4- B) 




Cos A — 


- cos B tan 3^ (A — B) 




SOLUTION OF RIGHT TRIANGLE. 






a 


^\^ 




C 


^\ ^ 




d ^ 


Given A and c, to find B, a and b. 




B = 90° — A ; A = c sin A ; b = c cos A. 




Given A and a, to find B, b and c. 




B = 90° — A ; b = a cot A ; c = -^ . • 

sm /I 




Given A and b, to find B, a and c. 




b 

B = 90° — A ; a = b tan A ; c = ^^^ ^ 




Given c and a, to find A, B and b. 




Sin A = -^ ; B = 90° — A ; b = a cot A. 




Given a and b, to find A, B and c. 
a a 

/Trt A TT* c\r\o K 




TanA-j,; B _ 90 -A; c-^j^^- 




^. 





NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



265 



'^ 



SOLUTION OF OBLIQUE TRIANGLE. 





a _ sin A _ 
b ~~ sin B ' 



LAW OF SINES. 

b _ sin B 
c " sin C ' 



a _ sin A 
c ~ sin C 



LAW OF COSINES. 



a2 = b2 + c2 
b2 = a2 4- c2 



2 b c cos A 
2 a c cos B 



aS 4- b^ — 2 a b cos C 



LAW OF TANGENTS. 

a — b _ tan i^ (A — B) 
a + b ~ tan 1^ (A + B) 

a — c _ tan i^ (A — C ) 
a + c "" tan 3^ (A 4- C) 

b — c ^ tan 3^ (B — C) 
b + c ~ tan 1^ (B + C) 

^iven a, A and B, to find C, b and c. 



C = 180° — (A 4- B) ; b = 



a sin B 
sin A 



a sin C 
sin A 



Given a, b and A, to find B, C and c. 

b sin A a sin C 

Sin B = — ; C = 180° - (A + B); c = ^^^ ^ 



irP 



566 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 

Given a, b and C, to find A, B and c. 

A = 3^(A + B)H-i^(A-B); 
B=:K(A + B)-M(A-B); 



c = ^^^, or 



^i4^5_?, or =i/a3+b2— 2abcosC. 
sin A r 



sin B sin 

Given a, b and c, to find A, B and C, 



Sin K A =i/^~ b)_(S^-_c). .^ ^^^^^ S = % (a+b+c); 

f be 



^^ y be ' ^^ r s(S 



-b) (S-c). 



S(S — a) 



SinKB=4/i?_-a)(S-e). 
r a c 



SinKcV<S-^)f-'^>; 
r a b 



Cosi^B^i/-^^^-^); Cos ^ C =i/^i?-ir? . 
r a e fab' 



Ta„KB=/<i:z|i|z^,; 



Tan U C =i/ (^ - a) (S - b) . 

^^ r s (S — c) 



AREA OF A TRIANGLE. 

Area = i^ a c sin B, that is, the area of a triangle 
equals ^ the product of two sides multiplied by the sine 
of the included angle. 



^ 



Also area == j/s (S — a) (S — b) ( S - 


-c); 




Where S = i^ (a + b + c). 




— n 





NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 


"^ 


MATHEMATICAL TABLES. 


1 


SINE. 1 


89 
88 
87 
86 
85 


0' 


10' 


20' 


30' 


40' 


50' 
0.01454 
0.03199 
0.04943 
0.06685 
0.08426 


60' 




1 

2 
3 
4 


0.00000 
0.01745 
0.03490 
0.05234 
0.06976 


0.00291 
0.02036 
0.03781 
0.05524 
0.07266 


0.00582 
02327 
0.04071 
0.05814 
0.07556 


0.00873 
0.02618 
0.04362 
0.06105 
0.07846 


0.01164 

0.02908 
0.04653 
0.06395 
0.08136 


0.01745 
0.03490 
0.05234 
0.06976 
0.08716 


5 
6 
7 
8 
9 


0.08716 
0.104.53 
0.12187 
0.13917 
0.15643 


0.09005 
0.10742 
0.12476 
0.14205 
0.15931 


0.09295 
0.11031 
0.12764 
0.14493 
0.16218 


0.09.585 
0.11320 
0.13053 
0.14781 
0.16505 


0.09874 
0.11609 
0.13341 
0.15069 
0.16792 


0.10164 
0.11898 
0.13629 
0.15356 
0.17078 


0.10453 
0.12187 
0.18917 
0.15643 
0.17365 


84 
83 
82 
81 
80 


10 
11 
12 
13 
14 


0.17365 
0.19081 
0.20791 
0.22495 
0.24192 


0.17651 
0.19366 
0.21076 
0.22VV8 
0.24474 


0.17937 
0.19652 
0.21360 
0.23062 
0.24756 


0.18224 
0.19937 
0.21644 
0.23345 
0.25038 


0.18509 
0.20222 
0.21928 
0.23627 
0.25320 


0.18795 
0.20507 
0.22212 
0.23910 
0.25601 


0.19081 
0.20791 
0.22495 
0.24192 

0.25882 


79 

78 
77 
76 
75 


15 
16 
17 
18 
19 


0.25882 
0.27564 
0.29237 
0.30902 
0.32557 


0.26163 
0.27843 
0.29515 
0.31178 
0.32832 


0.26443 
0.28123 
0.29793 
0.31454 
0.33106 


0.26724 
0.28402 
0.30071 
0.31730 
0.33381 


0.27004 
0.28680 
0.30348 
0.82006 
0.33655 


0.27284 
0.28959 
0.30625 
0.32282 
0.33929 


0.27564 
0.29237 
0.30902 
0.32557 
0.34202 


74 
73 
72 
71 
70 


20 

21 

22 
23 


0.34202 
0.35837 
0.37461 
0.39073 
0.40674 


0.34475 
0.36108 
0.37730 
0.39341 
0.40939 


0.34748 
0.36379 
0.37999 
0.39608 
0.41204 


0.35021 
0.36650 
0.38268 
0.39875 
0.41469 


0.35293 
0.36921 
0.38537 
0.40142 
0.41734 


0.35565 
0.37191 

0.38805 
0.40408 
0.41998 


0.35837 
0.37461 
0.39073 
0.40674 
0.42262 


69 

68 
67 
66 
65 


25 
26 

27 
28 
29 


0.42262 
0.43837 
0.45399 
0.46947 
0.48481 


0.42525 
0.44098 
0.45658 
0.47204 
0.48735 


0.42788 
0.44359 
0.45917 
0.47460 
0.48989 


0.43051 
0.44620 
0.46175 
0.47716 
0.49242 


0.43313 

0.44880 
0.46483 
0.47971 
0.49495 


0.48575 
0.45140 
0.46690 
0.48226 
0.49748 


0.43837 
0.45399 
0.46947 
0.48481 
0.50000 


64 
63 
62 
61 
60 


30 
31 
32 
33 
34 


0.50000 
0.51504 
0.52992 
0.54464 
0.55919 


0.50252 
0.51753 
0.53238 
0.54708 
0.56160 


0.50508 
0.52002 
0.53484 
0.54951 
0.56401 


0.50754 
0.52250 
0.58730 
0.55194 
0.56641 


0.51004 
0.52498 
0.58975 
0.55436 
0.56880 


0.51254 
0.52745 
0.54220 
0.55678 
0.57119 


0.51504 
0.52992 
0.54464 
0.55919 
0.57358 


59 
58 
57 
56 
55 


35 
36 
37 
38 
39 


0.57858 
0.58779 
0.60182 
0.61566 
0.62932 


0.57596 
0.59014 
0.60414 
0.61795 
0.63158 


0.57838 
0.59248 
0.60645 
0.62024 
0.63383 


0.58070 
0.59482 
0.60876 
0.62251 
0.63608 


0.58807 
0.59716 
0.61107 
0.62479 
0.63832 


0.58543 
0.59949 
0.61337 
0.62706 
0.64056 


0.58779 
0.60182 
0.61566 
0.62932 
0.64279 


54 
53 
52 
51 
50 


40 
41 
42 
43 
44 


0.64279 
0.65606 
0.66913 
0.68200 
0.69466 


64501 
0.65825 
0.67129 
0.68412 
0.69675 


0.64728 
0.66044 
0.67344 
0.68624 
0.69888 


0.64945 
0.66262 
0.67559 
0.68835 
0.70091 


0.65166 
0.6648C 
0.6777S 
0.69046 
0.7029S 


0.65386 
0.66697 
0.67987 
0.69256 
0.70505 


0.65606 
0.66913 
0.68200 
0.69466 
0.70711 


49 
48 
47 
46 
45 


— 


60' 


50' 


40' 


30' 


20' 


10' 


0' 


1 


COSINE 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



MATHEMATICAL TABLES, (continued.) 



i 


COSINE. 




a 


0' 


10' 


20' 


30' 


40' 


50' 


60' 






1 

2 
3 
4 


l.OOGOO 
0.99985 
0.99939 
0.99863 
0.99756 


1.00000 
0.99979 
0.99929 
0.99847 
0.99736 


0.99998 
0.99973 
0.99917 
0.99831 
0.99714 


0.99996 
0.99966 
0.99905 
0.99813 
0.99692 


0.99993 
0.99958 
0.99892 
0.99795 
0.99668 


0.99989 
0.99949 
0.99878 
0.99776 
0.99644 


0.99985 
0.99939 
0.99863 
0.99756 
0.99619 


89 
88 
87 
86 
85 


5 
6 

8 
9 


0.99619 
0.99452 
0.99255 
0.99027 
0.98769 


0.99594 
0.99421 
0.99219 
0.98986 
0.98723 


0.99567 
0.99390 
0.99182 
0.98944 
0.98676 


0.99540 
0.99357 
0.99144 
0.98902 
0.98629 


0.99.511 
0.99324 
0.99106 
0.98858 
0.98580 


0.99482 
0.99290 
0.99067 
0.98814 
0.98531 


0.99452 
0.99255 
0.99027 
0.98769 
0.98481 


84 
83 
82 
81 
80 


10 
11 
12 
13 
14 


0.98481 
0.98163 
0.97815 
0.97437 
0.97030 


0.98430 
0.98107 
0.97754 
0.97371 
0.96959 


0.98378 
0.98050 
0.97692 
0.97304 
0.96887 


0.98325 
0.97992 
0.97630 
0.97237 
0.96815 


0.98272 
0.97934 
0.97566 
0.97169 
0.96742 


0.98218 
0.97875 
0,97502 
0.97100 
0.96667 


0.98163 
0.97815 
0.97437 
0.97030 
0.96593 


79 
78 
77 
76 
75 


15 
16 
17 
18 
19 


0.96593 
0.96126 
0.95630 
0.95106 
0.94552 


0.96517 
0.96046 
0.95545 
0.95015 
0.94457 


0.96440 
0.95964 
0.95459 
0.94924 
0.94361 


0.96363 
0.95882 
0.95372 
0.94832 
0.94264 


0.96285 
0.95799 
0.95284 
0.94740 
0.94167 


0.96206 
0.95715 
0.95195 
0.94646 
0.94068 


0.96126 
0.95630 
0.95106 
0.94552 
0.93969 


74 
73 
72 
71 
70 


20 
21 
22 
23 
24 


0.93969 
0.93358 
0.92718 
0.92050 
0.91355 


0.93869 
0.93253 
0.92609 
0.91936 
0.91236 


0.93769 
0.93148 
0.92499 
0.91822 
0.91116 


0.93667 
0.93042 
0.92388 
0.91706 
0.90996 


0.93565 
0.92935 
0.92276 
0.91590 
0.90875 


0.93462 
0.92827 
0.92164 
0.91472 
0.90753 


0.93358 
0.92718 
0.92050 
0.91355 
0.90631 


69 
68 
67 
66 
65 


25 
26 
27 
28 
29 


0.90631 
0.89879 
0.89101 
0.88295 
0.87462 


0.90507 
0.89752 
0.88968 
0.88158 
0.87321 


0.90383 
0.89623 
0.88S35 
0.88020 
0.87178 


0.90259 
0.89493 
0.88701 

0.87882 
0.87036 


0.90133 
0.89363 
0.88566 
0.87743 
0.86892 


0.90007 
0.89232 
0.88431 
0.87603 
0.86748 


0.89879 
0.89101 
0.88295 
0.87462 
0.86603 


64 
63 
62 
61 
60 


30 
31 
32 
33 
34 


0.86603 
0.85717 
0.84805 
0.83867 
0.82904 


0.86457 
0.85567 
0.84650 
0.83708 
0.82741 


0.86310 
0.85416 
0.84495 
0.83549 
0.82577 


0.86163 
0.85264 
0.84339 
0.83389 
0.82413 


0.86015 
0.85112 
0.84182 
0.83228 
0.82248 


0.85866 
0.84959 
0.84025 
0.83066 
0.82082 


0.85717 
0.84805 
0.83867 
0.82904 
0.81915 


59 
58 
57 
56 
55 


35 
36 
37 
38 
39 


0.81915 
0.80902 
0.79864 
0.78801 
0.77715 


0.81748 
0.80730 
0.79688 
0.78622 
0.77531 


0.81580 
0.80558 
0.79512 
0.78442 
0.77347 


0.81412 
0.80386 
0.79335 
0.78261 
0.77162 


0.81242 
0.80212 
0.79158 
0.78079 
0.76977 


0.81072 
0.80038 
0.78980 
0.77897 
0.76791 


0.80902 
0.79864 
0.78801 
0.77715 
0.76604 


54 
53 
52 
51 
50 


40 
41 
42 
43 
44 


0.76604 
0.75471 
0.74314 
0.73135 
0.71934 


0.76417 
0.75280 
0.74120 
0.72937 
0.71732 


0.76229 
75088 
0.73924 
0.72737 
0.71529 


0.76041 
0.74896 
0.73728 
0.72537 
0.71325 


0.75851 
0.74703 
0.73531 
0.72337 
0.71121 


0.75661 
0.74509 
0.73333 
0.721.36 
0.70916 


0.75471 
0.74314 
0.73135 
0.71934 
0.70711 


49 
48 
47 
46 
45 




60' 


50' 


40' 


30' 


20' 


10' 


0' 


m 




SINE. 


i 



^Oc 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 269 


MATHEMATICAL TABLES, (continued.) 


1 


TANGENT. | 




0' 


10' 


20' 


30' 


40' 


50' 


60' 




1 

2 
3 
4 


0.00000 
0.01746 
0.03492 
0.05241 
0.06993 


0.00291 
0.02036 
0.03783 
0.05533 
0.07285 


0.00582 
0.0'?3'^K 
0.04075 
0.05824 
0.08578 


0.00873 
0.02619 
0.04366 
0.06116 
0.07870 


0.01164 
0.02910 
0.04658 
0.06408 
0.08163 


0.01455 
0.03201 
0.04949 
0.06700 
0.08456 


0.01746 
0.03492 
0.05241 
0.06993 
0.08749 


89 
88 
87 
86 
85 


5 
6 
7 
8 
9 


0.08749 
0.10510 
0.12278 
0.14054 
0.15838 


0.09042 
0.10805 
0.12574 
0.14351 
0.16137 


0.09335 
0.11099 
0.12869 
0.14648 
0.16435 


0.09629 
0.11394 
0.13165 
0.14945 
0.16734 


0.09923 
0.11688 
0.13461 
0.15243 
0.17033 


0.10216 
0.11983 
0.13758 
0.15540 
0.17333 


0.10510 
0.12278 
0.14054 
0.15838 
0.17633 


84 
83 
82 
81 
80 


10 
11 
12 
13 
14 


0.17633 
0.19438 
0.21256 
0.23087 
0.24933 


0.17933 
0.19740 
0.21560 
0.23393 
0.25242 


0.18233 
0.20042 
0.21864 
0.23700 
0.25552 


0.18534 
0.20345 
0.22169 
0.24008 
0.25862 


0.18835 
0.20648 
0.22475 
0.24316 
0.26172 


0.19136 
0.20952 
0.22781 
0.24624 
0.26483 


0.19438 
0.21256 
0.23087 
0.24933 
0.26795 


79 

78 
77 
76 
75 


15 
16 
17 
18 
19 


0.26795 
0.28675 
0.30573 
0.32492 
0.34433 


0.27107 
0.28990 
0.30891 
0.32814 

0.34758 


0.27419 
0.29305 
0.31210 
0.33136 
0.35085 


0.27732 
0.29621 
0.31530 
0.3.3460 
0.35412 


0.28046 
0.29938 
0.31850 
0.33783 
0.35740 


0.28360 
0.30255 
0.32171 
0.34108 
0.36068 


0.28675 
0.30573 
0.32492 
0.34433 
0.36397 


74 
73 

72 
71 
70 


20 
21 

22 
23 
24 


0.36397 
0.38386 
0.40403 
0.42447 
0.44523 


0.36727 
0.38721 
0.40741 
0.42791 
0.44872 


0.37057 
0.39055 
0.41081 
0.43136 
0.45222 


0.37388 
0.39391 
0.41421 
0.43481 
0.45573 


0.37720 
0.39727 
0.41763 
0.43828 
0.45924 


0.38053 
0.40065 
0.42105 
0.44175 
0.46277 


0.38386 
0.40403 
0.42447 
0.44523 
0.46631 


69 
68 
67 
66 
65 


25 
, 26 

27 
28 
29 


0.46631 
0.48773 
0.50953 
0.53171 
0.55431 


0.46985 
0.49134 
0.51320 
0.53545 
0.55812 


0.47341 
0.49495 
0.51688 
0.53920 
0.56194 


0.47698 
0.49858 
0.52057 
0.54296 
0.56577 


0.48055 
0.50222 
0.52427 
0.54673 
0.56962 


0.48414 
0.50587 
0.52798 
0.55051 
0.57348 


0.48773 
0.50953 
0.53171 
0.55431 
0.57735 


64 
63 
62 
61 
60 


30 
31 
32 
33 
34 


0.57735 

0.60086 
0.62487 
0.64941 
0.67451 


0.58124 
0.60483 
0.62892 
0.65355 
0.67875 


0.58513 
0.60881 
0.63299 
0.65771 
0.68301 


0.58905 
0.61280 
0.63707 
0.66189 

0.68728 


0.59297 
0.61681 
0.64117 
0.66608 
0.69157 


0.59691 
0.62083 
0.64528 
0.67028 
0.69588 


0.60086 
0.62487 
0.64941 
0.67451 
0.70021 


59 
58 
57 
56 
55 


35 
36 
37 
38 
39 


0.70021 
0.72654 
0.75355 
0.78129 
0.80978 


0.70455 
0.73100 
0.75812 
0.78598 
0.81461 


0.70891 
0.73547 
0.76272 
0.79079 
0.81946 


0.71329 
0.73996 
0.76733 
0.79544 
0.82434 


0.71769 
0.74447 
0.77196 
0.80020 
0.82923 


0.72211 
0.74900 
0.77661 
0.80498 
0.83415 


0.72654 
0.75355 
0.78129 
0.80978 
0.83910 


54 
53 
52 
51 
50 


40 
41 
42 
43 
44 


0.83910 
0.86929 
0.90040 
0.93252 
0.96569 


0.84407 
0.87441 
0.90569 
0.93797 
0.97133 


0.84906 
0.87955 
0.91099 
0.94345 
0.97700 


0.85408 
0.88473 
0.91633 
0.94896 
0.98270 


0.85912 
0.88992 
0.92170 
0.95451 
0.98843 


0.86419 
0.89515 
0.92709 
0.96008 
0.99420 

10' 


0.86929 
0.90040 
0.93252 
0.96569 
1.00000 


49 
48 
47 
46 
45 




60' 


50' 


40 


30' 


20' 


0' 


1 


COTANGENT. 


V, J 



^ 



270 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



MATHEMATICAL TABLES, (continued.) 



^ 



1 


COTANGENT. 




1 


0' 


10' 


20' 


30' 


40' 


50' 


60' 







CO 


343.77371 


171.88540 


114.58865 


85.93979 


68.75009 


57.28996 


89 


1 


57.28996 


49.10388 


42.96408 


38.18846 


34.36777 


31.24158 


28.63625 


88 


2 


28.63625 


26.43160 


24.54176 


22.90377 


21.47040 


20.20555 


19.08114 


87 


3 


19.08114 


18.07498 


17.16934 


16.34986 


15.60478 


14.92442 


14.30067 


86 


4 


14.30067 


13.72674 


13.19688 


12.70621 


12.25051 


11.82617 


11.43005 


85 


6 


11.43005 


11.05943 


10.71191 


10.38540 


10.07803 


9.78817 


9.51436 


84 


6 


9.51436 


9.25580 


9.00983 


8.77689 


8.55555 


8.34496 


8.14435 


83 


7 


8.14435 


7.95302 


7.77035 


7.59575 


7.42871 


7.26873 


7.11537 


82 


8 


7.11537 


6.96823 


6.82694 


6.69116 


6.56055 


6.43484 


6.31375 


81 


9 


6.31375 


6.19703 


6.08444 


5.97576 


5.87080 


5.76937 


5.67128 


80 


10 


5.67128 


5.57638 


5.48451 


5.39552 


5.30928 


5.22566 


5.14455 


79 


11 


5.14455 


5.06584 


4.98940 


4.91516 


4.84300 


4.77286 


4.70463 


78 


12 


4.70463 


4.63825 


4.57363 


4.51071 


4.44942 


4.38969 


4.33148 


77 


13 


4.33148 


4.27471 


4.21933 


4.16530 


4.11256 


4.06107 


4.01078 


76 


14 


4.01078 


3.96165 


3.91364 


3.86671 


3.82083 


3.77595 


3.73205 


75 


15 


3.73205 


3.68909 


3.64705 


3.60588 


3.56557 


3.52609 


3.48741 


74 


16 


3.48741 


3.44951 


3.41236 


3.37594 


3.34023 


3.30521 


3.27085 


73 


17 


3.27085 


3.23714 


3.20406 


3.17159 


3.13972 


3.10842 


3.07768 


72 


18 


3.07768 


3.04749 


3.01783 


2.98869 


2.96004 


2.93189 


2.90421 


71 


19 


2,90421 


2,87700 


2.85023 


2.82391 


2,79802 


2.77254 


2.74748 


70 


20 


2.74748 


2.72281 


2.69853 


2.67462 


2.65109 


2.62791 


2.60509 


69 


21 


2,60509 


2.58261 


2.56046 


2.53865 


2.51715 


2.49597 


2.47509 


68 


22 


2.47509 


2.45451 


2.43422 


2.41421 


2.39449 


2.37504 


2.35585 


67 


23 


2.35585 


2.33693 


2.31826 


2.29984 


2.28167 


2.26374 


2.24604 


66 


24 


2.24604 


2.22857 


2.21132 


2.19430 


2.17749 


2.16090 


2.14451 


65 


25 


2.14451 


2.12832 


2.11233 


2.09654 


2.08094 


2.06553 


2.05030 


64 


26 


2.05030 


2.03526 


2.02039 


2.00569 


1.99116 


1.97680 


1.96261 


63 


27 


1.96261 


1.94858 


1.93470 


1.92098 


1.90741 


1.89400 


1.88073 


62 


28 


1.88073 


1.86760 


1.85462 


1.84177 


1.82906 


1.81649 


1.80405 


61 


29 


1.80405 


1.79174 


1,77955 


1.76749 


1.75556 


1.74375 


1.73205 


60 


30 


1.73205 


1.72047 


1.70901 


1.69766 


1.68643 


1.67530 


1.66428 


59 


31 


1.66428 


1.65337 


1.64256 


1.63185 


1.62125 


1.61074 


1.60033 


68 


32 


1.60033 


1.59002 


1.57981 


1.56969 


1.55966 


1.54972 


1.53987 


57 


33 


1.53987 


1.53010 


1.52043 


1.51084 


1.50133 


1.49190 


1.48256 


56 


34 


1.48256 


1.47330 


1.46411 


1.45501 


1.44598 


1.43703 


1.42815 


55 


35 


1.42815 


1.41934 


1.41061 


1.40195 


1.39336 


1.38484 


1.37638 


54 


36 


1.37638 


1.36800 


1.35968 


1.35142 


1.34323 


1.33511 


1.32704 


53 


37 


1.32704 


1.31904 


1.31110 


1.30323 


1.29541 


1.28764 


1.27994 


52 


38 


1.27994 


1.27230 


1.26471 


1.25717 


1.24969 


1.24227 


1.23490 


51 


39 


1.23490 


1.22758 


1.22031 


1.21310 


1.20593 


1.19882 


1.19175 


50 


40 


1.19175 


1.18474 


I.IVVVV 


1.17085 


1.16398 


1.15715 


1.15037 


49 


41 


1.15037 


1.14363 


1.13694 


1.13029 


1.12369 


1.11713 


1.11061 


48 


42 


1.11061 


1.10414 


1.09770 


1.09131 


1.08496 


1.07864 


1.07237 


47 


43 


1.07237 


1.06613 


1.05994 


1.05378 


1.04766 


1.04158 


1.03553 


46 


44 


1.03553 


1.02952 


1.02355 


1.01761 


1.01170 


1.00583 


1.00000 


45 




60' 


50' 


40' 


30' 


20' 


10' 


0' 


i 
• 




TANGENT. 


a 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY 



271 



SO^ 



CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES, 
Diameter from ^\ to J 00, advancing chiefly by Eighths. 



Diam. 


Circum. 


Area. 


Diam. 


Circum. 


Area. 


Diam. 


Circum. 


Area. 




.04909 


.00019 


2.3^ 


6.6759 


3.5466 


5. /a 


17.082 


23.221 


¥ 


.09818 


.00077 


ts 


6.8722 


3.7583 


V2 


17.279 


23.758 


B¥ 


.147:^6 


.00173 


34 


7.0686 


3.9761 




17.475 


24.301 


TS 


.19635 


.00307 


T% 


7.2649 


4.2000 


17.671 


24.850 


-3 


.29452 


.00690 


% 


7.4613 


4.4301 


11 


17.868 


25.406 


3^ 


.39270 


.01227 


rs 


7.6576 


4.6664 


% 


18.064 


25.967 


jSj 


.49087 


.01917 


¥ 


7.8540 


4.9087 


TB 


18.261 


26.535 


A 


.58905 


.02761 


T^g 


8.0503 


5.1572 


% 


18.457 


27.109 


3^2 


.68723 


.03758 


8.2467 


5.4119 


15 


18.653 


27.688 








T5 


8.4430 


5.6727 








H 


.78540 


.04909 


M 


8.6394 


5.9396 


6. 


18.850 


28.274 




.88357 


.06213 


d 


8.8357 


6.2126 


% 


19.242 


29.465 


ife 


.98175 


.07670 


% 


9.0321 


6.4918 




19.635 


30.680 


H 


1.0799 


.09281 


\% 


9.22^4 


6.7771 


% 


20.028 


31.919 


% 


1.1781 


.11045 








\A 


20.420 


33.183 


13 


1.2763 


.12962 


3. 


9.4248 


7.0686 


54 


20.813 


34.472 


/s 


1.3744 


.15033 


T^S 


9.6211 


7.3662 


M 


21.206 


35.785 


if 


1.4726 


.17257 




9.8175 
10.014 


7.6699 
7.9798 


Vs 


21.598 


37.122 


^ 


1.5708 


.19635 


H 


10.210 


8.2958 


7. 


21.991 


38.485 


17 


1.6690 


.22166 


1% 


10.407 


8.6179 


lA 


22.384 


39.871 


9g 


1.7671 


.24850 


% 


10.603 


8.9462 


i 


22.776 


41.282 


1§ 


1.8653 


.27688 


xs 


10.799 


9.2806 


23.169 


42.718 


% 


1.9635 


.30680 


¥ 


10.996 


9.6211 


3^ 


23.562 


44.179 


§^ 


2.0617 


.33824 




11.192 


9.9678 


52 


23.955 


45.664 


\h 


2.1598 


.37122 


% 


11.388 


10.321 


1 


24.347 


47.173 


M 


2.2580 


.40574 


TB 


11.585 


10.680 


24.740 


48.707 








M 


11.781 


11.045 








M 


2.3562 


.44179 


^f 


11.977 


11.416 


8. 


25.133 


50.265 


|5 


2.4544 


.47937 


% 


12.174 


11.793 


ij. 


25.525 


51.849 


■ If 


2.5525 


.51849 


16 


12.370 


12.177 


34 


25.918 


53.456 


2.6507 


.65914 








% 


26.311 


55.088 


% 


2.7489 


.60132 


4. 


12.566 


12.566 


Vk 


26.704 


56.745 


■ 1 


2.8471 


.64504 


rs 


12.763 


12.962 


% 


27.096 


58.426 


. 1 


2.9452 


.69029 


3^ 


12.959 


13.364 


M 


27.489 


60.132 


^i 


3.0434 


.73708 


M 


13.155 
13.352 


13.772 
14.186 


% 


27.882 


61.862 


1. 


3.1416 


.7854 


TB 


13.548 


14.607 


9. 


28.274 


63.617 


ft 


3.3379 


.8866 


% 


13.744 


15.033 




28.667 


65.397 


3.5343 


.9940 


TB 


13.941 


15.466 


34 


29.060 


67.201 


JL 


3.7306 


1.1075 


3^ 


14.137 


15.904 


ft 


29.452 


69.029 


34 


3.9270 


1.2272 


» 


14.334 


16.349 


29.845 


70.882 


T5 


4.1233 


1.3530 


% 


14.530 


16.800 


% 


30.238 


72.760 


% 


4.3197 


1.4849 


H 


14.726 


17.257 


M 


30.631 


74.662 


s 


4.5160 


1.6230 


M 


14.923 


17.728 


% 


31.023 


76.589 


4.7124 


1.7671 




15.119 


18.190 








9 


4.9087 


1.9175 


i 


15.315 


18.665 


10. 


31.416 


78.540 


% 


5.1051 


2.0739 


15.512 


19.147 




31.809 


80.516 


rs 


5.3014 


2.2365 








34 


32.201 


82.516 


M 


5.4978 


2.4053 


5.^ 


15.708 


19.635 


sz 


32.594 


84.541 


13 


5.6941 


2.5802 




15.904 


20.129 


34 


32.987 


86.590 


% 


5 8905 


2.7612 


J4 


16.101 


20.629 


% 


33.379 


88.664 


IS 


6.0868 


2.9483 


3 


16.297 


21.135 


M 


33.772 


90.763 








¥ 


16.493 


21.648 


Vs 


34.165 


92.886 


2. 


6.2832 


3.1416 




16.690 


22.166 








tV 


6.4795 


3 3410 


S 


16.886 


22.691 


11. 


34.558 


95.033 







^ 


272 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 


CIRCUMFERENCRS AND AREAS OF CIRCLES. 




(CONTINUED.) 




Diam. 


Circum. 


Area. 


Diam. 


Circum. 


Area. 


Diam. 


Circum. 


Area. 


11-J^ 


34.950 


97.205 


17.% 


54.585 


237.10 


23.% 


74.220 


438.36 




35.343 


99.402 




54.978 


240.53 


Vs 


74.613 


443.01 


a^ 


35.736 


101.62 


oA 


.55.371 


243.98 


75.006 


447.69 


Vbt 


36.128 


103.87 


74- 


55.763 


247.45 








% 


36.521 


106.14 


% 


56.156 


250.95 


24. 


75.398 


452.39 


% 


36.914 


108.43 








Vs 


75.791 


457.11 


% 


37.306 


110.75 


18. 


56.549 


254.47 


1 


76.184 


461.86 








% 


56.941 


258.02 


76.576 


466.64 


12. 


37.699 


113.10 


34 


57.334 


261.59 




76.969 


471.44 




38.092 


115.47 


3/ 


57.727 


265.18 


M 


77.362 


476.26 


38.485 


117.86 


3^ 


58.119 


268.80 


77.754 


481.11 


34 


38.877 


120.28 


5X 


58.512 


272.45 


Vs 


78.147 


485.98 


^ 


39.270 


122.72 


% 


58.905 


276.12 






% 


39.663 


125.19 


Vs 


59.298 


279.81 


25. 


78.540 


490.87 


M 


40.055 


127.68 








Vs 


78.933 


495.79 


% 


40.448 


130.19 


19. 


59.690 


283.53 


M 


79.325 


500.74 








Vs 


60.083 


287.27 


79.718 


505.71 


13. 


40.841 


132.73 


M 


60.476 


291.04 


3^ 


80.111 


510.71 


3^ 


41.233 


135.30 




60.868 


294.83 


% 


80.503 


515.72 


34 


41.626 


137.89 


y 


61.261 


298.65 


M 


80.896 


520.77 


% 


42.019 


140.50 


'61.654 


302.49 


Vs 


81.289 


525.84 




42.412 


143.14 


4 


62.046 


306.35 








RZ 


42.804 


145.80 


Vs 


62.439 


310.24 


26. 


81.681 


530.93 


34 


43.197 


148.49 








Vs 


82.074 


536.05 


% 


43.590 


151.20 


20. 


62.832 


314.16 


Va 


82.467 


541.19 








Vs 


63.225 


318.10 


3/ 


82.860 


546.35 


14. 


43.982 


153.94 


H 


63.617 


322.06 


L^ 


83.252 


551.55 




44.375 


156.70 


0/ 


64 010 


326.05 


% 


83.645 


556.76 


'Hi 


44.768 


159.48 


1^ 


64.403 


330.06 


M 


84.038 


562.00 


45.160 


162.30 


% 


64.795 


334.10 


% 


84.430 


567.27 ; 


45.553 


165.13 


H 


65.188 


338.16 








45.946 


167.99 


% 


65.581 


342.25 


27. 


84.823 


572.56 


^9 


46.338 


170.87 








Vs 


85.216 


577.87 


% 


46.731 


173.78 


21. 


65.973 


346.36 


H 


85.608 


583.21 






3^ 


66.366 


350.50 


% 


86.001 


588.57 


15. 


47.124 


176.71 


P 


66.759 


354.66 




86.394 


593.96 




47.517 


179.67 




67.152 


358.84 


% 


86.786 


599.37 


5I 


47.909 


182.65 


34 


67.544 


363.05 


1 


87.179 


604.81 


48.302 


185.66 


% 


67.937 


367.28 


87.572 


610.27 


H 


48.695 


188.69 


H 


68.330 


371.54 








% 


49.087 


191.75 


Va 


68.722 


375.83 


28. 


87.965 


615.75 


H 


49.480 


194.83 








Vs 


88.357 


621.26 


% 


49.873 


197.93 


22. 


69.115 


380.13 


w 


88.750 


626 80 








Vs 


69.508 


384.46 


89.143 


632.36 


16. 


50.265 


201.06 


Va 


69.900 


388.82 


3^ 


89.535 


637.94 


^A 


50.658 


204.22 




70.293 


393.20 


% 


89.928 


643.55- 


H 


51.051 


207.39 


V> 


70.686 


397.61 


1 


90.321 


649.18 




51.444 


210.60 


% 


71.079 


402.04 


90.713 


654.84 


rz 


51.836 


213.82 


M 


71.471 


406.49 








% 


52.229 


217.08 


Vs 


71.864 


410.97 


29. 


91.106 


660.52 


1 


52.622 


220.. 85 








Vs 


91.499 


666.23 


53.014 


223.65 


23. 


72.257 


415.48 


Va 


91.892 


671.96 








Vs 


72.649 


420.00 


92.284 


677.71 


17. 


53.407 


226.98 


Va 


73.042 


424.56 


34 


92.677 


683.49 


% 


53.800 


230.33 




73.435 


429.13 


% 


93.070 


689.30 


Va 


.54.192 


233.71 


Vi> 


73.827 


433.74 


% 1 93.462 


695.13 






\ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



273 ■ 



CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF QRCLES. 

(CONTINUED.) 



Diam. 


Circum. 


Area. 


Diam. 


Circum. 


Area. 


Diam. 


Circum. 


Area. 


29.% 


93.855 


700.98 


36.1^ 


113.490 


1025.0 


42.% 


133.125 


1410.3 








1/ 


113.883 


1032.1 




133.518 


1418.6 


30. 


94.248 


706.86 


% 


114.275 


1039.2 


i 


133.910 


1427.0 


^ 


94.640 


712.76 


1^ 


114.668 


1046.3 


134.303 


1435.4 


■ ^ 


95.033 


718.69 


% 


115.061 


1053.5 


% 


134.696 


1443.8 


95.426 


724.64 


M 


115.454 


1060.7 








/^ 


95.819 


730.62 


Vs 


115.846 


1068.0 


43. 


135.088 


1452.2 


Ys 


96.211 


736.62 








Vh 


135.481 


1460.7 


H 


96.604 


742.64 


37. 


116.239 


1075.2 


M 


135.874 


1469.1 


% 


96.997 


748.69 


lA 


116.633 


1082.5 




136.267 


1477.6 








IX 


117.024 


1089.8 


% 


136.659 


1486.2 


31. 


97.389 


754.77 


% 


117.417 


1097.1 


1.37.052 


1494.7 


i^ 


97.782 


760.87 


"LC 


117.810 


1104.5 


% 


137.445 


1503.3 


8 


98.175 


766.99 


% 


118.202 


1111.8 


% 


137.837 


1511.9 


98.567 


773.14 


M 


118.596 


1119.2 








^ 


98.960 


779.31 


% 


118.988 


1126.7 


44. 


138.230 


1520.5 


% 


99.353 


785.51 








1/. 


138.623 


1529.2 


M 


99.746 


791.73 


38. 


119.381 


1134.1 


M 


139.015 


1537.9 


Vs 


100.138 


797.98 


IX 


119.773 


1141.6 


ft 


139.408 


1546.6 








M 


120.166 


1149.1 


139.801 


1555.3 


32. 


(00.531 


804.25 


% 


120.5.59 


1156.6 


% 


140.194 


1564.0 


% 


100.924 


810.54 


Mi 


120.951 


1164.2 


S 


140.586 


1572.8 




101.316 


816.86 


% 


121.344 


1171.7 


140.979 


1581 6 


101.709 


823.21 


% 


121.737 


1179.3 








1^ 


102.102 


829.58 


122.129 


1186.9 


45. 


141.372 


1590.4 


% 


102.494 


835.97 










141.764 


1599.3 


M 


102.887 


842.39 


39. 


122.522 


1194.6 


i 


142.157 


1608.2 


% 


103.280 


848.83 




122.915 


1202.3 


142.550 


1617.0 








i 


123.308 


1210.0 


V^ 


142.942 


1626.0 


33. 


103.673 


855.30 


123.700 


1217.7 


% 


143.335 


1634.9 


% 


104.065 


861.79 


% 


124.093 


1225.4 


s 


143.728 


1643.9 


g 


104.458 


868.31 


124.486 


1233.2 


144.121 


1652.9 




104.851 


874.85 


M 


124.878 


1241.0 








ij 


105.243 


881 .41 


% 


125.271 


1248.8 


46. 


144.513 


1661.9 


r2 


105.636 


888.00 








Vs 


144.906 


1670.9 


i 


106.029 


894.62 


40. 


125.664 


1256.6 




145.299 


1680.0 


106.421 


901.26 




126.056 


1264.5 


% 


145.691 


1689.1 








M 


126.449 


1272.4 


Ml 


146.084 


1398.2 


34. 


106.814 


907.92 


% 


126.842 


1280.3 


bZ 


146.477 


1707.4 


^ 


107.207 


914.61 


Vi 


127.235 


1288.2 


78 


146.869 


1716.5 


M 


107.600 


921.32 


% 


127.627 


1296.2 


147.262 


1725.7 


32 


107.992 


928.06 


M 


128.020 


1304.2 








\i. 


108.385 


934.82 


% 


128.413 


1312.2 


47. 


147.6.55 


1734.9 


RZ 


108.778 


941.61 








Vk 


148.048 


1744.2 


K/. 


109.170 


948.42 


41. 


128.805 


1320.3 


34 


148.440 


1753.5 


% 


109.563 


955.25 


Vs 


129.198 


1328.3 


% 


148.833 


1762.7 










129.591 


1336.4 


M 


149.226 


1772.1 


35. 


109.956 


962.11 


sz 


129.983 


1344.5 


% 


149.618 


1781.4 




110.348 


969.00 


% 


130.376 


1352.7 


% 


150.011 


1790.8 


M 


110.741 


975.91 


% 


130.769 


1360.8 


% 


150.404 


1800.1 


a/ 


111.134 


982.84 


s 


131.161 


1369.0 








^ 


111.527 


989.80 


131.554 


1377.2 


48. 


150.796 


1809.6 


5^ 


111.919 


996.78 








Vk 


151.189 


1819.0 


% 


112.312 


1003.8 


42. 


131.947 


1385.4 


Vi 


151.582 


1828.5 


% 


112.705 


1010.8 


1^ 


132.340 


1393.7 


% 


151.975 


1837.9 


36. 


113.097 


1017.9 


M 


132.732 


1402.0 


M 


152.367 


1847.5 



J 



■ 274 NATI 






St 


ONAL TUBE COMPANY. V 


CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES. | 




(CONTINUED.) 


1 


Diam. 


Circum. 


Area. 


Diam. 


Circum. 


Area. 


Diam. 


Circum. 


Area. 


48.% 


152.760 


1857.0 


54.% 


172.395 


2365.0 


61. 


191.637 


2922.5 


M 


153.153 


1866.5 








Vs 


192.030 


2934.5 


% 


153.545 


1876.1 


55. 


172.788 


2375.8 


H 


192.423 


2946.5 








% 


173.180 


2386.6 




192.815 


2958.5 


49. 


153.938 


1885.7 


P 


173.573 


2397.5 


y-> 


193.208 


2970.6 


Vs 


154.331 


1895.4 




173.966 


2408.3 


% 


193.601 


2982.7 




154.723 


1905.0 


y^ 


174.358 


2419.2 


H 


193.993 


2994.8 


% 


155.116 


1914.7 


% 


174.751 


2430.1 


% 


194.386 


3006.9 


% 


155.509 


1924.4 


% 


175.144 


2441.1 








155.902 


1934.2 


% 


175.536 


2452.0 


62. 


194.779 


3019.1 


M 


156.294 


1943.9 








1/. 


195.171 


3031.3 


% 


156.687 


1953.7 


56. 


175.929 


2463.0 


lA 


195.564 


3043.5 








% 


176.322 


2474.0 


'% 


195.957 


3055.7 


50. 


157.080 


1963.5 


Va 


176.715 


2485.0 




196.350 


3068.0 


% 


157.472 


1973.3 


% 


177.107 


2496.1 


% 


196.742 


3080.3 


A 


157.865 


1983.2 




177.500 


2507.2 


% 


197.135 


3092.6 


% 


158.258 


1993.1 


% 


177.893 


2518.3 


% 


197.528 


3104.9 


1^ 


158.650 


2003.0 


% 


17'8.285 


2529.4 








% 


159.043 


2012.9 


% 


178.678 


2540.6 


63. 


197.920 


3117.2 


% 


159.436 


2022.8 








Vs 


198.313 


3129.6 


% 


159.829 


2032.8 


57. 


179.071 


25.51.8 


i 


198.706 


3142.0 








J^ 


179.463 


2563.0 


199.098 


3154.5 


51. 


. 160.221 


2042.8 


M 


179.856 


2574.2 




199.491 


3166.9 


^ 


160.614 


2052.8 


v% 


180.249 


2585.4 


% 


199.884 


3179.4 




161.007 


2062.9 


Vk 


180.642 


2596.7 


H 


200.277 


3191.9 


161.399 


2073.0 


5X 


181.034 


2608.0 


% 


200.669 


3204.4 


i 


161.792 


2083.1 


M 


181.427 


2819.4 








162.185 


2098.2 


% 


181.820 


2630.7 


64. 


201.062 


3217.0 


i 


162.577 


2103.3 








% 


201.455 


3229.6 


162.970 


2113.5 


58. 


182.212 


2642.1 


H 


201.847 


3242.2 








^ 


182.605 


2653.5 


1 


202.240 


3254.8 


52. 


163.363 


2123.7 


j| 


182.998 


2664.9 


202.633 


3267.5 


J^ 


163.756 


2133.9 


% 


183.390 


2676.4 


% 


203.025 


3280.1 


3^ 


164.148 


2144.2 


^ 


183.783 


2687.8 


M 


203.418 


3292.8 




164.541 


2154.5 


% 


184.176 


2699.3 


% 


203.811 


3305.6 


1^ 


164.934 


2164.8 




184.569 


2710.9 








% 


165.326 


2175.1 


% 


184.961 


2722.4 


65. 


204.204 


3318.3 


% 


165.719 


2185.4 








% 


204.596 


3331.1 


Vs 


166.112 


2195.8 


59. 


185.354 


2734.0 




204.989 


3343.9 








Vs 


185.747 


2745.6 


3Z 


205.382 


3356.7 


63. 


166.504 


2206.2 


H 


186.139 


2757.2 


H 


205.774 


3369.6 


3^ 


166.897 


2216.6 


% 


186.532 


2768.8 


% 


206.167 


3382.4 


167.290 


2227.0 




186.925 


2780.5 


7% 


206.560 


3395.3 


167.683 


2237.5 


% 


187.317 


2792.2 


% 


206 952 


3408.2 


/4 


168.075 


2248.0 


I 


187.710 


2803.9 








^ 


168.468 


2258.5 


188.103 


2815.7 


66. 


207.345 


3421.2 


M 


168.861 


2269.1 










207.738 


3434.2 


% 


169.253 


2279.6 


60. 


188.496 


2827.4 


i 


208.131 


3447.2 








y% 


188.888 


2839.2 


208.523 


3460.2 


54. 


169.646 


2290.2 




189.281 


2851.0 


}4 


208.916 


3473.2 


1^ 


170.039 


2300.8 


a| 


189.674 


2862.9 


% 


209.309 


3486.3 


M 


170.431 


2311.5 


}/k 


190.066 


2874.8 


74 


209.701 


3499.4 


% 


170.824 


2322.1 


% 


190.459 


2886.6 


% 


210.094 


3512.5 


^ 


171 217 


2332.8 


% 


190.852 


2898.6 








% 


171.609 


2343.5 


191.244 


2910.5 


67. 


210.487 


3.525.7 


H 


172.002 


2354.3 








Vs 


210.879 


3538.8 


i. ^ n! 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



275 ■ 



CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES. 

(CONTINUED.) 



Diam. 


Circum. 


Area. 


Diam. 


Circum. 


Area. 


Diam. 


Circum. 


Area. 


67. U 


211.272 


3552.0 


73.^ 


230.907 


4242.9 


79. M 


250.542 


4995.2 


"az 


211.665 


3.565.2 


% 


231.300 


4257.4 


% 


250.935 


5010.9 


H 


212.058 


3578.5 


H 


231.692 


4271.8 








% 


212.450 


3591.7 


Vs 


232.085 


4286.3 


80. 


251.. 327 


5026.5 


sx 


212.843 


3605.0 








Vh 


251.720 


5042.3 


•}/ 


213.236 


3618.3 


74. 


232.478 


4300.8 


H 


252.113 


5058.0 










232.871 


4315.4 


252.506 


5073.8 


68. 


213.628 


3631.7 


i 


233.263 


4329.9 


^ 


252.898 


5089.6 




214.021 


3645.0 


233.656 


4344.5 


% 


253.291 


5105.4 


1/ 


214.414 


3658.4 


\^ 


234.049 


4359.2 


M 


253.684 


5121.2 


3/ 


214.806 


3671.8 


% 


234.441 


4373.8 


Vs 


254.076 


5137.1 


14 


215.199 


3685.3 


M 


234.834 


4388.5 








% 


215.592 


3698.7 


% 


235.227 


4403.1 


81. 


254.469 


5153.0 


1 


215.984 


3712.2 








Vs 


254.862 


5168.9 


216.377 


3725.7 


75. 


235.619 


4417.9 


y. 


255.254 


5184.9 








% 


236.012 


4432.6 


"A 


255.647 


5200.8 


69. 


216.770 


3739.3 


Va 


236.405 


4447.4 


Vk 


256.040 


5216.8 




217.163 


3752.8 


% 


236.798 


4462.2 


% 


256.4.33 


5232.8 


M 


217.555 


3766.4 




237.190 


4477.0 


M 


256.825 


5248.9 


217.948 


3780.0 


237.583 


4491.8 


% 


257.218 


5264.9 


jj 


218.341 


3793.7 


M 


237.976 


4506.7 








sz 


218.733 


3807.3 


% 


238.368 


4521.5 


82. 


257.611 


5281.0 


'44. 


219.126 


3821.0 








Vs 


258.003 


5297.1 


% 


219.519 


3834.7 


76. 


238.761 


4536.5 


H 


258.396 


5313.3 








% 


239.154 


4551.4 




258.789 


5329.4 


70. 


219.911 


3848.5 


1/ 


239.546 


4566.4 


% 


259.181 


5345.6 




220.304 


3862 2 


239.939 


4581.3 


259.574 


5361.8 


IX 


220.697 


3876.0 


L^ 


240.332 


4,596.3 


S 


259.967 


5378.1 


% 


221.090 


3889.8 


% 


240.725 


4611.4 


260.359 


5394 3 


1^ 


221.482 


3903.6 


M 


241.117 


4626.4 








KZ 


221.875 


3917.5 


% 


241.510 


4641.5 


83. 


260.7.52 


5410.6 


P 


222.268 


3931.4 








Vs 


261.145 


5426.9 


222.660 


3945.3 


77. 


241.903 


4656.6 


M 


261.538 


.5443.3 








Vfi 


242.295 


4671.8 




261.930 


5459.6 


71. 


223.053 


39.59.2 




242.688 


4686.9 


262.323 


.5476.0 


^ 


223.446 


3973.1 


% 


243.081 


4702.1 


% 


262.716 


5492.4 




223.838 


3987.1 


IZ 


243.473 


4717.3 


H 


263.108 


5508.8 


224.231 


4001.1 


% 


243.866 


4732.5 


% 


263.501 


5525.3 


1^ 


224.624 


4015.2 


M 


244.259 


4747.8 








% 


225.017 


4029.2 


% 


244.652 


4763.1 


84. 


263.894 


5541.8 


s 


225.409 


4043.3 








Vs 


264.286 


5558.3 


% 


225.802 


4057.4 


78. 


245.044 


4778.4 


i| 


264.679 


5574.8 










245.437 


4793.7 


265.072 


5591.4 


72. 


226.195 


4071.5 


245.830 


4809.0 


y^ 


265.465 


5607.9 




226.587 


4085.7 


% 


246.222 


4824.4 


% 


265.857 


5624.5 


^ 


226.980 


4099.8 


L^ 


246.615 


4839.8 


M 


266.250 


5641.2 


227.373 


4114.0 


% 


247.008 


4855.2 


% 


266.643 


5657.8 


iz 


227:765 


4128.2 


1 


247.400 


4870.7 








% 


228.158 


4142.5 


247.793 


4886.2 


85. 


267.035 


5674.5 


s 


228.551 


4156.8 








V% 


267.428 


5691.2 


228.944 


4171.1 


79. 


248.186 


4901.7 


H 


267.821 


5707.9 










248.579 


4917.2 


% 


268.213 


5724.7 


73. 


229.336 


4185.4 


M 


248.971 


4932.7 


y> 


268.606 


5741 .5 




229.729 


4199.7 


32 


249.364 


4948.3 


% 


268.999 


5758.3 


i 


230.122 


4214.1 


Vi 


249.757 


4963.9 




269.392 


5775.1 


230.514 


4228.5 


% 


250.149 


4979.5 


% 


269.784 


5791.9 



J 



^ 



276 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES. 

(CONTINUED.) 



Diam. 


Circum. 


Area. 


Diam. 


Circum. 


Area. 


Diam. 


Circum. 


Area. 


86. 


270.177 


5808.8 


90.% 


285.492 


6486.0 


95.% 


300.415 


7181.8 


/^ 


270.570 


5825.7 








34 


300.807 


7200.6 


i 


270.962 


5842.6 


91. 


285.885 


6.503.9 


% 


301.200 


7219.4 


271.355 


5859.6 


Vs 


286.278 


6.521.8 








^ 


271.748 


5876.5 


Va 


286.670 


6539.7 


96. 


301.. 593 


7238.2 


% 


272.140 


5893.5 


Vs 


287.063 


6557.6 


H 


301.986 


7257.1 


s 


272.533 


5910.6 


1/ 


287.4.56 


6575.5 


H 


302.378 


7276.0 


272.926 


5927.6 


287.848 


6593.5 


% 


302.771 


7294.9 








% 


288.241 


6611.5 


V», 


303.164 


7313.8 


87. 


273.319 


5944.7 


Vs 


288.634 


6629.6 


% 


303.556 


7332.8 


1^ 


273.711 


5961.8 








M 


303.949 


7351.8 


% 


274.104 


5978.9 


92. 


289.027 


6647.6 


% 


304.342 


7370.8 


274.497 


5996.0 


Vs 


289.419 


6665.7 








/4 


274.889 


6013.2 


Va 


28^.812 


6683.8 


97. 


304.734 


7389.8 


% 


275.282 


6030.4 


% 


290.205 


6701.9 


Vh 


305.127 


7408.9 


M 


275.675 


6047.6 




290.597 


6720.1 




305.520 


7428.0 


% 


,276.067 


6064.9 


% 


290.990 


6738.2 


% 


305.913 


7447.1 








M 


291.383 


6756.4 


V^ 


306.305 


7466.2 


88. 


276.460 


6082.1 


% 


291.775 


6774.7 


^/s 


306.698 


7485.3 


Vs 


276 853 


6099.4 








H 


307.091 


7504.5 


A 


277.246 


6116.7 


93. 


292.168 


6792.9 


% 


307.483 


7523.7 


277.638 


6134.1 


Vs 


292.561 


6811.2 








1^ 


278.031 


6151.4 


i| 


292.954 


6829.5 


98. 


307.876 


7543.0 


% 


278.424 


6168.8 


% 


293.346 


6847.8 


Va 


308.269 


7562.2 


M 


278.816 


6186.2 


Vk 


293.739 


6866.1 


H 


308.661 


7581.5 


7^ 


279.209 


6203.7 


% 


294.132 


6884.5 


Vs 


309.054 


7600.8 








M 


294.. 524 


6902.9 


309.447 


7620.1 


89. 


279.602 


6221.1 


Vs 


294.917 


6921 3 


5X 


309.840 


7639.5 


^ 


279.994 


6238.6 








M 


310.232 


7658.9 


M 


280.387 


6256.1 


94. 


295.310 


6939.8 


Vs 


310.625 


7678.3 


Sa 


280.780 


6273.7 


^ 


295.702 


6958.2 








% 


281.173 


6291.2 


14 


296.095 


6976.7 


99. 


311.018 


7697.7 


i 


281.565 


6308.8 


i 


296.488 


6995.3 


^ 


311.410 


7717.1 


281.958 


6326 4 


296.881 


7013.8 


H 


311.803 


7736.6 


282.351 


6344.1 


% 


297.273 


7032.4 




312.196 


77.56.1 








M 


297.666 


7051.0 


i^ 


312. .588 


7775.6 


90. 


282.743 


6361.7 


% 


298.0.59 


7069.6 


% 


312.981 


7795.2 




283.136 


6379.4 








H 


313.374 


7814.8 


i 


283.529 


6397.1 


95. 


298.451 


7088.2 


Vs 


313.767 


7834.4 


283.921 


6414.9 


Vs 


298.844 


7106.9 








^ 


284.314 


64.32.6 


$ 


299.237 


7125.6 


100. 


314.159 


7854.0 


% 


284.707 


6450.4 


299.629 


7144.3 








M 


285.100 


6468.2 


300.022 


7163.0 









^ 













~^ 




NATIONAL TUBE 


COMPANY. 


277 1 


b'ih'TH ROOTS AND FIFTH POWERS. 1 


Power. 


No. or 
Root. 


Power. 


No. or 
Root. 


Power. 


No. or 
Root. 


.0000100 


.1 


.000796 


.240 


.034503 


.51 


.0000110 


.102 


.000883 


.245 


.038020 


.52 


.0000122 


.104 


.000977 


.250 


.041820 


.53 


.0000134 


.106 


.001078 


.255 


.045917 


.54 


.0000147 


.108 


.001188 


.260 


.050328 


.55 


.0000161 


.110 


.001307 


.265 


.055073 


.56 


.0000176 


.112 


.001435 


.270 


.060169 


.57 


.0000193 


.114 


.001573 


.275 


.065636 


.58 


.0000210 


.116 


.001721 


.280 


.071492 


.59 


0000229 


.118 


.001880 


.285 


.077760 


.60 


.0000249 


.120 


.002051 


.290 


.084460 


.61 


.0000270 


.122 


.002234 


.295 


.091613 


.62 


.0000293 


.124 


.002430 


.300 


.099244 


.63 


.0000318 


.126 


.002639 


.305 


.107374 


• .64 


.0000344 


.128 


.002863 


.310 


.116029 


.65 


.0000371 


.130 


.003101 


.315 


.125233 


.66 


.0000401 


.132 


.003355 


.320 


.135012 


.67 


.0000432 


.134 


.003626 


.325 


.145393 


.68 


.0000465 


.136 


.003914 


.330 


.156403 


.69 


.0000500 


.138 


.004219 


.335 


.168070 


.70 


.0000538 


.140 


.004544 


.340 


.180423 


.71 


.0000577 


.142 


.004888 


.345 


.193492 


.72 


.0000619 


.144 


.005252 


.350 


.207307 


.73 


.0000663 


.146 


.005638 


.355 


.221901 


.74 


.0000710 


.148 


.006047 


.360 


.237305 


.75 


.0000754 


.150 


.006478 


.365 


.253553 


.76 


.0000895 


.155 


.006934 


.370 


.270678 


.77 


.000105 


.160 


.007416 


.375 


.288717 


.78 


.000122 


.165 


.007924 


.380 


.307706 


.79 


.000142 


.170 


.008459 


.385 


.327680 


.80 


.000164 


.175 


.009022 


.390 


.348678 


.81 


.000189 


.180 


.009616 


.395 


.370740 


.82 


.000217 


.185 


.010240 


.400 


.393904 


.83 


.000248 


.190 


.011586 


.41 


.418212 


.84 


.000282 


•195 


.013069 


.42 


.443705 


.85 


.000320 


.200 


.014701 


.43 


.470427 


.86 


.000362 


.205 


.016492 


.44 


.498121 


.87 


.000408 


.210 


.018453 


.45 


.527732 


.88 


.000459 


.215 


.020596 


.46 


.558406 


.89 


.000515 


.220 


.022935 


.47 


.590490 


.90 


.000577 


.225 


.025480 


.48 


.624032 


.91 


.000344 


.230 


.028248 


.49 


.659082 


.92 


.000717 


.235 


.031250 


.50 


.695688 


.93 



^ 













=aj 


278 


NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 




Fifth Roots and Fifth Powers* (continued.) | 


Power. 


No. or 
Root. 


Power. 


No. or 
Root. 


Power. 


No. or 
Root. 


.733904 


.94 


15.9495 


1.74 


525.219 


3.50 


.773781 


.95 


16.8874 


1.76 


563.822 


3.55 


.815373 


.96 


17.8690 


1.78 


604.662 


3.60 


.858734 


.97 


18.8957 


1.80 


647.835 


3.65 


.903921 


.98 


19.9690 


1.82 


693.440 


3.70 


.950990 


.99 


21.0906 


1.84 


741.577 


3.75 


1. 


1. 


22.2620 


1.86 


792.352 


3.80 


1.10408 


1.02 


23.4849 


1.88 


845.870 


3.85 


1.21665 


1.04 


24.7610 


1.90 


902.242 


3.90 


1.33823 


1.06 


26.0919 


1.92 


961.58 


3.95 


1.46933 


1.08 


27.4795 


1.94 


1024.00 


4.00 


1.61051 


1.10 


28.9255 


1.96 


1089.62 


4.05 


1.76234 


1.12 


30.4317 


1.98 


1158.56 


4.10 


1.92541 


1.14 


32.0000 


2.00 


1230.95 


4.15 


2.10034 


1.16 


36.2051 


2.05 


1306.91 


4.20 


2.28775 


1.18 


40.8410 


2.10 


1386.58 


4.25 


2.48832 


1.20 


45.9401 


2.15 


1470.08 


4.30 


2.70271 


1.22 


51.5363 


2.20 


1557.57 


4.35 


2.93163 


1.24 


57.6650 


2.25 


1649.16 


4.40 


3.17580 


1.26 


64.3634 


2.30 


1745.02 


4.45 


3.43597 


1.28 


71.6703 


2.35 


1845.28 


4.50 


3.71293 


1.30 


79.6262 


2.40 


1950.10 


4.55 


4.00746 


1.32 


88.2735 


2.45 


2059.63 


4.60 


4.32040 


1.34 


97.6562 


2.50 


2174.03 


4.65 


4.65259 


1.36 


107.820 


2.55 


2293.45 


4.70 


5.00490 


1.38 


118.814 


2.60 


2418.07 


4.75 


5.37824 


1.40 


130.686 


2.65 


2548.04 


4.80 


5.77353 


1.42 


143.489 


2.70 


2683.54 


4.85 


6.19174 


1.44 


157.276 


2.75 


2824.75 


4.90 


6.63383 


1.46 


172.104 


2.80 


2971.84 


4.95 


7.10082 


1.48 


188.029 


2.85 


3125.00 


5.00 


7.59375 


1.50 


205.111 


2.90 


3450.25 


5.10 


8.11368 


1.52 


223.414 


2.95 


3802.04 


5.20 


8.66171 


1.54 


243.000 


3.00 


4181.95 


5.30 


9.23896 


1.56 


263.936 


3.05 


4591.65 


5.40 


9.84658 


1.58 


286.292 


3.10 


5032.84 


5.50 


10.4858 


1.60 


310.136 


3.15 


5507.32 


5.60 


11.1577 


1.62 


335.544 


3.20 


6016.92 


5.70 


11.8637 


1.64 


362.591 


3.25 


6563.57 


5.80 


12.6049 


1.66 


391.354 


3.30 


7149.24 


5.90 


13.3828 


1.68 


421.419 


3.35 


7776.00 


6.00 


14.1986 


1.70 


454.354 


3.40 


8445.96 


6.10 


15.0537 


1.72 


488.760 


3.45 


9161.33 


6.20 





^ 










""^ 




NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 


., I 


Fifth Roots 


and Fifth Powers. 


(continued.) I 


Power. 


No. or 
Root. 


Power. 


No. or 
Root. 


Power. 


No. or 
Root. 


9934.37 


6.30 


176234. 


11.2 


3043168. 


19.8 


10737. 


6.40 


192541. 


11.4 


3200000. 


20.0 


11603. 


6.50 


210034. 


11.6 


3363232. 


20.2 


12523. 


6.60 


228776. 


11.8 


3533059. 


20.4 


13501. 


6.70 


248832. 


12.0 


3709677. 


20.6 


14539. 


6.80 


270271 . 


12.2 


3893289. 


20.8 


15640. 


6.90 


293163. 


12.4 


4084101 . 


21.0 


16807. 


7.00 


317580. 


12.6 


4282322. 


21.2 


18042. 


7.10 


343597. 


12.8 


4488166. 


21.4 


19349. 


7.20 


371293. 


13.0 


4701850. 


21.6 


20731 . 


7.30 


400746. 


13.2 


4923597. 


21.8 


22190. 


7.40 


432040. 


13.4 


5153632. 


22.0 


23730. 


7.50 


465259. 


13.6 


5392186. 


22.2 


25355. 


7.60 


500490. 


13.8 


5639493. 


22.4 


27068. 


7.70 


537824. 


14.0 


5895793. 


22.6 


28872. 


7.80 


577353. 


14.2 


6161327. 


22.8 


30771. 


7.90 


619174. 


14.4 


6436343. 


23.0 


32768. 


8.00 


663383. 


14.6 


6721093. 


23.2 


34868. 


8.10 


710082. 


14.8 


7015834. 


23.4 


• 37074. 


8.20 


759375. 


15.0 


7320825. 


23.6 


39390. 


8.30 


811368. 


15.2 


7636332. 


23.8 


41821. 


8.40 


866171 . 


15.4 


7962624. 


24.0 


44371. 


8.50 


923896. 


15.6 


8299976. 


24.2 


47043. 


8.60 


984658. 


15.8 


8648666. 


24.4 


49842. 


8.70 


1048576. 


16.0 


9008978. 


24.6 


52773. 


8.80 


1115771. 


16.2 


9381200. 


24.8 


55841 . 


8.90 


1186367. 


16.4 


9765625. 


25.0 


59049. 


9.00 


1260493. 


16.6 


10162550. 


25.2 


62403. 


9.10 


1338278. 


16.8 


10572278. 


25.4 


65908. 


9.20 


1419857. 


17.0 


10995116. 


25.6 


69569. 


9.30 


1505366. 


17.2 


11431377. 


25.8 


73390. 


9.40 


1594947. 


17.4 


11881376. 


26.0 


77378. 


9.50 


1688742. 


17.6 


12345437. 


26.2 


81537. 


9.60 


1786899. 


17.8 


12823886. 


26.4 


85873. 


9.70 


1889568. 


18.0 


13317055. 


26.6 


90392-, 


9.80 


1996903. 


18.2 


13825281 . 


26.8 


95099. 


9.90 


2109061. 


18.4 


14348907. 


27.0 


100000. 


10.0 


2226203. 


18.6 


14888280. 


27.2 


110408. 


10.2 


2348493. 


18.8 


15443752. 


27.4 


121665. 


10.4 


2476099. 


19.0 


16015681. 


27.6 


133823. 


10.6 


2609193. 


19.2 


16604430. 


27.8 


146933. 


10.8 


2747949. 


19.4 


17210368. 


28.0 


161051. 


11.0 


2892547. 


19.6 


17833868. 


28.2 





^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



^ 



Fifth Roots and Fifth Powers. 


(continued.) 


Power. 


No. or 
Root. 


Power. 


No. or 
Root. 


Power. 


No. or 
Root. 


18475309. 


28.4 


28629151. 


31.0 


60466176. 


36.0 


19135075. 


28.6 


31013642. 


31.5 


64783487. 


36.5 


19813557. 


28.8 


33554432. 


32.0 


69343957. 


37.0 


20511149. 


29.0 


36259082. 


32.5 


74157715. 


37.5 


21228253. 


29.2 


39135393. 


33.0 


79235168. 


38.0 


21965275. 


29.4 


42191410. 


33.5 


84587005. 


38.5 


22722628. 


29.6 


45435424. 


34.0 


90224199. 


39.0 


23500728. 


29.8 


48875980. 


34.5 


96158012. 


39.5 


24300000. 


30.0 


52521875. 


35.0 


102400000. 


40.0 


26393634. 


30.5 


56382167. 


35.5 








^ce 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



281 



Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Re- 
ciprocals, Circumferences and Circular Areas 
of Nos. from J to JOOO. 

(from CARNEGIE HAND BOOK.) 



No. 


Sq. 


Cube. 


Square 
Root. 


Cube 
Root. 


Log. 


1000 
X 


No. 


= Dia. 


. 
















Recip. 


Circ m 


Area. 


1 


1 


1 


1.0000 


1.0000 


0.00000 


1000.000 


3.142 


0.7854 


2 


4 


8 


1.4142 


1.2599 


0.30103 


500.000 


6.283 


3.1416 


3 


9 


27 


1.7321 


1.4422 


0.47712 


333.333 


9.425 


7.0686 


4 


16 


64 


2.0000 


1.5874 


0.60206 


250.000 


12.566 


12.5664 


5 


25 


125 


2.2361 


1.7100 


0.69897 


200.000 


15.708 


19.6350 


6 


36 


216 


2.4495 


1.8171 


0.77815 


166.667 


18.850 


28.2743 


7 


49 


343 


2.6458 


1.9129 


0.84510 


142.857 


21.991 


38.4845 


8 


64 


512 


2.8284 


2.0000 


0.90309 


125.000 


25.133 


50.2655 


9 


81 


729 


3.0000 


2.0801 


0.95424 


111.111 


28.274 


63.6173 


10 


100 


1000 


3.1623 


2.1544 


1.00000 


100.000 


31.416 


78.5398 


11 


121 


1331 


3.3166 


2.2240 


1.04139 


90.9091 


34.558 


95.0332 


12 


144 


1728 


3.4641 


2.2894 


1.07918 


83.3333 


37.699 


113.097 


13 


169 


2197 


3.6056 


2.3513 


1.11394 


76.9231 


40.841 


132.732 


14 


196 


2744 


3.7417 


2.4101 


1.14613 


71.4286 


43.982 


153.938 


15 


225 


3375 


3.8730 


2.4662 


1.17609 


66.6667 


47.124 


176.715 


16 


256 


4096 


4.0000 


2.5198 


1.20412 


62.5000 


50.265 


201.062 


17 


289 


4913 


4.1231 


2.5713 


1.23045 


58.8235 


53.407 


226.980 


18 


324 


5832 


4.2426 


2.6207 


1.25527 


55.5556 


56.549 


254.469 


19 


361 


6859 


4.3589 


2.6684 


1.27875 


52.6.316 


59.690 


283.529 


20 


400 


8000 


4.4721 


2.7144 


1.30103 


50.0000 


62.832 


314.159 


21 


441 


9261 


4.5826 


2.7589 


1.32222 


47.6190 


65.973 


346.361 


22 


484 


10648 


4.6904 


2.8020 


1.34242 


45.4545 


69.115 


380.133 


23 


529 


12167 


4.7958 


2.84.39 


1.36173 


43.4783 


72.257 


415.476 


24 


576 


138^4 


4.8990 


2.8845 


1.38021 


41.6667 


75.398 


452.389 


25 


625 


15625 


5.0000 


2.9240 


1.39794 


40.0000 


78.540 


490.874 


26 


676 


17576 


5.0990 


2.9625 


1.41497 


38.4615 


81.681 


530.929 


27 


729 


19683 


5.1962 


3.0000 


1.43136 


37.0370 


84.823 


572.555 


28 


784 


21952 


5.2915 


3.0366 


1.44716 


35.7143 


87.965 


615.752 


29 


841 


24389 


5.3852 


3.0723 


1.46240 


34.4828 


91.106 


660.520 


30 


900 


27000 


5.4772 


3.1072 


1.47712 


33.3333 


94.248 


706.858 


31 


961 


29791 


5.5678 


3.1414 


1.49136 


32.2581 


97.389 


754.768 


32 


1024 


32768 


5.6569 


3.1748 


1.50515 


31.2500 


100.531 


804.248 


33 


1089 


35937 


5.7446 


3.2075 


1.51851 


30.3030 


103.673 


855.299 


34 


1156 


39304 


5.8310 


3.2396 


1.53148 


29.4118 


106.814 


907.920 


35 


1225 


42875 


5.9161 


3.2711 


1.. 54407 


28.5714 


109.956 


962.113 


36 


1296 


46656 


6.0000 


3.3019 


1.55630 


27.7778 


113.097 


1017.88' 


37 


1369 


50653 


6.0828 


3.3322 


1.56820 


27.0270 


116.239 


1075.21 


38 


1444 


54872 


6.1644 


3.3620 


1.57978 


26.3158 


119.381 


1134.11 


39 


1521 


59319 


6.2450 


3.3912 


1.59106 


25.6410 


122.522 


1194.59 


40 


1600 


64000 


6.3246 


3.4200 


1.60206 


25.0000 


125.66 


1256.64 


41 


1681 


68921 


6.4031 


3.4482 


1.61278 


24.3902 


128.81 


1320.25 


42 


1764 


74088 


6.4807 


3.4760 


1.62325 


23.8095 


131.95 


1385.44 


43 


1849 


79507 


6.5574 


3.5034 


1.63347 


■ 23.25.58 


135.09 


1452.20 


44 


1936 


85184 


6.6.332 


3.5303 


1.64345 


22.7273 


138.23 


1520.53 


45 


2025 


91125 


6.7082 


3.5569 


1.65321 


22.2222 


141.37 


1590.43 



s 



^ 



282 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc, 

(CONTINUED.) 



^ 





Sq. 
2116 


Cube. 


Square 
Root. 


Cube 
Root. 


Log. 


1000 

X 

Recip. 


No = Dia. 


No 


Circ'm 


Area. 


40 


97336 


6.7823 


3.5830 


1.66276 


21.7391 


144.51 


1661.90 


47 


2209 


103823 


6.8557 


3.6088 


1.67210 


21.2766 


147.65 


1734.94 


48 


2304 


110592 


6.9282 


3.6342 


1.68124 


20.8333 


150.80 


1809.56 


49 


2401 


117649 


7.0000 


3.6593 


1.69020 


20.4082 


153.94 


1885.74 


50 


2500 


125000 


7.0711 


3.6840 


1.69897 


20.0000 


157.08 


1963.50 


51 


2601 


132651 


7.1414 


3.7084 


1.70757 


19.6078 


160.22 


2042.82 


52 


2704 


140608 


7.2111 


3.7325 


1.71600 


19.2308 


163.36 


2123.72 


53 


2809 


148877 


7.2801 


3.7563 


1.72428 


18.8679 


166.50 


2206.18 


54 


2916 


157464 


7.3485 


3.7798 


1.73239 


18.5185 


169.65 


2290.22 


55 


3025 


166375 


7.4162 


3.8030 


1.74036 


18.1818 


172.79 


2375.83 


56 


3136 


175616 


7.4833 


3.8259 


1.74819 


17.8571 


175.93 


2463.01 


57 


3249 


185193 


7.5498 


3.8485 


1.75587 


17.5439 


179.07 


2551.76 


58 


3364 


195112 


7.6158 


3.8709 


1.76343 


17.2414 


182.21 


2642.08 


59 


3481 


205379 


7.6811 


3.8930 


1.77085 


16.9492 


185.35 


2733.97 


60 


3600 


216000 


7.7460 


3.9149 


1.77815 


16.6667 


188.50 


2827.43 


61 


3721 


226981 


7.8102 


3.9365 


1.78533 


16.3934 


191.64 


2922.47 


62 


3844 


238328 


7.8740 


3.9579 


1.79239 


16.1290 


194.78 


3019.07 


63 


3969 


250047 


7.9373 


3.9791 


1.79934 


15.8730 


197.92 


3117.25 


64 


4096 


262144 


8.0000 


4.0000 


1.80618 


15.6250 


201.06 


3216.99 


65 


4225 


274625 


8.0623 


4.0207 


1.81291 


15.3846 


204.20 


3318.31 


66 


4356 


287196 


8.1240 


4.0412 


1.81954 


15.1515 


207.35 


3421.19 


67 


4489 


300763 


8.1854 


4.0615 


1.82607 


14.9254 


210.49 


3525.65 


68 


4624 


314432 


8.2462 


4.0817 


1.83251 


14.7059 


213.63 


3631.68 


69 


4761 


328509 


8.3066 


4.1016 


1.83885 


14.4928 


216.77 


3739.28 


70 


4900 


343000 


8.3666 


4.1213 


1.84510 


14.2857 


219.91 


3848.45 


71 


5041 


357911 


8.4261 


4.1408 


1.85126 


14.0845 


223.05 


3959.19 


72 


5184 


373248 


8.4853 


4.1602 


1.85733 


13.8889 


226.19 


4071.50 


73 


5329 


389017 


8.5440 


4.1793 


1.86332 


13.6986 


229.34 


4185.39 


74 


5476 


405224 


8.6023 


4.1983 


1.86923 


13.5135 


232 48 


4300.84 


75 


5625 


421875 


8.0603 


4.2172 


1.87506 


13.3333 


235.62 


4417.86 


76 


5776 


438976 


8.7178 


4.2358 


1.88081 


13.1579 


238.76 


4536.46 




5929 


456533 


8.7750 


4.2543 


1.88649 


12.9870 


241.90 


4656.63 


78 


6084 


474552 


8.8318 


4.2727 


1.89209 


12.8205 


245.04 


4778.36 


79 


6241 


493039 


8.8882 


4.2908 


1.89763 


12.6582 


248.19 


4901.67 


80 


6400 


512000 


8.9443 


4.3089 


1.90309 


12.5000 


251.33 


5026.55 


81 


6561 


531441 


9.0000 


4.3267 


1.90849 


12.3457 


2.54.47 


5153.00 


82 


6724 


551368 


9.0554 


4.3445 


1.91381 


12.1951 


257.61 


5281.02 


83 


6889 


571787 


9.1104 


4.3621 


1.91908 


12.0482 


260.75 


5410.61 


84 


7056 


592704 


9.1652 


4.3795 


1.92428 


11.9048 


263.89 


5541.77 


85 


7225 


614125 


9.2195 


4.3968 


1.92942 


11.7647 


267.04 


5674.50 


86 


7396 


636056 


9.2736 


4.4140 


1.93450 


11.6279 


270.18 


5808.80 


87 


7569 


658503 


9.3274 


4.4310 


1.93952 


11.4943 


273.32 


5944.68 


88 


7744 


681472 


9.3808 


4.4480 


1.94448 


11.3636 


276.46 


6082.12 


89 


7921 


704969 


9.4340 


4.4647 


1.94939 


11.2360 


279.60 


6221.14 



■^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 

(CONTINUED.) 





Sq. 


Cube. 


Square 
Root. 


Cube 
Root. 


Log. 


1000 

X 
Recip. 


No. = 


= Dia. 


No. 


Circ'm 


Area. 


90 


8100 


729000 


9.4868 


4.4814 


1.95424 


11.1111 


282.74 


6361.73 


91 


8281 


753571 


9.5394 


4.4979 


1.95904 


10.9890 


285.88 


6503.88 


92 


8464 


778688 


9.5917 


4.5144 


1.96379 


10.8696 


289.03 


6647.61 


93 


8649 


804357 


9.6437 


4.5307 


1.96848 


10.7527 


292.17 


6792.91 


94 


8836 


830584 


9.6954 


4.5468 


1.97313 


10.6383 


295.31 


6939.78 


95 


9025 


857375 


9.7468 


4.5629 


1.9VVV2 


10.5263 


298.45 


7088.22 


96 


9216 


884736 


9.7980 


4.5789 


1.98227 


10.4167 


301.59 


7238.23 


97 


9409 


912673 


9.8489 


4.6947 


1 98677 


10.3093 


304.73 


7389.81 


98 


9604 


941192 


9.8995 


4.6104 


1.99123 


10 2041 


307.88 


7542.96 


99 


9801 


970299 


9.9499 


4.6261 


1.99564 


10.1010 


311.02 


7697.69 


100 


10000 


1000000 


10.0000 


4.6416 


2.00000 


10.0000 


314.16 


7853.98 


101 


10201 


1030301 


10.0499 


4.6570 


2.00432 


9.90099 


317.30 


8011.85 


102 


10404 


1061208 


10.0995 


4.6723 


2.00860 


9.80392 


320.44 


8171.28 


103 


10609 


1092727 


10.1489 


4.6875 


2.01284 


9.70874 


323.58 


8332.29 


104 


10816 


1124864 


10.1980 


4.7027 


2.01703 


9.61538 


326.73 


8494.87 


105 


11025 


1157625 


10.2470 


4.7177 


2.02119 


9.52381 


329.87 


8659.01 


106 


11236 


1191016 


10.2956 


4.7326 


2.02531 


9.43396 


333.01 


8824.73 


107 


11449 


1225043 


10.3441 


4.7475 


2.02938 


9.34579 


336.15 


8992.02 


108 


11664 


1259712 


10.8923 


4.7622 


2.03342 


9.25926 


339.29 


9160.88 


109 


11881 


1295029 


10.4403 


4.7769 


2.03743 


9.17431 


342.43 


9331.32 


110 


12100 


1331000 


10.4881 


4.7914 


2.04139 


9.09091 


345.58 


9603.32 


111 


12321 


1367631 


10.5357 


4.8059 


2.04532 


9.00901 


348.72 


9676.89 


112 


12544 


1404928 


10.5830 


4.8203 


2.04922 


8.92857 


351.86 


9852.03 


113 


12769 


1442897 


10.6301 


4.8346 


2.05308 


8.84956 


355.00 


10028.7 


114 


12996 


1481544 


10.6771 


4.8488 


2.05690 


8.77193 


358.14 


10207.0 


115 


13225 


1520875 


10.7238 


4.8629 


2.06070 


8.69565 


361.28 


10386.9 


116 


13456 


1560896 


10.7703 


4.8770 


2.06446 


8.62069 


364.42 


10568.3 


117 


13689 


1601613 


10.8167 


3.8910 


2.06819 


8.54701 


367.57 


10751.3 


118 


13924 


1643032 


10.8628 


4.9049 


2.07188 


8.47458 


370.71 


10935.9 


119 


14161 


1685159 


10.9087 


4.9187 


2.07555 


8.40336 


373.85 


11122.0 


120 


14400 


1728000 


10.9545 


4.9324 


2.07918 


8.33333 


376.99 


11309.7 


121 


14641 


1771561 


11.0000 


4.9461 


2.08279 


8.26446 


380.13 


11499.0 


122 


14884 


1815848 


11.0454 


4.9597 


2.08636 


8.19672 


383.27 


11689.9 


123 


15129 


1860867 


11.0905 


4.9732 


2.08991 


8.13008 


386.42 


11882.3 


124 


15376 


1906624 


11.1355 


4.9866 


2.09342 


8.06452 


389.56 


12076.3 


125 


15625 


1953125 


11.1803 


5.0000 


2.09691 


8.00000 


392.70 


12271.8 


126 


15876 


2000376 


11.2250 


5.0133 


2.10037 


7.93651 


395.84 


12469.0 


127 


16129 


2048383 


11.2694 


5.0265 


2.10380 


7.87402 


398.98 


12667.7 


128 


16384 


2097152 


11.3137 


5.0397 


2.10721 


7.81250 


402.12 


12868.0 


129 


16641 


2146689 


11.3578 


5.0528 


2.11059 


7.75194 


405.27 


13069.8 


130 


16900 


2197000 


11.4018 


5.0658 


2.11394 


7.69231 


408.41 


13273.2 


131 


17161 


2248091 


11.4455 


5.0788 


2.11727 


7.63359 


411.55 


13478.2 


132 


17424 


2299968 


11.4891 


5.0916 


2.12057 


7.57576 


414.69 


13684.8 


133 


17689 


2352637 


11.5326 


5.1045 


2.12385 


7.51880 


417.83 


13892.9 


134 


17956 


2406104 


11.5758 


5.1172 


2.12710 


7.46269 


420.97 


14102.6 



'siy 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 

(CONTINUED.) 





Sq. 


Cube. 


Square 
Root. 


Cube 
Root. 


Log. 


1000 

X 

Recip. 


No. = Dia. 


No. 


Circ'm 


Area. 


135 


18225 


2460375 


11.6190 


5.1299 


2.13033 


7.40741 


424.12 


14313.9 


136 


18496 


2515456 


11.6619 


5.1426 


2.13354 


7.35294 


427.26 


14526.7 


137 


18769 


2571353 


11.7047 


5.1551 


2.13672 


7.29927 


430.40 


14741.1 


138 


19044 


2628072 


11.7473 


5.1676 


2.13988 


7.24638 


433.54 


14957.1 


139 


19321 


2685619 


11.7898 


6.1801 


2.14301 


7.19424 


436.68 


16174.7 


140 


19600 


2744000 


11.8322 


5.1925 


2.14613 


7.14286 


439.82 


15393.8 


141 


19881 


2803221 


11.8743 


5.2048 


2.14922 


7.09220 


442.96 


15614.5 


142 


20164 


2863288 


11.9164 


5.2171 


2.15229 


7.04225 


446.11 


15836.8 


143 


20449 


2924207 


11.9583 


5.2293 


2.15534 


6.99301 


449.25 


16060.6 


144 


20736 


2985984 


12.0000 


5.2415 


2.15836 


6.94444 


452.39 


16286.0 


145 


21025 


3048625 


12.0416 


5.2536 


2.1613? 


6.89655 


455.53 


16513.0 


146 


21316 


3112136 


12.0830 


5.2656 


2.16435 


6.84932 


458.67 


16741.5 


147 


21609 


3176523 


12.1244 


5.2776 


2.16732 


6.80272 


461.81 


16971.7 


148 


21904 


3241792 


12.1655 


5.2896 


2.17026 


6.75676 


464.96 


17203.4 


149 


22201 


3307949 


12.2066 


5.3015 


2.17319 


6.71141 


468.10 


17436.6 


150 


22500 


3375000 


12.2474 


5.3133 


2.17609 


6.66667 


471.24 


17671.5 


151 


22801 


3442951 


12.2882 


5.3251 


2.17898 


6.62252 


474.38 


17907.9 


152 


23104 


3511808 


12.3288 


5.3368 


2.18184 


6.57895 


477.52 


18145.8 


153 


23409 


3581577 


12.3693 


5.3485 


2.18469 


6.53595 


480.66 


18385.4 


154 


23716 


3652264 


12.4097 


5.3601 


2.18752 


6.49351 


483.81 


18626.5 


155 


24025 


3723875 


12.4499 


5.3717 


2.19033 


6.45161 


486.95 


18869,2 


156 


24336 


3796416 


12.4900 


5.3832 


2.19312 


6,41026 


490.09 


19113.4 


157 


24649 


3869893 


12.5300 


5.3947 


2.19590 


6.36943 


493.23 


19359.3 


158 


24964 


3944312 


12.5698 


5.4061 


2.19866 


6.32911 


496.37 


19606.7 


159 


25281 


4019679 


12.6095 


5.4175 


2.20140 


6.28931 


499.51 


19855.7 


160 


25600 


4096000 


12.6491 


5.4288 


2.20412 


6.25000 


502.65 


20106.2 


161 


25921 


4173281 


12.6886 


5.4401 


2.20683 


6.21118 


505.80 


20358.3 


162 


26244 


4251528 


12.7279 


5.4514 


2.20952 


6.17284 


508.94 


20612.0 


163 


26569 


4330747 


12.7671 


5.4626 


2.21219 


6.13497 


512.08 


20867.2 


164 


26890 


4410944 


12.8062 


5.4737 


2.21484 


6.09756 


515.22 


21124.1 


165 


27225 


4492125 


12.8452 


5.4848 


2.21748 


6.06061 


518.36 


21382.5 


166 


27556 


4574296 


12.8841 


5.4959 


2.22011 


6.02410 


521.50 


21642.4 


167 


27889 


4657463 


12.9228 


5.5069 


2.22272 


5.98802 


524.65 


21904.0 


168 


28224 


4741632 


12.9615 


5.5178 


2.22531 


5.95238 


527.79 


22167.1 


169 


28561 


4826809 


13.0000 


5.5288 


2.22789 


5.91716 


530.93 


22431.8 


170 


28900 


4913000 


13.0384 


5.5397 


2.23045 


5.88235 


534.07 


22698.0 


171 


29241 


5000211 


13.0767 


5.5505 


2.23300 


5.84795 


537.21 


22965.8 


172 


29584 


5088448 


13.1149 


5.5613 


2.23553 


5.81395 


510.35 


23235.2 


173 


29929 


5177717 


13.1529 


5.5721 


2.23805 


5.78035 


543.50 


23506.2 


174 


30276 


5268024 


13.1909 


5.5828 


2.24055 


5.74713 


546.64 


23778.7 


175 


30625 


5359375 


13.2288 


5.5934 


2.24304 


5.71429 


549.78 


24052.8 


176 


30976 


5451776 


13.2665 


5.6041 


2.24551 


5.68182 


552.92 


24328.5 


177 


31329 


5545233 


13.3041 


5.6147 


2.24797 


5.64972 


556.06 


.24605.7 


178 


31684 


5639752 


13.3417 


5.6252 


2.25042 


5.61798 


559.20 


24884.6 


179 


32041 


5735339 


13.3791 


5.6357 


2.25285 


5.58659 


562.35 


25164.9 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



285 



Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 

(CONTINUED.) 



No. 


Sq. 


Cube. 


Square 
Root. 


Cube 
Root. 


Log. 


1000 

X 
Recip. 


No. 


= Dia. 


Circ'm 


Area. 


180 


32100 


5832000 


13.4164 


5.6462 


2.255^7 


5.55556 


565.49 


25446.9 


181 


32761 


5929741 


13.4536 


5.6567 


2.25768 


5.52486 


568.63 


25730.4 


182 


33124 


6028568 


13.4907 


5.6671 


2.26007 


5.49451 


571.77 


26015.5 


183 


33489 


6128487 


13.5277 


5.6774 


2.26245 


5.46448 


574.91 


26302.2 


184 


33856 


6229504 


13.5647 


5.6877 


2.26482 


5.43478 


578.05 


26590.4 


185 


34225 


6331625 


13.6015 


5.69P0 


2.26717 


5.40541 


581.19 


26880.3 


186 


34596 


6434856 


13.6382 


5 7083 


2.26951 


5.37634 


584.34 


27171 . 6 


187 


34969 


6539203 


13.6748 


5.7185 


2.27184 


5.34759 


587.48 


27464.6 


188 


35344 


6644672 


13.7113 


5.7287 


2.27416 


5.31915 


590.62 


27759.1 


189 


35721 


6751269 


13.7477 


5.7388 


2.27646 


5.29101 


593.76 


28055.2 


190 


36100 


6859000 


13.7840 


5.7489 


2.27875 


5.26316 


596.90 


28352.9 


191 


36481 


6967871 


13.8203 


5.7590 


2.28103 


5.23560 


600.04 


28652.1 


192 


36864 


7077888 


13.8564 


5.7690 


2.28330 


5.20833 


603.19 


28952.9 


193 


37249 


7189057 


13.8924 


5.7790 


2.28556 


5.18135 


606.33 


29255.3 


194 


37636 


7301384 


13.9284 


5.7890 


2.28780 


5.15464 


609.47 


29559.2 


195 


38025 


7414875 


13.9642 


5.7989 


2.29003 


5.12821 


612.61 


29864.8 


196 


38416 


7529536 


14.0000 


5.8088 


2.29226 


5.10204 


615.75 


30171.9 


197 


38809 


7645373 


14.0357 


5.8186 


2.29447 


5.07614 


618.89 


30480.5 


198 


39204 


7762392 


14.0712 


5.8285 


2.29667 


5.05051 


622.04 


30790.7 


199 


39601 


7880599 


14.1067 


5.8383 


2.29885 


5.02513 


625.18 


31102.6 


200 


40000 


8000000 


14.1421 


5.8480 


2.30103 


5.00000 


628.32 


31415.9 


201 


40401 


8120601 


14.1774 


5.8578 


2.30320 


4.97512 


631.46 


31730.9 


202 


40804 


8242408 


14.2127 


5.8675 


2.30535 


4.95050 


634.60 


32047.4 


203 


41209 


8365427 


14.2478 


5.8771 


2.30750 


4.92611 


637.74 


32365.5 


204 


41616 


8489664 


14.2829 


5.8868 


2.30963 


4.90196 


640.89 


32685.1 


205 


42025 


8615125 


14.3178 


5.8964 


2.31175 


4.87805 


644.03 


33006.4 


206 


42436 


8741816 


14.3527 


5.9059 


2.31387 


4.85437 


647.17 


33329.2 


207 


42819 


8869743 


14.3875 


5.9155 


2.31597 


4.83092 


650.31 


-33653.5 


208 


43264 


8998912 


14.4222 


5.9250 


2.31806 


4.80769 


6.53.45 


.33979.5 


209 


43681 


9129329 


14.4568 


5.9345 


2.32015 


4.78469 


656.59 


34307.0 


210 


44100 


9261000 


14.4914 


5.9439 


2.32222 


4.76190 


6.59.73 


346.36.1 


211 


44521 


9393931 


14.5258 


5.9533 


2.32428 


4.73934 


662.88 


-34966.7 


212 


44944 


9528128 


14.5602 


5.9627 


2.-32634 


4.71698 


666.02 


35298.9 


213 


45369 


9663597 


14.. 5945 


5.9721 


2.32838 


4.69484 


669.16 


356-32.7 


214 


45796 


9800344 


14.6287 


5.9814 


2.33041 


4.67290 


672.30 


35968.1 


215 


46225 


9938375 


14.6629 


5.9907 


2.33244 


4.65116 


675.44 


36.305.0 


216 


46656 


40077696 


14.6969 


6.0000 


2.33445 


4.62963 


678.58 


.36643.5 


217 


47089 


10218313 


14.7309 


6.0092 


2.33646 


4.60829 


681.73 


36983.6 


218 


47524 


10360232 


14.7648 


6.0185 


2.33846 


4.58716 


684.87 


37.325.3 


219 


47961 


10503459 


14.7986 


6.0277 


2 34044 


4.56621 


688.01 


37668.5 


220 


48400 


10648000 


14.8324 


6.0368 


2.34242 


4.54545 


691.15 


38013.3 


221 


48841 


10793861 


14.8661 


6 0459 


2.34439 


4.-52489 


694.29 


38-359. 6 


222 


49284 


10941048 


14.8997 


6.0550 


2.34635 


4.50450 


697.43 


38707.6 


223 


49729 


11089567 


14.9332 


6.0641 


2.34830 


4.48431 


700.58 


-39057.1 


224 


50176 


11239424 


14.9666 


6.0732 


2.35025 


4.46429 


703.72 


39408.1 



^ 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 

(CONTINUED.) 









Square 
Root. 


Cube 
Root. 




1000 


No. 


= Dia. 




Sq. 


Cube. 


Log. 


X 
Recip. 






No. 


Circ'm 


Area. 


225 


50625 


11390625 


15.0000 


6.0822 


2.35218 


4.44444 


706.86 


39760.8 


226 


51076 


11543176 


15.0333 


6.0912 


2.35411 


4.42478 


710.00 


40115.0 


227 


51529 


11697083 


15.0665 


6.1002 


2.35603 


4.40529 


713.14 


40470.8 


228 


51984 


11852352 


15.099: 


6.1091 


2.35793 


4.38596 


716.28 


40828.1 


229 


52441 


12008989 


15.1327 


6.1180 


2.35984 


4.36681 


719.42 


41187.1 


230 


52900 


12167000 


15.1658 


6.1269 


2.36173 


4.34783 


722.57 


41547.6 


231 


53361 


12326391 


15.1987 


6.1358 


2.36361 


4.32900 


725.71 


41909.6 


232 


53824 


12487168 


15.2315 


6.1446 


2.36549 


4.31034 


728.85 


42273.3 


233 


54289 


12649337 


15.2643 


6.1534 


2.36736 


4.29185 


731.99 


42638.5 


234 


54756 


12812904 


15.2971 


6.1622 


2.36922 


4.27350 


735.13 


43005.3 


235 


55225 


12977875 


15.3297 


6.1710 


2.37107 


4.25532 


738.27 


43373.6 


236 


55696 


13144256 


15.3623 


6.1797 


2.37291 


4.23729 


741.42 


43743.5 


237 


56169 


13312053 


15.3948 


6.1885 


2.37475 


4.21941 


744.56 


44115.0 


238 


56644 


13481272 


15.4272 


6.1972 


2.37658 


4.20168 


747.70 


44488.1 


239 


57121 


13651919 


15.4596 


6.2058 


2.37840 


4.18410 


750.84 


44862.7 


240 


57600 


13824000 


15.4919 


6.2145 


2.38021 


4.16667 


753.98 


45238.9 


241 


58081 


13997521 


15.5242 


6.2231 


2.38202 


4.14938 


757.12 


45616.7 


242 


58564 


14172488 


15.5563 


6.2317 


2.38382 


4.13223 


760.27 


45996.1 


243 


59049 


14348907 


15.5885 


6.2403 


2.38561 


4.11523 


763.41 


46377.0 


244 


59536 


14526784 


15.6205 


6.2488 


2.38739 


4.09836 


766.55 


46759.5 


245 


60025 


14706125 


15.6525 


6.2573 


2.. 38917 


4.08163 


769.69 


47143.5 


246 


60516 


14886936 


15.6844 


6.2658 


2.39094 


4.06504 


772.83 


47529.2 


247 


61009 


15069223 


15.7162 


6.2743 


2.39270 


4.04858 


775.97 


47916.4 


248 


61504 


15252992 


15.7480 


6.2828 


2.39445 


4 03226 


,779.12 


48305.1 


249 


62001 


15438249 


15.7797 


6.2912 


2.39620 


4.01606 


■782.26 


48695.5 


250 


62500 


15625000 


15.8114 


6.2996 


2.. 39794 


4.00000 


785.40 


49087.4 


251 


63001 


15813251 


15.8430 


6.3080 


2.39967 


3.98406 


788.54 


49480.9 


252 


63504 


16003008 


15.8745 


6.3164 


2.40140 


3.96825 


791.68 


49875.9 


253 


64009 


16194277 


15.9060 


6.3247 


2.40.312 


3.95257 


794.82 


50272.6 


254 


64516 


16387064 


15.9374 


6.3330 


2.40483 


3.93701 


797.96 


50670.7 


255 


65025 


16581375 


15.9687 


6.3413 


2.40654 


3.92157 


801.11 


51070.5 


256 


65536 


16777216 


16.0000 


6.3496 


2.40824 


3.90625 


804.25 


51471.9 


257 


66049 


16974593 


16.0312 


6.3579 


2.40993 


3.89105 


807.39 


51874.8 


258 


66564 


17173512 


16.0624 


6.3661 


2.41162 


3.87597 


810.53 


52279.2 


259 


67081 


17373979 


16.0935 


6.3743 


2.41330 


3.86100 


813.67 


52685.3 


260 


67600 


17576000 


16.1245 


6.3825 


2.41497 


3.84615 


816.81 


53092.9 


261 


68121 


17779581 


16.1555 


6.3907 


2.41664 


3.83142 


819.96 


53502.1 


262 


68644 


17984728 


16.1864 


6.3988 


2 41830 


3.81679 


823.10 


53912.9 


263 


69169 


18191447 


16.2173 


6.4070 


2.41996 


3.80228 


826.24 


54325.2 


264 


69696 


18399744 


16.2481 


6.4151 


2.42160 


3.78788 


829.38 


54739.1 


265 


70225 


18609625 


16.2788 


6.4232 


2.42325 


3.77358 


832.52 


55154.6 


266 


70756 


18821096 


16.3095 


6.4312 


2.42488 


3.75940 


835.66 


55571.6 


267 


71289 


19034163 


] 6. 3401 


6.4393 


2.42651 


3.745.32 


838.81 


55990.3 


268 


71824 


19248832 


16.3707 


6.4473 


2.42813 


3.73134 


841.95 


56410.4 


269 


72361 


19465109 


16.4012 


6.4553 


2.42975 


3.71747 


845. C9 


56832.2 



^fcr 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



287 i 



Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 

(CONTINUED.) 





Sq. 


Cube. 


Square 
Root. 


Cube 
Root. 


Log. 


1000 
X 

Recip. 


No. : 


= Dla. 


No. 


Circ'm 


Area. 


270 


72900 


19683000 


16 4317 


0.4633 


2.43136 


3.70370 


848.23 


57255.5 


271 


73441 


19902511 


16.4621 


6.4713 


2.43297 


3.69004 


851.37 


57680.4 


272 


73984 


20123648 


16.4924 


6.4792 


2.43457 


3.67647 


854.51 


58106.9 


273 


74529 


20346417 


16.5227 


6.4872 


2.43616 


3.66300 


857.66 


58534.9 


274 


75076 


20570824 


16.5529 


6.4951 


2.43775 


3.64964 


860.80 


58964.6 


275 


75625 


20796875 


16.5831 


6.5030 


2.43933 


3.63636 


863.94 


59395.7 


276 


76176 


21024576 


16.6132 


6.5108 


2.44091 


3.62319 


867.08 


59828.5 


277 


76729 


21253933 


16.6433 


6.5187 


2.44248 


3.61011 


870.22 


60262.8 


278 


77284 


21484952 


16.6733 


6.5265 


2.44404 


3.59712 


873.36 


60698.7 


279 


77841 


21717639 


16.7033 


6.5343 


2.44560 


3.58423 


876.50 


61136.2 


280 


78400 


21952000 


16.7332 


6.5421 


2.44716 


3.57143 


879.65 


61575.2 


281 


78961 


22188041 


16.7631 


6.5499 


2.44871 


3.55872 


882.79 


62015.8 


282 


79524 


22425768 


16.7929 


6.5577 


2.45025 


3.54610 


885.93 


62458.0 


283 


80089 


22665187 


16.8226 


6.5654 


2.45179 


3.53357 


889.07 


62901.8 


284 


80656 


22906304 


16.8523 


6.5731 


2.45332 


3.52113 


892.21 


63347.1 


285 


81225 


23119125 


16.8819 


6.5808 


2.45484 


3.50877 


895.35 


63794.0 


286 


81796 


23393656 


16.9115 


6.5885 


2.45637 


3.49650 


898.50 


64242.4 


287 


82369 


23639903 


16.9411 


6.5962 


2.45788 


3.48432 


901.64 


64692.5 


288 


82944 


23887872 


16.9706 


6.6039 


2.45939 


3.47222 


904.78 


65144.1 


289 


83521 


24137569 


17.0000 


6.6115 


2.46090 


3.46021 


907.92 


65597.2 


290 


84100 


24389000 


17.0294 


6.6191 


2.46240 


3.44828 


911.06 


66052.0 


291 


84681 


24642171 


17.0587 


6.6267 


2.46389 


3.43643 


914.20 


66508.3 


292 


85264 


24897088 


17.0880 


6.6343 


2.46538 


3.42466 


917.35 


66966.2 


293 


85849 


25153757 


17.1172 


6.6419 


2.46687 


3.41297 


920.49 


67425.6 


294 


86436 


254i2184 


17.1464 


6.6494 


2.46835 


3.40136 


923.63 


67886.7 


295 


87025 


25672375 


17.1756 


6.6569 


2.46982 


3.38983 


926.77 


68349.3 


296 


87616 


25934336 


17.2047 


6.6644 


2.47129 


3.37838 


929.91 


68813.5 


297 


88209 


26198073 


17.2337 


6.6719 


2.47276 


3.36700 


933.05 


69279.2 


298 


88804 


26463592 


17.2627 


6.6794 


2.47422 


3.35570 


936.19 


69746.5 


299 


89101 


26730899 


17.2916 


6.6869 


2.47567 


3.34448 


939.34 


70215.4 


300 


90000 


27000000 


17.3205 


6.6943 


2.47712 


3.33333 


942.48 


70685.8 


301 


90601 


27270901 


17.3494 


6.7018 


2.47857 


3.32226 


945.62 


71157.9 


302 


91204 


27543608 


17.3781 


6.7092 


2.48001 


3.31126 


948.76 


71631.5 


303 


91809 


27818127 


17.4069 


6.7166 


2.48144 


3.30033 


951.90 


72106.6 


304 


92416 


28094464 


17.4356 


6.7240 


2.48287 


3.28947 


955.04 


72583.4 


305 


93025 


28372625 


17.4642 


6.7313 


2.48430 


3.27869 


958.19 


73061.7 


306 


93636 


28652616 


17.4929 


6.7387 


2.48572 


3.26797 


961.33 


73541.5 


307 


94249 


-^8934443 


17.5214 


6.7460 


2.48714 


3.25733 


964.47 


74023.0 


308 


94864 


29218112 


17.5499 


6.7533 


2.48855 


3.24675 


967.61 


74506.0 


309 


95481 


29503629 


17.5784 


6.7606 


2.48996 


3.23625 


970.75 


74990.6 


310 


96100 


29791000 


17.6068 


6.7679 


2.49136 


3.22581 


973.89 


75476.8 


311 


96721 


30080231 


17.6352 


6.7752 


2.49276 


3.21543 


977.04 


75964.5 


312 


97344 


30371328 


17.6635 


6.7824 


2.49415 


3.20513 


980.18 


76453.8 


313 


97969 


30664297 


17.6918 


6.7897 


2.49554 


3.19489 


983.32 


76944.7 


314 


98596 


30959144 


17.7200 


6.7969 


2.49693 


3.18471 


986.46 


77437.1 



1^ 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY, 



Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 

(CONTINUED.) 



No. 


Sq. 


Cube. 


Square 
Root. 


Cube 
Root. 


Log. 


1000 

X 
Recip 


No = Dia. 


Circ'm 


Area. 


315 


99225 


31255875 


17.7482 


6.8041 


2.49831 


3.17460 


989.60 


77931.1 


316 


99856 


315.54496 


17.7764 


6.8113 


2.49969 


3.16456 


992.74 


78426.7 


317 


100489 


31855013 


17.8045 


6.8185 


2.50106 


3.15457 


995.88 


78923.9 


318 


101124 


32157432 


17.8326 


6.8256 


2.50243 


3.14465 


999.03 


79422.6 


319 


101761 


32461759 


17.8606 


6.8328 


2.50379 


3.13480 


1002.2 


79922.9 


320 


102400 


32768000 


17.8885 


6.8399 


2.50515 


3.12500 


1005.3 


80424.8 


321 


103041 


33076161 


17.9165 


6.8470 


2.50651 


3.11527 


1008.5 


80928.2 


322 


103684 


33386248 


17.9444 


6.8541 


2.50786 


3.10559 


1011.6 


81433.2 


323 


104329 


33698267 


17.9722 


6.8612 


2.50920 


3.09598 


1014.7 


81939.8 


324 


104976 


34012224 


18.0000 


6.8633 


2.51055 


3.08642 


1017.9 


82448.0 


325 


105625 


34328125 


18.0278 


6.8753 


2.. 51 188 


3.07692 


1021.0 


82957.7 


326 


106276 


34645976 


18.0555 


6.8824 


2.51322 


3.06749 


1024.2 


83469.0 


327 


106929 


34965783 


18.0831 


6.8894 


2.. 51455 


3.05810 


1027.3 


83981.8 


328 


107584 


35287552 


18.1108 


6.8964 


2.51587 


3.04878 


1030.4 


84496.3 


329 


108241 


35611289 


18.1384 


6.9034 


2.51720 


3.03951 


1033.6 


85012.3 


330 


108900 


35937000 


18.1659 


6.9104 


2.51851 


3.03030 


1036.7 


85529.9 


331 


109561 


36264691 


18.1934 


6.9174 


2.51983 


3.02115 


1039.9 


86049.0 


332 


110224 


36594368 


18.2209 


6.9244 


2.52114 


3.01205 


1043.0 


86569.7 


333 


110889 


36926037 


18.2483 


6.9313 


2.52244 


3.00300 


1046.2 


87092.0 


334 


111556 


37259704 


18.2757 


6.9382 


2.52375 


2.99401 


1049.3 


87615.9 


335 


112225 


37595375 


18.3030 


6 9451 


2.52504 


2.98.507 


1052.4 


88141.3 


336 


112896 


37933056 


18.3303 


6.9521 


2.52634 


2.97619 


1055 6 


88668.3 


337 


113569 


38272753 


18.3576 


6.9589 


2.52763 


2.96736 


1058.7 


89196.9 


338 


114244 


38614472 


18.3848 


6.9658 


2.52892 


2.95858 


1061.9 


89727.0 


339 


114921 


38958219 


18.4120 


6.9727 


2.53020 


2.94985 


1065.0 


90258.7 


340 


115600 


39304000 


18.4391 


6.9795 


2.53148 


2.94118 


1068.1 


90792.0 


341 


116281 


39651821 


18.4662 


6 9864 


2.53275 


2.93255 


1071.3 


91326.9 


342 


116964 


40001688 


18.4932 


6.9932 


2.53403 


2.92398 


1074.4 


91863.3 


343 


117649 


40353607 


18.5203 


7.0000 


2.. 53529 


2.91545 


1077.6 


92401.3 


34 i 


118336 


40707584 


18.5472 


7.0068 


2.53656 


2.90698 


1080.7 


92940.9 


345 


119025 


41063625 


18.5742 


7.0136 


2.53782 


2.89855 


1083.8 


93482.0 


346 


119716 


41421736 


18.6011 


7.0203 


2.53908 


2.89017 


1087.0 


94024.7 


347 


120409 


41781923 


18.6279 


7.0271 


2.54033 


2.88184 


1090.1 


94569.0 


348 


121104 


42144192 


18.6548 


7.0338 


2.54158 


2.87356 


1093.3 


95114.9 


349 


121801 


42508549 


18.6815 


7.0406 


2.54283 


2.86533 


1096.4 


95662.3 


350 


122500 


42875000 


18.7083 


7.0473 


2.54407 


2.85714 


1099.6 


96211.3 


351 


123201 


43243551 


18.7350 


7.0540 


2.54531 


2.84900 


1102.7 


96761.8 


352 


123904 


43614208 


18.7617 


7.0607 


2.54654 


2.84091 


1105.8 


97314.0 


353 


124609 


4.3986977 


18.7883 


7.0674 


2.54777 


2.83286 


1109.0 


97867.7 


354 


125316 


44361864 


18.8149 


7.0740 


2.54900 


2.82486 


1112.1 


98423.0 


355 


126025 


44738875 


18.8414 


7.0807 


2.55023 


2.81690 


1115.3 


98979.8 


356 


126736 


45118016 


18.8680 


7.0873 


2 55145 


2.80899 


1118.4 


99538.2 


357 


127449 


45499293 


18.8944 


7.0940 


2.55267 


2.80112 


1121.5 


100098 


358 


128164 


45882712 


18.9209 


7.1006 


2.55388 


2.79330 


1124.7 


100660 


359 


128881 


46268279 


18.9473 


7.1072 


2.55509 


2.78552 


1127.8 


101223 



^OT 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



=0^ 



Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc* 

(CONTINUED.) 



No. 


Sq. 


Cube. 


Square 
Root. 


360 


129600 


46656000 


18.9737 


361 


130321 


47045881 


19.0000 


362 


1310*4 


47437928 


19.0263 


363 


131769 


47832147 


19.0526 


364 


132496 


48228544 


19.0788 


365 


133225 


48627125 


19.1050 


366 


133956 


49027896 


19.1311 


367 


134689 


49430863 


19.1572 


368 


135424 


49836032 


19.1833 


369 


136161 


50243409 


19.2094 


370 


136900 


50653000 


19.2354 


371 


137641 


51064811 


19.2614 


372 


138384 


51478848 


19.2873 


373 


139129 


51895117 


19.3132 


374 


139876 


52313624 


19.3391 


375 


140625 


52734375 


19.3649 


376 


141376 


53157376 


19.3907 


377 


142129 


53582633 


19.4165 


378 


142884 


54010152 


19.4422 


379 


143641 


54439939 


19.4679 


380 


144400 


54872000 


19.4936 


381 


145161 


55306341 


19.5192 


382 


145924 


55742968 


19.5448 


383 


146689 


56181887 


19.5704 


384 


147456 


56623104 


19.5959 


385 


148225 


57066625 


19.6214 


386 


148996 


57512456 


19.6469 


387 


149769 


57960603 


19.6723 


388 


150544 


58411072 


19.6977 


389 


151321 


58863869 


19.7231 


390 


152100 


59319000 


19.7484 


391 


152881 


59776471 


19.7737 


392 


153664 


60236288 


19.7990 


393 


154449 


60698457 


19.8242 


394 


155236 


61162984 


19.8494 


395 


156025 


61629875 


19.8746 


396 


1.56816 


62099136 


19.8997 


397 


157609 


62570773 


19.9249 


398 


158404 


63044792 


19.9499 


399 


159201 


63521199 


19.9750 


400 


160000 


64000000 


20.0000 


401 


160801 


64481201 


20.0250 


402 


161604 


64964808 


20.0499 


403 


162409 


65450827 


20.0749 


404 


163216 


65939264 


20.0998 



Cube 
Root. 



7.1138 
7.1204 
7.1269 
7.1335 
7.1400 

7.1466 
7.1531 
7.1596 
7.1661 
7.1726 

7.1791 
7.1855 
7.1920 
7.1984 
7.2048 

7.2112 
7.2177 
7.2240 
7.2304 
7.2368 

7.2432 
7.2495 

7.2558 
7.2622 
7.2685 

7.2748 
7.2811 
7.2874 
7.2936 
7.2999 

7.3061 
7.3124 
7.3186 
7.3248 
7.3310 

7.3372 
7.3434 
7.3496 
7.3558 
7.3619 

7.3681 
7.3742 
7.3803 
7.3864 
7.3925 



Log 



2.55630 
2.55751 
2.55871 
2.55991 
2.56110 



2. 

2.56348 

2.56467 

2.56585 

2.66703 

2.56820 
2 56937 
2.57054 
2.57171 

2.57287 

2 57403 
2.57519 
2.57634 
2.57749 
2.57864 

2.57978 
2.58093 
2.58206 
2.58320 
2.58433 

2.58546 
2.58659 

2.58771 
2.. 58883 
2.58995 

2.59106 
2.59218 
2.59329 
2.59439 
2 59550 

2.59660 

2.59770 

2 

2.59988 

2 



2.60206 
2.60314 
2.60423 
2.60531 
2 



1000 

X 

Recip. 



2.77778 
2.77008 
2.76243 

2.75482 

2.74725 

2.73973 
2.73224 
2.72480 
2.71739 
2.71003 

2.70270 
2.69542 
2.68817 
2.68097 
2.67380 

2.66667 
2.65957 
2.65252 
2.64550 

2.63852 

2.63158 
2.62467 
2.61780 
2.61097 
2.60417 

2.59740 
2.59067 
2.68398 
2.57732 
2.57069 

2.. 56410 
2.55755 
2.65102 
2.54453 

2.53807 

2.63165 
2.52525 
2.51889 
2.51256 
2.5062' 

2.50000 

2.493' 

2.48756 

2.48139 

2.47526 



No. = Di 



Circ'm 



1131.0 
1134.1 
1137.3 
1140.4 
1143.5 

1146.7 
1149.8 
1153.0 
1156.1 
1159.2 

1162.4 
1165.5 
1168.7 
1171.8 
1175.0 

1178.1 
1181.2 
1184.4 
1187.5 
1190.7 

1193.8 
1196.9 
1200.1 
1203.2 
1206.4 

1209.5 
1212.7 
1215.8 
1218.9 
1222.1 

1225.2 
1228.4 
1231.5 
1234.6 

1237.8 

1240.9 
1244.1 
1247.2 
1260.4 
1253.5 

1256 

1259.8 

1262.9 

1266.1 

1269.2 



Area. 



101788 
102354 
102922 
103491 
104062 

104635 
105209 
105785 
106362 



107621 
108103 
108687 
109272 
109858 

110447 
111036 
111628 
112221 
112816 

113411 
114009 
114608 
115209 
115812 

116416 
117021 

117628 
118237 
118847 

119459 
120072 
120687 
121304 
121922 

122542 
123163 
123786 
124410 
125036 

125664 



127556 
128190 



W 



i 


M — 

290 




^ 

NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. f 


1 


Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc, 1 


1 






(CONTINUED.) 




' 


No. 


Sq. 


Cube. 


Square 
Root, 


Cube 
Root. 


Log. 


1000 

X 
Recip. 


No. = Dia. 1 




Circ'm 


Area. 


\ 


405 
406 
407 
408 
409 


164025 
164836 
165649 
166464 
167281 


66430125 
66923416 
67419143 
67917312 
68417929 


20.1246 
20.1494 
20.1742 
20.1990 
20.2237 


7.3986 
7.4047 
7.4108 
7.4169 
7.4229 


2.60746 
2.60853 
2.60959 
2.61066 
2.61172 


2.46914 
2.46305 
2.45700 
2.45098 
2.44499 


1272.3 
1275.5 
1278.6 
1281.8 
12&4 9 


128825 
129462 
130100 
130741 
131382 


\ 


410 
411 
412 
413 
414 


168100 
168921 
169744 
170569 
171396 


68921000 
69426531 
69934528 
70444997 
70957944 


20.2485 
20.2731 
20.2978 
20.3224 
20.3470 


7.4290 
7.4350 
7.4410 
7.4470 
7.4530 


2.61278 
2.61384 
2.61490 
2.61595 
2.61700 


2.43902 
2.43309 
2.42718 
2.42131 
2.41646 


1288.1 
1291.2 
1294.3 
1297.5 
1300.6 


132025 
132670 
133317 
133965 
134614 




415 
416 
417 
418 
419 


172225 
173056 
173889 
174724 
175561 


71473375 
71991296 
72511713 
73034632 
78560059 


20.3715 
20.3961 
20.4206 
20.4450 
20.4695 


7.4590 
7.4650 
7.4710 
7.4770 
7.4829 


2.61805 
2.61909 
2.62014 
2.62118 
2.62221 


2.40964 
2.40385 
2.39808 
2.39234 
2.38664 


1303.8 
1306.9 
1310.0 
1313.2 
1316.3 


135265 
135918 
136572 
137228 
137885 


1 

i 


420 
421 
422 
423 
424 


176400 
177241 
178084 
178929 
179776 


74088000 
74618461 
75151448 
75686967 
76225024 


20.4939 
20.5183 
20.5426 
20.5670 
20.5913 


7.4889 
7.4948 
7.5007 
7.5067 
7.5126 


2.62325 

2 62428 
2.62531 
2.62634 
2.62737 


2.38095 
2.37530 
2.36967 
2.36407 
2.35849 


1319.5 
1322.6 
1325.8 
1328.9 
1332.0 


138544 
139205 
139867 
140531 
141196 




425 

426 

427 
428 
429 


180625 
181476 
182329 
183184 
184041 


76765625 
77308776 
77854483 
78402752 
78953589 


20.6155 
20.6398 
20.6640 

20.6882 
20.7123 


7.5185 
7.5244 
7.5302 
7.5361 
7.5420 


2.62839 
2.62941 
2.63043 
2.63144 
2.63246 


2.35294 
2.34742 
2.34192 
2.33645 
2.33100 


1335.2 

1338.3 
1341.5 
1344.6 
1347.7 


141863 
142531 
143201 
143872 
144545 




430 
431 
432 
433 
434 


184900 
185761 
186624 
187489 
188356 


79507000 
80062991 
80621568 
81182737 
81746504 


20.7364 
20.7605 

20.7846 
20.8087 
20 8327 


7.5478 
7.5537 
7.5595 
7.5654 
7.5712 


2.63347 
2.63448 
2.63548 
2.63649 
2.63749 


2.3^5.58 
2.32019 
2.31482 
2.30947 
2.30415 


1350.9 
1354.0 
1357.2 
1360.3 
1363.5 


145220 
145896 
146574 
147254 
147934 




435 
436 
437 
438 
439 


189225 
190096 
190969 
191844 
192721 


82312875 
82881856 
83453453 
84027672 
84604519 


20.8567 
20.8806 
20.9045 
20.9284 
20.9523 


7.5770 
7.5828 
7.5886 
7.5944 
7.6001 


2.63849 
2.63949 
2.64048 
2.64147 
2.64246 


2.29885 
2.29358 
2 28833 
2.28311 
2.27790 


1366.6 
1369.7 
1372.9 
1376.0 
1379.2 


148617 
149301 
149987 
150674 
151363 




440 
441 
442 
443 
444 


193600 
194481 
195364 
196249 
197136 


85184000 
85766121 
86350888 
86938307 

87528384 


20.9762 
21.0000 
21.0238 
21.0476 
21.0713 


7.6059 
7.6117 
7.6174 
7.6232 
7.6289 


2.64345 

2.64444 
2.64542 
2.64640 
2.64738 


2.27273 
2.26757 
2 26244 
2.25734 
2.25225 


1382.3 
1385.4 
1388.6 
1391.7 
1394.9 


152053 
152745 
153439 
154134 
154830 




445 

446 
447 
448 
449 


198025 
198916 
199809 
200704 
201601 


88121125 
88716536 
89314623 
89915392 
90518849 


21.0950 
21.1187 
21.1424 
21.1660 
21.1896 


7.6346 
7.6403 
7.6460 
7.6517 
7.6574 


2.64836 
2.64933 
2.65031 
2.6.5128 
2.65225 


2.24719 
2.24215 
2.23714 
2.23214 
2.22717 


1398.0 
1401.2 
1404.3 
1407.4 
1410.6 


155528 
156228 
156930 
157633 
158337 























NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



291 



^ 



Squares, Ctjbes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 

(CONTINUED.) 





Sq. 


Cube. 


Square 
Root. 


Cube 
Root. 


Log. 


1000 

X 
Recip. 


No. = Dia. 


No. 


Circ'm 


Area. 


450 


202500 


91125000 


21.2132 


7.6631 


2.6.5321 


2.22222 


1413.7 


159043 


451 


203401 


91733851 


21.2368 


7.6688 


2.65418 


2,21730 


1416.9 


159751 


452 


204304 


92345408 


21.2603 


7.6744 


2.65514 


2.21239 


1420.0 


160460 


453 


205209 


92959677 


21.2838 


7.6801 


2.65610 


2.20751 


1423.1 


161171 


454 


206116 


93576664 


21.3073 


7.6857 


2.65706 


2.20264 


1426.3 


161883 


455 


207025 


94196375 


21.3307 


7.6914 


2.6.5801 


2.19780 


1429.4 


162597 


456 


207936 


94818816 


21.3542 


7.6970 


2.65896 


2.19298 


1432.6 


163313 


457 


208849 


95443993 


21.3776 


7.7026 


2.65992 


2.18818 


1435.7 


164030 


458 


209764 


96071912 


21.4009 


7.7082 


2 66087 


2.18341 


1438.9 


164748 


459 


210681 


96702579 


21.4243 


7.7138 


2.66181 


2.17865 


1442,0 


165468 


460 


211600 


97336000 


21.4476 


7.7194 


2.66276 


2.17391 


1445.1 


166190 


461 


212521 


97972181 


21 .4709 


7.7250 


2.66370 


2.16920 


1448.3 


166914 


462 


213444 


98611128 


21.4942 


7.7306 


2.66464 


2.16450 


1451,4 


167639 


463 


214369 


99252847 


21.5174 


7.7362 


2.66558 


2,15983 


1454.6 


168365 


464 


215296 


99897344 


21.5407 


7.7418 


2.66652 


2,15517 


1457.7 


169093 


465 


216225 


100544625 


21.5639 


7.7473 


2.66745 


2,150.54 


1460.8 


169823 


466 


217156 


101194696 


21.5870 


7.7529 


2.66839 


2,14592 


1464.0 


170554 


467 


218089 


101847563 


21.6102 


7.7584 


2.66932 


2.14133 


1467.1 


171287 


468 


219024 


102503232 


21.6333 


7.7639 


2.67025 


2.13675 


1470.3 


172021 


469 


219961 


103161709 


21.6564 


7.7695 


2.67117 


2.13220 


1473.4 


172757 


470 


220900 


103823000 


21.6795 


7.7750 


2.67210 


2.12766 


1476.5 


173494 


471 


221841 


104487111 


21.7025 


7.7805 


2.67302 


2.12314 


1479.7 


174234 


472 


222784 


105154048 


21.7256 


7.7860 


2.67394 


2.11864 


1482.8 


174974 


473 


223729 


105823817 


21.7486 


7.7915 


2.67486 


2.11417 


1486.0 


175716 


.474 


224676 


106496424 


21.7715 


7.7970 


2.67578 


2.10971 


1489.1 


176460 


475 


225625 


107171875 


21,7945 


7.8025 


2.67669 


2.10526 


1492.3 


177205 


476 


226576 


107850176 


21.8174 


7.8079 


2.67761 


2.10084 


1495.4 


177952 


477 


227529 


108531333 


21.8403 


7.8134 


2.67852 


2.09644 


1498.5 


178701 


478 


228484 


109215352 


21.8632 


7.8188 


2.67943 


2.09205 


1501.7 


179451 


479 


229441 


109902239 


21.8861 


7.8243 


2.68034 


2.08768 


1504.8 


180203 


480 


230400 


110592000 


21.9089 


7.8297 


2.68124 


2.08333 


1508.0 


180956 


481 


231361 


111284641 


21.9317 


7.8352 


2.68215 


2.07900 


1511.1 


181711 


482 


232324 


111980168 


21.9545 


7.8406 


2.68305 


2.07469 


1514.3 


182467 


483 


233289 


112678587 


21.9773 


7.8460 


2.68395 


2.07039 


1517.4 


183225 


484 


234256 


113379904 


22.0000 


7.8514 


2.68485 


2.06612 


1520.5 


183984 


485 


235225 


114084125 


22.0227 


7.8568 


2.68574 


2.06186 


1523.7 


184745 


486 


236196 


114791256 


22.0454 


7.8622 


2.68664 


2.05761 


1526.8 


185508 


487 


237169 


115501303 


22.0681 


7.8676 


2. 68753 


2.05339 


1530.0 


186272 


488 


238144 


116214272 


22.0907 


7.8730 


2.68842 


2.04918 


1533.1 


187038 


489 


239121 


116930169 


22.1133 


7.8784 


2.68931 


2.04499 


1536.2 


187805 


490 


240100 


117649000 


22.1359 


7.8837 


2.69020 


2.04082 


1539.4 


188574 


491 


241081 


118370771 


22.1585 


7.8891 


2.69108 


2.03666 


1542.5 


189345 


492 


^2064 


119095488 


22.1811 


7.8944 


2.69197 


2.03252 


1545.7 


190117 


493 


243049 


119823157 


22.2036 7.8998 


2.69285 


2.02840 


1548.8 


190890 


494 


244036 


120553784 


22.2261 7.9051 


2.69373 


2.02429 


1551.9 


191665 



J 



' 292 


NATIONAL TUBE 


COMPANY. 


1 


Squares^ Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 




(CONTINUED.) 






No. 

495 
496 
497 
498 
499 


Sq. 


Cube. 


Square 
Root. 


Cube 
Root. 


Log. 


1000 

X 
Recip. 


No. = Dia. 


Circ'm 


Area. 


245025 
246016 
247009 
248004 
249001 


121287375 
122023936 
122763473 
123505992 
124251499 


22.2486 
22.2711 
22.29.35 
22.-3159 
22.3383 


7.9105 
7.9158 
7.9211 
7.9264 
7.9317 


2.69461 
2.69548 
2.69636 
2.69723 
2.69810 


2.02020 
2.01613 
2.01207 
2.00803 
2.00401 


1555.1 
1558.2 
1561.4 
1.564.5 
1567.7 


192442 
193221 
194000 
194782 
195565 


500 
501 
502 
503 
504 


250000 
251001 
252004 
253009 
254016 


125000000 
125751501 
126506008 
127263527 
128024064 


22.3607 
22.3830 
22.4054 
22.4277 
22.4499 


7.9370 
7.9423 
7.9476 
7.9528 
7.9581 


2.69897 
2.69984 
2.70070 
2.70157 
2.70243 


2.00000 
1.99601 
1.99203 
1.98807 
1.98413 


1570.8 
1573.9 
1577.1 
1580.2 
1583.4 


196350 
197136 
197923 
198713 
199604 


605 
506 
507 
508 
509 


255025 
256036 
257049 
258064 
259081 


128787625 
129554216 
130323843 
131096512 
131872229 


22.4722 
22.4944 

22.5167 
22.5389 
22.5610 


7.9634 

7.9686 
7.9739 
7.9791 
7.9843 


2.70329 

2.70415 
2.70501 
2.70.586 
2.70672 


1.98020 
1.97629 
1.97239 
1.96850 
1.96464 


1586.5 
1589.7 
1592.8 
1595.9 
1599.1 


200296 
201090 
201886 
202683 
203482 


510 
511 
512 
513 
514 


260100 
261121 
262144 
263169 
264196 


132651000 
1.33432831 
134217728 
135005697 
135796744 


22.5832 
22.6053 
22.6274 
22.6495 
22.6716 


7.9896 
7.9948 
8.0000 
8.0052 
8.0104 


2.70757 
2.70842 
2.70927 
2.71012 
2.71096 


1.96078 
1.95695 
1 .95312 
1.94932 
1.94553 


1602.2 
1605.4 
1608.5 
1611.6 
1614.8 


204282 
205084 
205887 
206692 
207499 


515 
516 
517 
518 
519 


265225 
266256 
267289 
268324 
269361 


135590875 
137388096 
138188413 
138991832 
139798359 


22.6936 

22.7156 
22.7376 
22.7596 
22.7816 


8.0156 

8.0208 
8.0260 
8.0311 
8.0363 


2.71181 
2.71265 
2.71349 
2.71433 
2.71517 


1.94175 
1.93798 
1.93424 
1.93050 
1.92678 


1617.9 
1621.1 
1624.2 
1627.3 
1630.5 


208307 
209117 
209928 
210741 
211556 


520 
521 
522 
523 
524 


270400 
271441 
272484 

273529 
274576 


140608000 
141420761 
142236648 
148055667 
143877824 


22.80-35 
22.82.54 
22.8473 
22.8692 
22.8910 


8.0415 
8.0466 
8 0517 
8.0509 
8.0620 


2.71600 
2.71684 
2.71767 
2.71850 
2.71933 


1 92308 
1.91939 
1.91571 
1.91205 
1.90840 


1633.6 
1636.8 
1639.9 
1643.1 
1646.2 


212372 
213189 
214C08 
214829 
215651 


525 

526 

527 
528 
529 


275625 
276676 

277729 
278784 
279841 


144703125 
145531576 
146363183 
147197952 
148035889 


22.9129 
22.9347 
22.9565 
22.9783 
23.0000 


8.0671 
8.0723 

8.0774 
8.0825 
8.0876 


2.72016 
2.72099 
2.72181 
2.72263 
2.72346 


1.90476 
1.90114 
1.89753 
1.89394 
1.89036 


1649.3 
1652.5 
1655.6 
1658.8 
1661.9 


216475 
217301 
218128 
218956 
219787 


530 
531 
532 
533 
534 


280900 
281961 
283024 
284089 
285156 


148877000 
149721291 
150568768 
151419427 
152273304 


23.0217 
23.0434 
23.0651 
23.0868 
23.1084 


8.0927 
8.0978 
8.1028 
8.1079 
8.1130 


2.72428 
2.72509 
2.72591 
2.72673 
2.72754 


1.88679 
1.88324 
1.87970 
1.87617 
1.87266 


1665.0 
1668.2 
1671.3 
1674.5 
1677.6 


220618 
221452 
222287 
223123 
223961 


535 

536 
537 

538 
539 


286225 
287296 
288369 
289444 
290521 


1531.30375 
15.3990656 
1.54854153 
155720872 
156590819 


23.1301 
23.1517 
23.1733 
23.1948 
23.2164 


8.1180 
8.12.31 
8.1281 
8.1.332 
8.1382 


2.72835 
2.72916 
2.72997 
2.73078 
2.7.3159 


1.86916 
1.86.567 
1.86220 
1.85874 
1.85529 


1680.8 
1683.9 
1687.0 
1690.2 
1693.3 


224801 
225642 
226484 
227329 
228175 


I - J 



^s^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc« 

(CONTINUED.) 





Sq. 


Cube. 


Square 
Root. 


Cube 
Root. 


Log. 


1000 

X 
Recip. 


No. = Dia. 


No. 


Circ'm 


Area. 


540 


291600 


157464000 


23.2379 


8.1433 


2.73239 


1.85185 


1696.5 


229022 


541 


292681 


158340421 


23.2594 


8.1483 


2.73320 


1.84843 


1699.6 


229871 


542 


298764 


159220088 


23.2809 


8.1533 


2.73400 


1.84502 


1702.7 


230722 


543 


294849 


160103007 


23.3024 


8.1583 


2.73480 


1.84162 


1705.9 


231574 


544 


295936 


160989184 


23.3238 


8.1633 


2.73560 


1.83824 


1709.0 


232428 


545 


297025 


161878625 


23.3452 


8.1683 


2.73640 


1.83486 


1712.2 


233283 


546 


298116 


162771336 


23.3666 


8.1733 


2.73719 


1.83150 


1715.3 


234140 


547 


299209 


163667323 


23.3880 


8.1783 


2.73799 


1.82815 


1718.5 


234998 


548 


300304 


164566592 


23.4094 


8.1833 


1-73878 


1.82482 


1721.6 


235858 


549 


301401 


165469149 


23.4307 


8.1882 


2.73957 


1.82149 


1724.7 


236720 


550 


302500 


166375000 


23.4521 


8.1932 


2.74036 


1.81818 


1727.9 


237583 


551 


303601 


167284151 


23.4734 


8.1982 


2.74115 


1.81488 


1731.0 


238448 


552 


304704 


168196608 


23.4947 


8.2031 


2.74194 


1.81159 


1734.2 


239314 


553 


305809 


169112377 


23.5160 


8.2081 


2.74273 


1.80832 


1737.3 


240182 


554 


306916 


170031464 


23.5372 


8.2130 


2.74351 


1.80505 


1740.4 


241051 


555 


30S025 


170953875 


23.5584 


8.2180 


2.74429 


1.80180 


1743.6 


241922 


556 


309136 


171879616 


23.5797 


8.2229 


2.74507 


1.79856 


1746.7 


242795 


557 


310249 


172808693 


23.6008 


8.2278 


2.74586 


1.79533 


1749.9 


243669 


558 


311364 


173741112 


23.6220 


8.2327 


2 74663 


1.79211 


1753.0 


244545 


559 


312481 


174676879 


23.6432 


8.2377 


2.74741 


1.78891 


1756.2 


245422 


560 


313600 


175616000 


23 6643 


8.2426 


2.74819 


1.78571 


1759.3 


246301 


561 


314721 


176558481 


23.6854 


8.2475 


2.74896 


1.78253 


1762.4 


247181 


562 


315844 


177504328 


23.7065 


8.2524 


2.74974 


1.77936 


1765.6 


248063 


563 


316969 


178453547 


23.7276 


8.2573 


2.75051 


1.77620 


1768.7 


248947 


564 


318096 


179406144 


23.7487 


8.2621 


2.75128 


1.77305 


1771.9 


249832 


565 


319225 


180362125 


23.7697 


8.2670 


2.75205 


1.76991 


1775.0 


250719 


566 


320356 


181321496 


23.7908 


8.2719 


2.75282 


1.76678 


1778.1 


251607 


567 


321489 


182284263 


23.8118 


8.2768 


2.75358 


1.76367 


1781.3 


252497 


568 


3226^4 


183250432 


23.8328 


8.2816 


2.75435 


1.76056 


1784.4 


253388 


569 


323761 


184220009 


23.8537 


8.2865 


2.75511 


1.75747 


1787.6 


254281 


570 


3iM900 


185193000 


23.8747 


8.2913 


2.75587 


1.75439 


1790.7 


255176 


571 


326041 


186169411 


23.8956 


8.2962 


2.75664 


1.75131 


1793.9 


256072 


572 


327184 


187149248 


23.9165 


8.3010 


2.75740 


1.74825 


1797.0 


256970 


573 


328329 


188132517 


23.9374 


8.3059 


2.75815 


1.74520 


1800.1 


257869 


574 


329476 


189119224 


23.9583 


8.3107 


2.75891 


1.74216 


1803.3 


258770 


575 


33062& 


190109375 


23.9792 


8.3155 


2.75967 


1.73913 


1806.4 


259672 


576 


331776 


191102976 


24.0000 


8.3203 


2.76042 


1.73611 


1809.6 


260576 


577 


332929 


192100033 


24.0208 


8.3251 


2.76118 


1.73310 


1812.7 


261482 


578 


334084 


193100552 


24.0416 


8.3300 


2.76193 


1.73010 


1815.8 


262389 


579 


335241 


194104539 


24.0624 


8.3348 


2.76268 


1.72712 


1819.0 


263298 


580 


336400 


195112000 


24.0832 


8.3396 


2.76343 


1.72414 


1822.1 


264208 


581 


337561 


196122941 


^.1039 


8.3443 


2.76418 


1.72117 


1825.3 


265120 


582 


3387^ 


197137368 


ai.1^7 


8.3491 


2.76492 


1.71821 


1828.4 


266033 


583 


339889 


198155287 


24.1454 


8.3539 


2.76567 


1.71527 


1831.6 266948 


584 


341056 


199176704 


24.1661 


8.3587 


2.76641 


1.71233 


1834.7 267865 



294 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



Squares^ Cubest Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc, 

(CONTINUED.) 





Sq. 


Cube. 


Square 
Root. 


Cube 
Root. 


Log. 


1000 

X 
Recip. 


No. = 


= Dia. 


No. 


Circ'm 


Area. 


585 


342225 


200201625 


24.1868 


8.3634 


2.76716 


1.70940 


1837.8 


268783 


586 


343396 


201230056 


24.2074 


8.3682 


2.76790 


1.70649 


1841.0 


269701 


587 


344569 


202262003 


24.2281 


8.3730 


2.76864 


1.70358 


1844.1 


270624 


588 


345744 


203297472 


24.2487 


8.3777 


2.76938 


1.70068 


1847.3 


271547 


589 


346921 


204336469 


24.2693 


8.3825 


2.77012 


1.69779 


1850.4 


272471 


.590 


348100 


205379000 


24.2899 


8.3872 


2.77085 


1.69492 


1853.5 


273397 


591 


349281 


206425071 


24.3105 


8.3919 


2.77159 


1.69205 


1856.7 


274325 


593 


350464 


207474688 


24.3311 


8.3967 


2.77232 


1.68919 


1859.8 


275254 


593 


351649 


208527857 


24.3516 


8.4014 


2.77305 


1.68634 


1863.0 


276184 


594 


352836 


209584584 


24.3721 


8.4061 


2.77379 


1.68350 


1866.1 


277117 


595 


354025 


210644875 


24.3926 


8.4108 


2.77452 


1.68067 


1869.3 


278051 


596 


355216 


211708736 


24.41.31 


8.4155 


2.77525 


1.67785 


1872.4 


278986 


597 


356409 


212776173 


24.4336 


8.4202 


2.77597 


1.67504 


1875.5 


279923 


598 


357604 


213847192 


24.4540 


8.4249 


2.77670 


1.67224 


1878.7 


280862 


599 


358801 


214921799 


24.4745 


8.4296 


2.77743 


1.66945 


1881.8 


281802 


600 


360000 


216000000 


24.4949 


8.4343 


2.77815 


1.66667 


1885.0 


282743 


601 


361201 


217081801 


24.5153 


8.4390 


2.77887 


1.66389 


1888.1 


283687 


602 


362404 


218167208 


24.5357 


8.4437 


2.77960 


1.66113 


1891.2 


284631 


603 


363609 


219256227 


24.5561 


8.4484 


2.78032 


1.65837 


1894.4 


285578 


604 


364816 


220348864 


24.5764 


8.4530 


2.78104 


1.65563 


1897,5 


286526 


605 


366025 


221445125 


24.5967 


8.4577 


2.78176 


1.65289 


1900.7 


287475 


606 


367236 


222545016 


24.6171 


8.4623 


2.78247 


1.65017 


1903.8 


288426 


607 


368449 


223648543 


24 6374 


8.4670 


2.78319 


1.64745 


1907.0 


289379 


608 


369664 


224755712 


24.6577 


8.4716 


2.78390 


1.64474 


1910.1 


290333 


609 


370881 


225866529 


24.6779 


8.4763 


2.78462 


1.64204 


1913.2 


291289 


610 


372100 


226981000 


24.6982 


8.4809 


2.78533 


1.63934 


1916.4 


292247 


611 


373321 


228099131 


24.7184 


8.4856 


2.78604 


1.63666 


1919.5 


293206 


612 


374544 


229220928 


24.7386 


8.4902 


2.78675 


1.63399 


1922.7 


294166 


613 


875769 


230346397 


24.7588 


8.4948 


2.78746 


1.63132 


1925.8 


295128 


614 


376996 


231475544 


24.7790 


8.4994 


2.78817 


1.62866 


1928.9 


296092 


615 


378225 


232608375 


24.7992 


8.5040 


2.78888 


1.62602 


1932.1 


297057 


616 


379456 


233744896 


24.8193 


8.5086 


2.78958 


1.62338 


1935.2 


298024 


617 


380689 


234885113 


24.8395 


8 5132 


2.79029 


1.62075 


1938.4 


298992 


618 


381924 


236029032 


24.8596 


8.5178 


2.79099 


1.61812 


1941.5 


299962 


619 


383161 


237176659 


24.8797 


8.5224 


2.79169 


1.61551 


1944.7 


300934 


620 


384400 


238328000 


24.8998 


8.5270 


2.79239 


1.61290 


1947.8 


301907 


621 


385641 


239483061 


24.9199 


8.5316 


2.79309 


1.61031 


1950.9 


302882 


622 


386884 


240641848 


24.9399 


8.5362 


2.79379 


1.60772 


1954.1 


303858 


623 


388129 


241804367 


24.9600 


8.5408 


2.79449 


1.60514 


1957.2 


304836 


624 


389376 


242970624 


24.9800 


8.5453 


2.79518 


1.60256 


1960.4 


30.5815 


625 


390625 


244140625 


25.0000 


8.5499 


2.79588 


1.60000 


1963.5 


306796 


626 


391876 


245314376 


25.0200 


8.5544 


2.79657 


1.59744 


1966.6 


307779 


627 


393129 


246491883 


25.0400 


8.5590 


2.79727 


1.59490 


1969.8 


308763 


628 


394384 


247673152 


25.0599 


8.5635 


2.79796 


1.59236 


1972.9 


309748 


629 


395641 


248858189 


25.0799 


8.5681 


2.79865 


1.58983 


1976.1 


310736 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



295 



'^ 



Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 

(CONTINUED.) 





Sq. 


Cube. 


Square 
Root. 


Cube 
Root. 


Log. 


1000 

X 
Recip. 


No. = 


= Dia. 


No. 


Circ'm 


Area. 


630 


396900 


250047000 


25.0998 


8.5726 


2.79934 


1.58730 


1979.2 


311725 


631 


398161 


251239591 


25.1197 


8.5772 


2.80003 


1.58479 


1982.4 


312715 


632 


399424 


252435968 


25.1396 


8.5817 


2.80072 


1.58228 


1985.5 


313707 


633 


400689 


253636137 


25.1595 


8.5862 


2.80140 


1.57978 


1988.6 


314700 


634 


401956 


254840104 


25.1794 


8.5907 


2.80209 


1.57729 


1991.8 


315696 


635 


403225 


256047875 


25.1992 


8 5952 


2.80277 


1.57480 


1994 9 


316692 


636 


404496 


257259456 


25.2190 


8.5997 


2.80346 


1.57233 


1998.1 


317690 


637 


405769 


258474853 


25.2389 


8.6043 


2.80414 


1.56986 


2001.2 


318690 


638 


407044 


259694072 


25.2587 


8.6088 


2.80482 


1.56740 


2004.3 


319692 


639 


408321 


260917119 


25.2784 


8.6132 


2.80550 


1.56495 


2007.5 


320695 


640 


409600 


262144000 


25.2982 


8.6177 


2.80618 


1.56250 


2010.6 


321699 


641 


410881 


263374721 


25.3180 


8.6222 


2 80686 


1.56006 


2013.8 


322705 


642 


412164 


264609288 


25.3377 


8.6267 


2.80754 


1.55763 


2016.9 


323713 


643 


413449 


265847707 


25.3574 


8.6312 


2.80821 


1.55521 


2020.0 


324722 


644 


414736 


267089984 


25.3772 


8.6357 


2.80889 


1.55280 


2023.2 


325733 


645 


416025 


268336125 


25.3969 


8.6401 


2.80956 


1.55039 


2026.3 


326745 


646 


417316 


269586136 


25.4165 


8.6446 


2.81023 


1.54799 


2029.5 


327759 


647 


418609 


270840023 


25.4362 


8.6490 


2.81090 


1.54560 


2032.6 


328775 


648 


419904 


272097792 


25.4558 


8.6535 


2.81158 


1.54321 


2035.8 


329792 


649 


421201 


273359449 


25.4755 


8.6579 


2.81224 


1.54083 


2038.9 


330810 


650 


422500 


274625000 


25.4951 


8.6624 


2.81291 


1.53846 


2042.0 


331831 


651 


423801 


275894451 


25.5147 


8.6668 


2.81358 


1.53610 


2045.2 


332853 


652 


425104 


277167808 


25.5343 


8.6713 


2.81425 


1.53374 


2048.3 


333876 


653 


426409 


278445077 


25.5539 


8.6757 


2.81491 


1.53139 


2051.5 


334901 


654 


427716 


279726264 


25.5734 


8.6801 


2.81558 


1.52905 


2054.6 


335927 


655 


429025 


281011375 


25.5930 


8.6845 


2.81624 


1.52672 


2057.7 


336955 


656 


430336 


282300416 


25.6125 


8.6890 


2.81690 


1.52439 


2060 9 


33798'5 


757 


431649 


283593393 


25 6320 


8.6934 


2.81757 


1.52207 


2064.0 


339016 


758 


432964 


284890312 


25.6515 


8.6978 


2.81823 


1.51976 


2067.2 


340049 


659 


434281 


286191179 


25.6710 


8.7022 


2.81889 


1.51745 


2070.3 


341084 


660 


435600 


287496000 


25.6905 


8.7066 


2.81954 


1.51515 


2073.5 


342119 


661 


4:36921 


288804781 


25.7099 


8.7110 


2.82020 


1.51286 


2076.6 


343157 


662 


438244 


290117528 


25 7294 


8.7154 


2.82086 


1.51057 


2079.7 


344196 


663 


439569 


291434247 


25.7488 


8.7198 


2.82151 


1.50830 


2082.9 


345237 


664 


440896 


292754944 


25.7682 


8.7241 


2.82217 


1.50602 


2086.0 


346279 


665 


442225 


294079625 


25.7876 


8.7285 


2.82282 


1.50376 


2089.2 


347323 


666 


443556 


295408296 


25.8070 


8.7329 


2.82347 


1.50150 


2092.3 


348368 


667 


444889 


296740963 


25.8263 


8.7373 


2.82413 


1.49925 


2095.4 


349415 


668 


446224 


298077632 


25.8457 


8.7416 


2.82478 


1.49701 


2098.6 


350464 


669 


447561 


299418309 


25.8650 


8.7460 


2.82543 


1.49477 


2101.7 


351514 


670 


448900 


300763000 


25.8844 


8.7503 


2.82607 


1.49254 


2104.9 


352565 


671 


450241 


302111711 


25.9037 


8.7547 


2.82672 


1.49031 


2108.0 


353618 


672 


451584 


303464448 


25.9230 


8.7590 


2.82737 


1.48810 


2111.2 


354673 


673 


452929 


304821217 


25.9422 


8.7634 


2.82802 


1.48588 


2114.3 


355730 


674 


454276 


306182024 


25.9615 


8.7677 


2.82866 


1.48368 


2117.4 


356788 



s 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 

(CONTINUED.) 





Sq. 


Cube. 


Square 
Root. 


Cube 
Root. 


Log. 


1000 

X 
Recip 


No. = Dia. 


No. 


Circ'm 


Area. 


675 


455625 


307546875 


25.98C8 


8.7721 


2.82930 


1.48148 


2120.6 


357847 


676 


456976 


308915776 


26.0000 


8.7764 


2.82995 


1.47929 


2123.7 


358908 


677 


458329 


310288733 


26.0192 


8.7807 


2.83059 


1.47711 


2126.9 


359971 


678 


459684 


311665752 


26.C384 


8.7850 


2.83123 


1.47493 


2130.0 


361035 


679 


461041 


313046839 


26.0576 


8.7893 


2.83187 


1.47275 


2133.1 


362101 


680 


462400 


3144.32000 


26.0768 


8.7937 


2.83251 


1.47059 


2136.3 


363168 


681 


463761 


315821241 


26.0960 


8.7980 


2.83315 


1.46843 


2139.4 


364237 


682 


465124 


317214568 


26.1151 


8.8023 


2.83378 


1.46628 


2142.6 


365308 


683 


466489 


318611987 


26.1343 


8.8066 


2.83442 


1.46413 


2145.7 


366380 


684 


467856 


320013504 


26.1534 


8.8109 


2.83506 


1.46199 


2148.9 


367453 


685 


469225 


321419125 


26.1725 


8.8152 


?. 83569 


1.45985 


2152.0 


368528 


686 


470596 


3i>?K28856 


26.1916 


8.8194 


2.83632 


1.45773 


2155.1 


369605 


687 


471969 


324242703 


26.2107 


8.8237 


2.83696 


1.45560 


21.'^8.3 


370684 


688 


473344 


325660672 


26.2298 


8.8280 


2.83759 


1.45349 


2161.4 


371764 


689 


474721 


327082769 


26.2488 


8.8323 


2.83822 


1.45138 


2164.6 


372845 


690 


476100 


328509000 


26.2679 


8.8366 


2.83885 


1.44928 


2167.7 


373928 


691 


477481 


329939371 


26.2869 


8.8408 


2.83948 


1.44718 


2170.8 


375013 


692 


478864 


331373888 


26.3059 


8.8451 


2 84011 


1.44509 


2174.0 


376099 


693 


480249 


332812557 


26.3249 


8.8493 


2.84073 


1.44300 


2177.1 


377187 


694 


481636 


334255384 


26.3439 


8.8536 


2.84136 


1.44092 


2180.3 


378276 


695 


483025 


335702375 


26.3629 


8.8578 


2.84198 


1.43885 


2183.4 


379367 


696 


484416 


337153536 


26.3818 


8.8621 


2.84261 


1.43678 


2186.6 


380459 


697 


485809 


338608873 


26.4008 


8.8663 


2.84323 


1.43472 


2189.7 


381554 


698 


487204 


340068392 


26.4197 


8.8706 


2.84386 


1.43267 


2192.8 


382649 


699 


488601 


341532099 


26.4386 


8.8748 


2.84448 


1.43062 


2196.0 


383746 


700 


490000 


343000000 


26.4575 


8.8790 


2.84510 


1.42857 


2199.1 


385845 


701 


491401 


344472101 


26.4764 


8.8833 


2.84572 


1.42653 


2202.3 


385945 


70^ 


492804 


345948408 


26.4953 


8.8875 


2.84634 


1.42450 


2205.4 


387047 


703 


494209 


347428927 


26.5141 


8 8917 


2.84696 


1.42248 


2208.5 


388151 


704 


495616 


348913664 


26.5330 


8.8959 


2.84757 


1.42046 


2.211.7 


389256 


705 


497025 


350402625 


26.5518 


8.9001 


2 84819 


1.41844 


2214.8 


390363 


706 


498436 


351895816 


26.5707 


8.9043 


2.84880 


1.41643 


2218.0 


391471 


707 


499849 


353393243 


26.5895 


8 9085 


2.84942 


1.41443 


2221.1 


392580 


708 


501264 


354894912 


26.6083 


8.9127 


2.85003 


1.4124:3 


2224.3 


393692 


709 


502681 


356400829 


26.6271 


8.9169 


2.85065 


1.41044 


2227.4 


394805 


710 


504100 


357911000 


26 6458 


8.9211 


2.85126 


1.40845 


2230.5 


395919 


711 


505521 


359425431 


26.6646 


8.9253 


2.85187 


1.40647 


2233.7 


397035 


712 


506944 


360944128 


26.6833 


8.9295 


2.85248 


1.40449 


2236.8 


398153 


713 


508369 


362467097 


26.7021 


8.9337 


2.85309 


1.40253 


2240.0 


399272 


714 


509796 


363994344 


26.7208 


8.9378 


2.85370 


1.40056 


2243.1 


400393 


715 


511225 


365525875 


26.7395 


8.9420 


2.85431 


1.39860 


2246.2 


401515 


716 


512656 


367061696 


26.7582 


8.9462 


2.85491 


1.39665 


2249.4 


402639 


717 


514089 


368601813 


26.7769 


8.9503 


2.85552 


1.39470 


2252.5 


403765 


718 


515524 


370146232 


26.7955 


8.9545 


2.85612 


1.39276 


2255.7 


404892 


719 


516961 


371694959 


26.8142 


8.9587 


2.85673 


1.39082 


2258.8 


406020 



^^ 



*^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



297 



Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc, 

(CONTINUED.) 



No. 


Sq 


Cube. 


Square 
Root. 


Cube 
Root. 


Log. 


1000 

X 
Recip. 


No. = Dia. 


Circ'm 


Area 


720 


518400 


373248000 


26.8328 


8.9628 


2.85733 


1.38889 


2261.9 


407150 


721 


519811 


374805361 


26.8514 


8.9670 


2.85794 


1.38696 


2265.1 


408282 


722 


521284 


376367048 


26.8701 


8.9711 


2.85854 


1.38504 


2268.2 


409416 


723 


522729 


377933067 


26.8887 


8.9752 


2.85914 


1.38313 


2271.4 


410550 


724 


524176 


379503424 


26.9072 


8.9794 


2.85974 


1.38122 


2274.5 


411687 


725 


525625 


381078125 


26.9258 


8.9835 


2.86034 


1.37931 


2277.7 


412825 


726 


527076 


382657176 


26.9444 


8.9876 


2.86094 


1.37741 


2280.8 


413965 


727 


528529 


384240583 


26.9629 


8.9918 


2.86153 


1.37552 


2283.9 


415106 


728 


529984 


385828352 


26.9815 


8.9959 


2.86213 


1.37363 


2287.1 


416248 


729 


531441 


387420489 


27.0000 


9.0000 


2.86273 


1.37174 


2290.2 


417393 


730 


532900 


389017000 


27.0185 


9.0041 


2.86332 


1.36986 


2293.4 


418539 


731 


634361 


390617891 


27.0370 


9.0082 


2.86392 


1.36799 


2296.5 


419686 


732 


535824 


392223168 


27.0555 


9.0123 


2.86451 


1.36612 


2299.7 


420835 


733 


537289 


393832837 


27.0740 


9.0164 


2.86510 


1.36426 


2302 8 


421986 


734 


538756 


395446904 


27.0924 


9.0205 


2.86570 


1.36240 


2305.9 


423138 


735 


540225 


397065375 


27.1109 


9.0246 


2.86629 


1.36054 


2309.1 


424293 


736 


541696 


398688256 


27.1293 


9.0287 


2.86688 


1.35870 


2312.2 


425448 


737 


543169 


400315553 


27.1477 


9.0328 


2.86747 


1.35685 


2315.4 


426604 


738 


544644 


401947^72 


27.1662 


9.0369 


2.86806 


1.35501 


2318.5 


427762 


739 


546121 


403583419 


27.1846 


9.0410 


2.86864 


1.35318 


2321.6 


428922 


740 


547600 


405224000 


27.2029 


9.0450 


2.86923 


1.35135 


2324.8 


430084 


741 


549081 


406869021 


27.2213 


9.0491 


2.86982 


1.34953 


2327.9 


431247 


742 


550564 


408518488 


27.2397 


9.0532 


2.87040 


1.34771 


2331.1 


432412 


743 


552049 


410172407 


27.2580 


9.0572 


2.87099 


1.34590 


2334.2 


433578 


744 


553536 


411830784 


27.2764 


9.0613 


2.87157 


1.34409 


2337.3 


434746 


745 


555025 


413493625 


27.2947 


9.0654 


2 87216 


1.34228 


2340.5 


435916 


746 


556516 


415160936 


27.3130 


9.0694 


2.87274 


1.34048 


2343.6 


437087 


747 


558009 


416832723 


27.3313 


9.0735 


2.87332 


1.33869 


2346.8 


438259 


748 


559504 


418508992 


27.3496 


9.0775 


2.87390 


1.33690 


2349.9 


439433 


749 


561001 


420189749 


27.3679 


9.0816 


2.87448 


1.33511 


2353.1 


440609 


750 


562500 


421875000 


27.3861 


9.0856 


2.87506 


1.33333 


2356.2 


441786 


751 


564001 


423564751 


27.4044 


9.0896 


2.87564 


1.33156 


2359.3 


442965 


752 


565504 


425259008 


27.4226 


9.0937 


2.87622 


1.32979 


2362.5 


444146 


753 


567009 


426957777 


27.4408 


9.0977 


2.87680 


1.32802 


2365.6 


445328 


754 


568516 


428661064 


27.4591 


9.1017 


2.87737 


1.32626 


2368.8 


446511 


755 


570025 


430368875 


27.4773 


9.1057 


2.87795 


1.32450 


2371.9 


447697 


756 


571536 


432081216 


27.4955 


9.1098 


2.87852 


1.32275 


2375.0 


448883 


757 


573049 


433798093 


27.5136 


9.1138 


2.87910 


1.32100 


2378.2 


450072 


758 


574564 


435519512 


27.5318 


9.1178 


2.87967 


1.31926 


2381.3 


451262 


759 


576081 


437245479 


27.5500 


9.1218 


2.88024 


1.31752 


2384.5 


452453 


760 


577600 


438976000 


27.5681 


9.1258 


2.88081 


1.31579 


2387.6 


453646 


761 


579121 


440711081 


27.5862 


9.1298 


2.88138 


1.31406 


2390.8 


454841 


762 


580644 


442450728 


27.0043 


9.1338 


2.88196 


1.31234 


2393.9 


456037 


763 


582169 


444194947 


27.6225 


9.1378 


2.88252 


1.31062 


2397.0 


457234 


764 


583696 


445943744 


27.6405 


9.1418 


2.88309 


1.30890 


2400.2 


458434 



s 



^'■' ■" 

298 




NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 


Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc* 








(CONTINUED.) 




No. 


Sq. 


Cube. 


Square 
Root. 


Cube 
Root. 


Log. 


1000 

X 
Recip. 


No. = Dia, 


Circ'm 


Area. 


765 
766 

767 
768 
769 


585225 
586756 
588289 
589824 
591361 


447697125 
449455096 
451217663 
452984832 
454756609 


27.6586 
27.6767 
27.6948 
27.7128 
27.7308 


9.1458 
9.1498 
9.1537 
9.1577 
9.1617 


2.88366 
2.88423 
2.88480 
2.88536 
2.88593 


1.30719 
1.30548 
1.30378 
1.30208 
1.30039 


2403.3 

2406.5 
2409.6 
2412.7 
2415.9 


459635 
460837 
462042 
463247 
464454 


770 

771 
772 
773 

774 


592900 
594441 
595984 
597529 
599076 


456533000 
458314011 
460099648 
461889917 
463684824 


27.7489 
27.7669 
27.7849 
27.8029 
27.8209 


9.1657 
9.1696 
9.1736 
9.1775 
9.1815 


2.88649 

2.88705 
2.88762 
2.88818 
2.88874 


1.29870 
1.29702 
1.29534 
1.29366 
1.29199 


2419.0 
2422.2 
2425.3 
2428.5 
2431.6 


465663 
466873 
468085 
469298 
470513 


775 
776 
777 
778 
779 


600625 
602176 
603729 
605284 
606841 


465484375 
467288576 
469097433 
470910952 

472729139 


27.8388 
27.8568 
27.8747 
27.8927 
27.9106 


9.1855 
9.1894 
9.1933 
9.1973 
9.2012 


2.88930 
2.88986 
2.89042 
2.89098 
2.89154 


1.29032 
1.28866 
1.28700 
1.28535 
1.28370 


2434.7 
2437.9 
a441.0 
2444.2 
2447.3 


471730 

472948 
474168 
475389 
476612 


780 
781 

782 
783 
784 


608400 
609961 
611524 
613089 
614656 


474552000 
476379541 
478211768 
480048687 
481890304 


27.9285 
27.9464 
27.9643 
27.9821 
28.0000 


9.2052 
9.2091 
9 2130 
9.2170 
9.2209 


2.89209 
2.89265 
2.89321 
2.89376 
2.89432 


1.28205 
1.28041 
1.27877 
1.27714 
1.27551 


2450.4 
2453.6 
2456.7 
2459.9 
2463.0 


477836 
479062 
480290 
481519 
482750 


785 
786 

787 
788 
789 


616225 
617796 
619369 
620944 
622521 


483736625 
485587656 
487443403 
48930;3872 
491169069 


28.ai79 
28.0357 
28.0535 
28.0713 
28.0891 


9.2248 
9.2287 
9.2326 
9.2365 
9.2404 


2.89487 
2.89542 
2.89597 
2.89653 
2.89708 


1.27389 
1.27226 
1.27065 
1.26904 
1.26743 


2466.2 
2469.3 
2472.4 

2475.6 

2478.7 


483982 
485216 
486451 

487688 
488927 


790 
791 
792 
793 
794 


624100 
625681 
627264 
628849 
630436 


493039000 
494913671 

496793088 
498677257 
500566184 


28.1069 
28.1247 
28.1425 
28.1603 
28.1780 


9.2443 
9.2482 
9.2521 
9.2560 
9.2599 


2.89763 

2.89818 
2.89873 
2.89927 
2.89982 


1.26582 
1.26422 
1.26263 
1.26103 
1.25945 


2481.9 
2485.0 
2488.1 
2491.3 
2494.4 


490167 
491409 

492652 
493897 
495143 


795 
796 

797 
798 
799 


632025 
633616 
635209 
636804 
638401 


502459875 
504358336 
506261573 
508169592 
510082399 


28.1957 
28.2135 
28.2:312 
28.2489 
28.2666 


9.2638 
9.2677 
9.2716 
9.2754 
9.2793 


2.90037 
2.90091 
2.90146 
2.90200 
2.90255 


1.25786 
1.25628 
1.25471 
1.25313 
1.25156 


2497.6 
2500.7 
2503.8 
2507.0 
2510.1 


496391 
497641 
498892 
500145 
501399 


800 
801 
802 
803 
804 


640000 
641601 
643204 
644809 
646416 


512000000 
513922401 
515849608 
517781627 
519718464 


28.2843 
28.3019 
28.3196 
28.3373 
28.3549 


9.2832 
9.2870 
9.2909 
9.2948 
9.2986 


2.90809 
2.90363 
2.90417 
2.90472 
2.90526 


1.25000 
1.24844 
1.24688 
1.24533 
1.24378 


2513.3 
2516.4 
2519.6 
2522.7 

2525.8 


502655 
503912 
505171 
506432 
507694 


805 
806 
807 
808 
809 


648025 
649636 
651249 
652864 
654481 


521660125 
523606616 
525557943 
527514112 
529475129 


28.3725 
28.3901 
28.4077 
28.4253 
28.4429 


9.3025 
9.3063 
9.3102 
9.3140 
9.3179 


2.90580 
2.90634 
2.90687 
2.90741 
2.90795 


1.24224 
1.24069 
1.23916 
1.23762 
1.23609 


2529.0 
2532.1 
2535.3 
?.538.4 
2541.5 


508958 
510223 
511490 
512758 
514028 


.r— — — —J 



>»— 




NATIONAL 


TUBE COMPANY. 


^ 

299 1 


Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 






(CONTINUED.) 




No. 


Sq. 


Cube. 


Square 
Root. 


Cube 
Root. 


Log. 


1000 

X 
Recip 


No. = Dia. 


Circ'm 


Area. 


810 
811 
812 
813 
814 


656100 
657721 
659344 
660969 
662596 


531441000 
533411731 
585387328 
537367797 
539353144 


28.4605 
28.4781 
28.4956 
28.. 51 32 
28.5307 


9.3217 
9.3255 
9.3294 
9.3332 
9.3.370 


2.90849 
2.90902 
2.90956 
2.91009 
2.91062 


1.23457 
1.2.3305 
1.2.3153 
1 23001 
1.22850 


2544.7 
2.547.8 
2551.0 
2.554.1 
2557.3 


515300 
516573 
517848 
519124 
520402 


815 
816 
817 
818 
819 


664225 

665856 
667489 
669124 
670761 


541343375 
543338496 
545338513 
547343432 
549353259 


28.5482 
28.5657 
28.5832 
28.6007 
28.6182 


9.3408 
9.3447 
9.3485 
9.3523 
9.3561 


2.91116 
2.91169 
2.9122-2 
2.91275 
2.91328 


1.22699 
1.22549 
1.22399 
1.22249 
1.22100 


2560.4 
2563.5 
2566.7 
2569.8 
2573.0 


521681 
522962 
524245 
525529 
526814 


820 

821 
822 
823 
824 


672400 
674041 
675684 
677329 
678976 


551368000 
553387661 
555412248 
557441767 
559476224 


28.6356 
28.6531 
28.6705 
28.6880 
28.7054 


9.3599 
9.3637 
9.3675 
9.3713 
9.3751 


2.91381 
2.914.34 
2.91487 
2.91540 
2.91593 


1.21951 
1.21803 
1.21655 
1.21507 
1.21359 


2576.1 
2.579.2 
2582.4 
2585.5 

2588.7 


528102 
529391 
530681 
531973 
533267 


825 
826 
827 
828 
829 


680625 
682276 
683929 
685584 
687241 


561515625 
563559976 
565609283 
567663552 
569722789 


28.7228 
28.7402 
28.7576 
28.7750 

28.7924 


9.3789 
9.3827 
9.3865 
9.3902 
9.3940 


2.91645 
2.91698 
2.91751 
2.91803 
2.91855 


1.21212 
1.21065 
1.20919 
1.20773 
1.20627 


2591 .8 
2595.0 
2598.1 
2601.2 
2604.4 


534562 
535858 
537157 
538456 
539758 


830 

831 
832 
833 
834 


688900 
690561 
692224 
693889 
695556 


571787000 
573856191 
575930368 
578009537 
580093704 


28.8097 
28.8271 
28.8444 
28.8617 
28.8791 


9.3978 
9.4016 
9.4053 
9.4091 
9.4129 


2.91908 
2.91960 
2.92012 
2.92065 
2.92117 


1.20482 
1.20337 
1.20192 
1.20048 
1.19904 


2607.5 
2610.7 
2613.8 
2616.9 
2620.1 


541061 
542365 
543671 
544979 

546288 


835 
836 
837 
838 
839 


697225 

698896 
700569 
702244 
703921 


582182875 
584277056 
586376253 
588480472 
590589719 


28.8964 
28.91.37 
28.9310 
28.9482 
28.9655 


9.4166 
9.4204 
9.4241 
9.4279 
9.4316 


2.92169 
2.92221 
2.92273 
2.92324 
2.92376 


1.19760 
1.19617 
1.19474 
1.19332 
1.19189 


2623.2 

2626.4 
2629.5 
26,32.7 
2635.8 


547599 
548912 
550226 
551541 
552858 


840 
841 
842 
843 
844 


705600 
707281 
708964 
710649 
712336 


592704000 
594823321 
596947688 
599077107 
601211584 


28.9828 
29.0000 
29.0172 
29.0345 
29.0517 


9.4354 
9.4.391 
9.4429 
9.4466 
9.4503 


2.92428 
2.92480 
2.92531 
2.92583 
2.92634 


1.19048 
1.18906 
1.18765 
1.18624 
1.18483 


2638.9 
2642.1 
2645.2 
2648.4 
2651.5 


554177 
555497 
556819 
558142 
559467 


845 

846 
847 
848 
849 


714625 
715716 
717409 
719104 
720801 


603351125 
605495736 
607645423 
609800192 
611960049 


29.0689 
29.0861 
29.1033 
29.1204 
29.1376 


9.4541 
9.4578 
9.4615 
9.4652 
9.4690 


2.92686 
2.92737 
2.92788 
2.92840 
2.92891 


1.18343 
1.18-203 
1.18064 
1.17925 
1.17786 


2654.6 
2657.8 
2660.9 
2664.1 
2667.2 


560794 
562122 
563452 
564783 
566116 


850 
851 
852 
853 
854 


722500 
724201 
725904 
727609 
729316 


614125000 
616295051 
618470208 
620650477 
622835864 


29.1548 
29.1719 
29 1890 
29.2062 
29.2233 


9.4727 
9.4764 
9.4801 
9.4838 
9.4875 


2.92942 
2.92993 
2.93044 
2.93095 
2.93146 


1.17647 
1.17509 
1.17371 
1.17233 
1.17096 


2670.4 
2673.5 
2676.6 
2679.8 
2682.9 


5674.50 
568V86 
570124 
571463 
572803 





^ 



300 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc* 

(CONTINUED.) 





Sq. 


Cube. 


Square 
Root. 


Cube 
Root. 


Log. 


1000 

X 
Recip. 


No. = 


= Dia. 


No. 


Circ'm 


Area. 


855 


731025 


625026375 


29.2404 


9.4912 


2.93197 


1.169.^9 


2686.1 


574146 


856 


732736 


627222016 


29.2575 


9.4949 


2.93247 


1.16822 


2689.2 


575490 


857 


734449 


629422793 


29.2746 


9.4986 


2.93298 


1.16686 


2692.3 


576835 


858 


736164 


631628712 


29.2916 


9.5023 


2.93349 


1.16550 


2695.5 


578182 


859 


737881 


633839779 


29.3087 


9.5060 


2.93399 


1.16414 


2698.6 


579530 


860 


739600 


636056000 


29.3258 


9.5097 


2.93450 


1.16279 


2701.8 


580880 


861 


741321 


638277381 


29.3428 


9.5134 


2.93500 


1.16144 


2704.9 


582232 


862 


743044 


640503928 


29.3598 


9.5171 


2.93551 


1.160U9 


2708.1 


583585 


863 


744769 


642735647 


29.3769 


9.5207 


2.93601 


1.15875 


2711.2 


584940 


864 


746496 


644972544 


29.3939 


9.5244 


2.93651 


1.15741 


2714.3 


586297 


865 


748225 


647214625 


29.4109 


9.5281 


2.93702 


1.15607 


2717.5 


587655 


866 


749956 


649461896 


29.4279 


9.. 5317 


2.93752 


1.15473 


2720.6 


589014 


867 


751689 


651714363 


29.4449 


9.5354 


2.93802 


1.15340 


2723.8 


590375 


868 


753424 


653972032 


29.4618 


9.5391 


2.93852 


1.15207 


2726.9 


591738 


869 


755161 


656234909 


29.4788 


9.5427 


2.93902 


1.15075 


2730.0 


593102 


870 


756900 


658503000 


29.4958 


9.5464 


2.93952 


1 14943 


2733.2 


594468 


871 


758641 


660776311 


29.5127 


9.6501 


2.94002 


1.14811 


2736.3 


595835 


872 


760384 


663054848 


29.5296 


9.5537 


2.94052 


1.14679 


2739.5 


597204 


873 


762129 


665338617 


29.5466 


9.5574 


2.94101 


1.14548 


2742.6 


598575 


874 


763876 


6676276M 


29.5635 


9.5610 


2.94151 


1.14416 


2745.8 


599947 


875 


765625 


669921875 


29.5804 


9 5647 


2.94201 


1.14286 


2748.9 


601320 


876 


767376 


672221376 


29.5973 


9.5683 


2.94250 


1.14155 


2752.0 


602696 


877 


769129 


674526133 


29.6142 


9.5719 


2.94300 


1.14025 


2755.2 


604073 


878 


770884 


676836152 


29.6311 


9.5756 


2.94349 


1.13895 


2758.3 


605451 


879 


772641 


679151439 


29.6479 


9.5792 


2.94399 


1.13766 


2761.5 


606831 


880 


774400 


681472000 


29.6648 


9.5828 


2.94448 


1.13636 


2764.6 


608212 


881 


776161 


683797841 


29.6816 


9.5865 


2.94498 


1.13507 


2767.7 


609595 


882 


777924 


686128968 


29.6985 


9.5901 


2.94547 


1.13379 


2770.9 


610980 


883 


779689 


688465387 


29.7153 


9.5937 


2.94596 


1.13250 


2774.0 


612366 


884 


781456 


690807104 


29.7321 


9.5973 


2.94645 


1.13122 


2777.2 


613754 


885 


783225 


693154125 


29.7489 


9.6010 


2. -94694 


1.12994 


2780.3 


615143 


886 


784996 


695506456 


29.7658 


9.6046 


2.94743 


1.12867 


2783.5 


6165:34 


887 


786769 


697864103 


29.7825 


9.6082 


2.94792 


1.12740 


2786.6 


617927 


888 


788544 


700227072 


29.7993 


9.6118 


2 94841 


1.12613 


2789.7 


619321 


889 


790321 


702595369 


29.8161 


9.6154 


2.94890 


1.12486 


2792.9 


620717 


890 


792100 


704969000 


29.8329 


9.6190 


2.94939 


1.12360 


2796.0 


622114 


891 


793881 


707347971 


29.8496 


9.6226 


2.94988 


1.12233 


2799.2 


623513 


892 


795664 


709732288 


29.8664 


9 6262 


2.95036 


1.12108 


2802.3 


624913 


893 


797449 


712121957 


29.8831 


9.6298 


2.95085 


1.11982 


2805.4 


626315 


894 


799236 


714516984 


29.8998 


9.6334 


2.95134 


1,11857 


2808.6 


627718 


895 


801025 


716917375 


29.9166 


9.6370 


2.95182 


1.11732 


2811.7 


629124 


896 


802816 


719323136 


29.9333 


9.6406 


2.95231 


1.11607 


2814.9 


630530 


897 


804609 


721734273 


29.9500 


9.6442 


2.95279 


1.11483 


2818.0 


631938 


898 


806404 


724150792 


29.9666 


9.6477 


2.95328 


1.11359 


2821.2 


633348 


899 


808201 


726572699 


29.9833 


9.6513 


2.95376 


1.11235 


2824.3 


634760 



^icr 



f*^ 




NATIONAL 


TUBE COMPANY. 301 | 


1 


Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 








(CONTINUED.) 








No. 


Sq. 


Cube. 


Square 
Root. 


Cube 
Root. 


Log. 


1000 

X 
Recip. 


No. = Dia. 1 




Circ'm 


Area. 




900 
901 
902 
903 
904 


810000 
811801 
813604 
815409 
817216 


729000000 
731432701 
733870808 
736314327 
738763264 


30.0000 
30.0167 
30.0333 
30.0500 
30.0666 


9.6549 
9.6585 
9.6620 
9.6656 
9.6692 


2.95424 
2.95472 
2.95521 
2.9.5569 
2.95617 


1.11111 

1.10988 
1.10865 
1.10742 
1.10619 


2827.4 
2830.6 
2833.7 
2836.9 
2840.0 


636173 
637587 
639003 
640421 
641840 




905 
906 
907 
908 
• 909 


819025 
820836 
822649 
8Ji](;j 
826281 


741217625 

743677416 
746142643 
74^613312 
751089429 


30.0832 
30.0998 
30.1164 
30.1330 
30.1496 


9.6727 
9.6763 
9.6799 
9.6834 
9.6870 


2.9.5665 
2.95713 
2.95761 
2.9.5809 
2.95856 


1.10497 
1.10375 
1.10254 
1.10132 
1.10011 


2843.1 
2846.3 
2849.4 
2852.6 

2855.7 


64.3261 
644683 
646107 
647533 
648960 




910 
911 
912 
913 
914 


828100 
829921 
831744 
833569 
835396 


753571000 
756058031 
758550528 
761048497 
763551944 


30.1662 
30.1828 
30.1993 
30.2159 
30.2324 


9.6905 
9.6941 
9.6976 
9 7012 
9.7047 


2.95904 
2.9.5952 
2.95999 
2.96047 
2.96095 


1.09890 
1.09769 
1.09649 
1.09529 
1.09409 


28.58.8 
2862.0 
2865.1 
2868.3 
2871.4 


650388 
651818 
653250 
654684 
656118 




915 
916 
917 
918 
919 


837225 
839056 
840889 
842724 
844561 


766060875 
768575296 
771095213 
773620632 
776151559 


30.2490 
30.26.55 
30.2820 
30.2985 
30.3150 


9.7082 
9.7118 
9.7153 
9.7188 
9.7224 


2.96142 
2.96190 
2.96237 
2.96284 
2.96332 


1.09290 
1.09170 
1.09051 
1.089.32 
1.08814 


2874.6 

2877.7 
2880.8 
2884.0 
2887.1 


657555 
6.58993 
660433 
661874 
663317 




920 
921 
922 
923 
924 


846400 
848241 
850084 
851929 
853776 


778688000 
781229961 

783777448 
786330467 
788889024 


30.3315 

30.3480 
30.3645 
30.3809 
30.3974 


9.7259 
9.7294 
9.7329 
9.7364 
9.7400 


2.96379 
2.96426 
2.96473 
2.96520 
2.96567 


1.08696 
1.08.578 
1.08460 
1.08342 
1.08225 


2890.3 
2893.4 
2896.5 
2899.7 
2902.8 


664761 
666207 
667654 
669103 
670554 




925 
926 
927 
928 
929 


855625 
857476 
859329 
861184 
863041 


791453125 
794022776 
796597983 
799178752 
801765089 


30.4138 
30.4302 
30.4467 
30.4631 
30.4795 


9.7435 

9.7470 
9.7505 
9.7540 
9.7575 


2.96614 
2.96661 
2.96708 
2.967.55 
2.96802 


1.08108 
1.07991 
1.07875 
1.07759 
1.07643 


2906.0 
2909.1 
2912.3 
2915.4 
2918.5 


672006 
673460 
674915 
676372 
677831 




930 
931 
932 
933 
934 


864900 
866761 
868624 
870489 
872356 


804357000 
806954491 
809557568 
812166237 
814780504 


30,4959 
30.. 51 23 
30.5287 
30.. 5450 
30.5614 


9.7610 
9.7645 
9.7680 
9.7715 
9.7750 


2.96848 
2.96895 
2.96942 
2.96988 
2.97035 


1.07527 
1.07411 
1.07296 
1.07181 
1.07066 


2921.7 
2924.8 
2928.0 
2931.1 
2934.2 


679291 
680752 
682216 
683680 
685147 




935 
936 
937 
938 
939 


874225 
87609a 
877969 
879844 

881721 


817400375 
820025856 
822656953 
825293672 
827936019 


30.. 5778 
30.5941 
30.6105 
30.6268 
30.6431 


9.7785 
9.7819 
9.7854 
9.7889 
9.7924 


2.97081 
2.97128 
2.97174 
2 97220 
2.97267 


1.06952 
1.068.38 
1.06724 
1.06610 
1.06496 


2937.4 
2940.5 
2943.7 
2946.8 
2950.0 


686615 
688084 
689555 
691028 
692502 




940 
941 
942 
943 
944 


883600 
885181 
887364 
889249 
891136 


830584000 
833237621 
835896888 
838561807 
841232384 


30.6594 
30.6757 
30.6920 
30.7083 
30.7246 


9.7959 
9.7993 
9.8028 
9.8063 
9.8097 


2.97313 
2.97359 
2.97405 
2.97451 
2.97497 


1.06383 
1.06270 
1.06157 
1.06045 
1.05932 


2953.1 
2956.2 
2959.4 
2962.5 
2965.7 


693978 
695455 
696934 
698415 
699897 




r, J 





^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms, Etc. 

(CONTINUED.) 





Sq. 


Cube. 


Square 
Root. 


Cube 
Root. 


Log. 


1000 

X 

Recip 


No. = Dia. 


No. 


Circ'm 


Area. 


945" 


893025 


843908625 


30.7409 


9.8132 


2.97543 


1.05820 


2968.8 


701380 


946 


894916 


846590536 


30.7571 


9.8167 


2.97589 


1.05708 


2971.9 


702865 


947 


896809 


849278123 


30.7734 


9.8201 


2.97635 


1.05597 


2975.1 


704352 


948 


898704 


851971392 


30.7896 


9.8236 


2.97681 


1.05485 


2978.2 


705840 


949 


900601 


854670349 


30.8058 


9.8270 


2.97727 


1.05374 


2981 4 


707330 


950 


902500 


857375000 


30.8221 


9.8305 


2.97772 


1.05263 


2984.5 


708822 


951 


904401 


860085351 


30.8383 


9.8339 


2.97818 


1.05152 


2987.7 


710315 


952 


906304 


862801408 


30.8545 


9.8374 


2.97864 


1.05042 


2990.8 


711809 


953 


908209 


865523177 


30.8707 


9.8408 


2.97909 


1.04932 


2993.9 


713306 


954 


910116 


868250664 


30.8869 


9.8443 


2.97955 


1.04822 


2997 1 


714803 


955 


912025 


870983875 


30.9031 


9.8477 


2.98000 


1.04712 


3000.2 


716303 


956 


913936 


873722816 


30.9192 


9.8511 


2.98046 


1.04603 


3003.4 


717804 


957 


915849 


876467493 


30.9354 


9.8546 


2.98091 


1.04493 


3006.5 


719306 


958 


917764 


879217912 


30.9516 


9.8580 


2.98137 


1.04384 


3009.6 


720810 


959 


919681 


881974079 


30.9677 


9.8614 


2.98182 


1.04275 


3012.8 


722316 


960 


921600 


884736000 


30.9839 


9.8648 


2.98227 


1.04167 


3015.9 


723823 


961 


923521 


887503681 


31.0000 


9.8683 


2.98272 


1.04058 


3019.1 


725332 


962 


925444 


890277128 


31.0161 


9.8717 


2.98318 


1.03950 


3022.2 


726842 


963 


927369 


893056347 


31.0322 


9.8751 


2.98363 


1.03842 


3025.4 


728354 


964 


929296 


895841344 


31.0483 


9.8785 


2.98408 


1.03734 


3028.5 


729867 


965 


931225 


898632125 


31.0644 


9.8819 


2.98453 


1.03627 


3031.6 


731382 


966 


933156 


901428696 


31.0805 


9.8854 


2.98498 


1.03520 


3034.8 


732899 


967 


935089 


904231063 


31.0966 


9.8888 


2.98543 


1.03413 


3037.9 


734417 


968 


937024 


907039232 


31.1127 


9.8922 


2.98588 


1.03306 


3041.1 


735937 


969 


938961 


909853209 


31.1288 


9.8956 


2.98632 


1.03199 


3044.2 


737458 


970 


940900 


912673000 


31.1448 


9.8990 


2.98677 


1.03093 


3047.3 


738981 


971 


942841 


915498611 


31.1609 


9.9024 


2.98722 


1.02987 


3050.5 


740506 


972 


944784 


918330048 


31.1769 


9.9058 


2.98767 


1.02881 


3053.6 


742032 


973 


946729 


921167317 


31.1929 


9.9092 


2.98811 


1.02775 


3056.8 


743559 


974 


948676 


924010424 


31.2090 


9.9126 


2.98856 


1.02669 


3059.9 


745088 


975 


950625 


926859375 


31.2250 


9.9160 


2 98900 


1.02564 


3063.1 


746619 


976 


952576 


929714176 


31.2410 


9.9194 


2.98945 


1.02459 


3066.2 


748151 


977 


954529 


932574833 


31.2570 


9.9227 


2.98989 


1.02354 


3069.3 


749685 


978 


956484 


935441352 


31.2730 


9.9261 


2.99034 


1.02249 


3072.5 


751221 


979 


958441 


938313739 


31.2890 


9.9295 


2.99078 


1.02145 


3075.6 


752758 


980 


960400 


941192000 


31.3050 


9.9329 


2.99123 


1.02041 


3078.8 


754296 


981 


962361 


944076141 


31.3209 


9.9363 


2.99167 


1.01937 


3081.9 


755837 


982 


964324 


946966168 


31.3369 


9.9396 


2.99211 


1.01833 


3085.0 


757378 


983 


966289 


949862087 


31.3528 


9.9430 


2.99255 


1.01729 


3088.2 


758922 


984 


968256 


952763904 


31.3688 


9.9464 


2.99300 


1.01626 


3091.3 


760466 


985 


970225 


955671625 


31.3847 


9.9497 


2.99344 


1.01523 


3094.5 


762013 


986 


972196 


958585256 


31.4006 


9.9531 


2.99388 


1.01420 


3097.6 


763561 


987 


974169 


961504803 


31.4166 


9.9565 


2.99432 


1.01317 


3100.8 


765111 


988 


976144 


964430272 


31.4325 


9.9598 


2.99476 


1.01215 


3103.9 


766662 


989 


978121 


967361669 


31.4484 


9.9632 


2.99520 


1.01112 


3107.0 


768214 



^!fr 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



303 



Squares^ Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Logarithms^ Etc. 

(CONTINUED.) 



No. 


Sq. 


Cube. 


Square 
Root. 


Cube 
Root. 


Log. 


1000 

X 

Recip. 


No. = Dia. 


Circ'm 


Area. 


990 
991 
992 
993 
994 

995 
996 
997 
998 
999 


980100 
982081 
984064 
986049 
988036 

990025 
992016 
994009 
996004 
998001 


970299000 
973242271 
976191488 
979146657 
982107784 

985074875 
988047936 
991026973 
994011992 
997002999 


31.4643 
31.4802 
31.4960 
31.5119 

31.5278 

31.5436 
31.5595 
31.5753 
31.5911 
31.6070 


9.9666 
9.9699 
9.9733 
9.9766 
9.9800 

9.9833 
9.9866 
9.9900 
9.9933 
9.9967 


2.99564 
2.99607 
2.99651 
2.99695 
2.99739 

2.99782 
2.99826 
2.99870 
2.99913 
2.99957 


1.01010 
1.00908 
1.00806 
1.00705 
1.00604 

1.00503 
1.00402 
1.00301 
1.00200 
1.00100 


3110.2 
3113.3 
3116.5 
3119.6 

3122.7 

3125.9 
3129.0 
3132.2 
3135.3 
3138.5 


769760 
771325 
772882 
774441 
776002 

777564 
779128 
780693 

782260 
783828 



i. 



i 



^ 




^ 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



307 



INDEX TO TABLES OF STANDARD 

DIMENSIONS OF TUBULAR 

GOODS. 



^ 



Axle bearings, bushing forgings for 

Bearings, bushing forgings for 
Bedstead tubing .... 
Bends, offset pipe bends . 

" pipe bends 

" stock pipe bends 
Black standard weight pipe 
Boiler tubes, cold drawn . 

" " special sizes 

" " standard 

Boiler shells, seamless 
Bowl forgings for separators 
Bushing forgings for axle bearings 

Caps for carbonic acid cylinders . 
Carbonic acid cylinders 
Casing, couplings for 

" lap-welded 

Cold drawn tubes, description and uses of 

" " tubing for boilers, locomotives, etc. 
" " tubes, tables of . . . 

Collar flanges, cast-iron ..... 
Converse lock joint fittings 

" patent lock joint for pipe 
Couplings for drive pipe . . . . . 
" " line pipe .... 

" "^ " regular casing . . . . 
" " steam, gas and water pipe 

*' " tubing . . . . . 

Cylinders, special 8" seamless 

" standard 5" and 8" seamless 

" standard 5" lap- welded 

3" to 20" seamless 



PAGE 

. 91 

. 91 
. 14 

. 44 
41-44 

. 43 
2 

. 73 
. 13 
10,11 
. 90 

. 91 
. 91 

. 90 

83-89 

. 16 

6, 7 

. 72 

. 73 

77-81 

21,25 

28-32 

27 

. 18 

17 

. 16 

15 

. 18 

86 

83-85 

89 

87,88 



33^ 



^ 



308 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



^ 



Deflections of National trolley poles . . 46-67 

Double extra strong pipe . . . . . . 4 

Double riveted pipe flanges . . . . 23, 25 

Drawn tubing, uses of ..... 70-72 

Drive pipe ........ 8 

" " couplings . . . . . . .18 

Kxtra strong pipe ...... 3 

Fittings, Converse joint fittings 

" Matheson '< " ... 

Flanges, cast-iron collar .... 

" " " double riveted 

" " " single " 

" " " lugged for special light pipe 

" " " " pump column 

" Master Steam Fitters' standard 

" solid welded ..... 

" threaded, cast-iron .... 
Floats, seamless . . . . . ~. 
Flush joint pipe and tubing .... 
Franklin ite locomotive boiler tubes 

Galvanized standard weight pipe . 

Gas pipe couplings ..... 

Heating surface of pipe .... 

Hot finished seamless tubes . 

Hydraulic forgings 

Joint, Converse lock . . . . .27 

" Matheson 33 

Lap- welded casing ....... 6 

" " cylinders ...... 89 

" " pipe, special light with flanges . 19,25 
" " " with collar flanges . . 21,25 

" double riveted flanges . 23,25 
" " " " single riveted flanges 22, 25 

" " " " Converse lock joint . . 27 



28-32 


33 


-36 


21 


25 


23, 


25 


22, 


25 


19 


25 


20, 


25 




26 


24, 


25 




26 




90 




9 




12 




2 




15 




5 


74-76 


90, 


91 







NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 


309 


I^ap-welded pipe with Matheson joint , 


. 33 


" " " " solid welded flanges 


24,25 


" " pump columns and flanges 


. 20 


" " tuyere pipe . . . . . 


. 14 


lyarge size O. D, pipe ..... 


9 


Ivight lap-welded pipe with cast-iron lugged flanges 19, 25 1 1 


Ivine pipe . ...... 


8 


Line pipe couplings . . • . . 


. 17 


Lock joint, Converse . . . 


. 27 


Locomotive boiler tubes, cold drawn 


. 73 


" " " lap welded, special brands 12 | 


Lugged flanges, cast-iron for special light pipe 


19, 25 


" " " " pump column 


20, 25 


Master Steam Fitters' standard pipe flanges . 


. 26 


Matheson joint fittings ..... 


34-36 


patent pipe joint . . . 


. 33 


Mechanical tubes, cold drawn .... 


. 73 


National trolley poles 


46-67 


Oil well tubing ...... 


. 8 


Pipe bends 


41-44 


" couplings, see couplings 




" flanges, see flanges 




" joint, flush ...... 


. 9 


Projectile forgings ..... 


. 91 


Protecting caps for carbonic acid cylinders 


. 90 


Pump columns and pump column flanges 


. 20 


Radii for pipe bends ..... 


. 42 


Riveted pipe flanges . . . . .22 


23, 25 


Salamander locomotive boiler tubes 


. 12 


Seamless boiler shells ..... 


. 90 


" cold drawn boiler tubes 


. 73 


" " " tubes . . . 


77-81 


•' cylinders ..... 


83-88 


" " illustrations of . 


83, 87 




— n^ 



^ 



310 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 

Seamless cylinders 3" to 20" diameter . 87, 88 

*' drawn tubing, description and uses of 70-72 

floats 90 

hot finished tubes . . . 74-76 

tubular goods .... 70-91 

Separator bowl and tubular forgings . . • 91 

Shrapnel forgings 90 

Single riveted pipe flanges . . . . 22, 25 

Solid welded flanges 24, 25 

Special 8" seamless cylinders for carbonic acid . 86 

Special light lap -welded pipe with flanges . . 19, 25 

' ' sizes of boiler tubes ..... 13 

" steel lap-welded pipe with Converse joint . 27 

" " " " " Matheson joint 33 

Standard boiler tubes 10, 11 

" couplings for drive pipe . . . . 18 

" '* " line pipe .... 17 

" " " regular casing . . .16 

" " " steam, gas and water pipe 15 

" " tubing . . . .18 

" double extra strong pipe . . . .4 

" drive pipe ...... 8 

" extra strong pipe . . . . .3 

" line pipe ....... 8 

" oil well tubing . . . . . .8 

" seamless cylinders 5" and 8" . . 83-85 
' ' weight pipe, black and galvanized . . 2 

Steam pipe couplings 15 

Stock pipe bends . . . . . . .43 

Swelled tube ends 37 

Threaded cast-iron pipe flanges . ... .26 

Trolley pole dimensions and deflections. . 46-67 

Tubes, bent 41 

" seamless cold drawn . . . . 77-81 

hot finished .... 74-76 

' ' special brands locomotive boiler tubes . 12 

*' " sizes of boiler tubes . . . .13 



^ 



^ 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 311 



Tubes, standard boiler tubes .... 10 

" with upset ends . . . . . 37-40 

Tubing, bedstead ....... 14 

" couplings for . . . . . .18 

oil well 8 

" seamless cold drawn for boilers, etc , . 73 

Tubular forgings for separators . . . .91 

Tuyere pipe. ........ 14 

Upset and swelled tube ends .... 37 
tube ends 37-40 

Valve protecting caps for carbonic acid cylinders 90 

Water pipe couplings, black and galvanized . . 15 
Welded flanges, pipe with .... 24-25 

Working barrels ....... 82 



^ ^ ^ 



312 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 

INDEX TO USEFUL INFORMATION, 



PAGE 

Absolute temperature ...... 164 

" zero ....... 164 

Acid Bessemer process . . . . . . 201 

" open hearth process ..... 202 

Acids in feed-water . . . . . .96 

Adiabatic compression and expansion of air, 165, 166, 172 
After-coolers for air compressors . . . 176 

Air 164-192 

" adiabatic compression and expansion of, 165, 166, 172 

" Boyle's law for 164 

'• Charles' and Ga}' Lussac's law for . . 164 

" composition of ...... 164 

" compression of 165-171 

" compressors ...... 175-180 

" " after-coolers for .... 176 

compound .... 175-177 

" " capacity of .... . 180 

" ejQficiency of, at different altitudes 178-179 

" " horse-power required for 

" " inter-coolers for 

'' " saving due to compounding 

" corrosion caused by air in water . 

•• expansion of .... . 

' • flow of, through pipes .... 

" " " " orifices 

' ' in feed water ...... 

" isothermal compression and expansion of 

" pressure curves of . ... 

" resistance to flow by valves, etc. 

" saturated with vapor 

' ' specific heat of .... . 

weight of . 

" work of compression .... 166-170 

Analysis of water ....... 98 





180 


175 


-178 




177 




96 


165, 


166 


183 


-192 


. 


182 




96 


167 


172 




172 




190 


. 


181 




165 


164, 


181 



^55= 



"S^ 





313 ' 


NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 


Basic Bessemer process 


. 201 


' ' open hearth process 


. 203 


Bearing vahie of rivets 


. 228 


Bending moments of beams, etc . 


. 212,213 


Bessemer process for making steel 


. 201 


Boilers, acid in feed-water 


. 96 


" air in feed- water 


96 


" chimneys for. .... 


158-161 


" commercial horse-power of 


. 152 


" corrosion in . 


. 96-98 


" evaporation, unit of . 


. 152 


*' factors of evaporation, table of 


137 


" feed-water heaters 


.154 


" feed water, impurities in 


. 95-98 


" grease and oil in. 


96-98 


" horse-power of ... . 


152, 153 


" impurities in feed-water 


85-98 


" incrustation . . . . . 


. 95-98 


" lime in feed-water 


. 95 97, 98 


' ' moisture in steam 


153 


" mud in feed-water 


95, 97 


" non-conducting coverings 


. 147 


" oil and grease in . . . 


. 96-98 


" power of boilers 


. 152, 153 


" pressure, safe working 


157, 222 


' ' prevention of corrosion 


95-98 


" " " scaling 


95, 97, 98 


' ' salt in feed-water 


. 96 


" strength of . 


157, 218, 222 


" treatment of impure feed-water . 


95-98 


' ' unit of evaporation 


. . 152 


Bolts, strain in 


. 244 


' ' strength of 


. 243 


' ' weight of 


. 231 


Boyle's law for air and gas 


. 164 


Brake horse-power . . 


152 


Brass plate, weight of . . 


. 236, 237 


British thermal unit . . . 


134 


'i-i ' — 


r^ 



^ 




■*"^1 


1 314 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 






1 

Burners, services for . . . 




196 


Bursting pressure of pipes, etc. 


217 


-223 


Capacity of air compressors 




180 


" " cisterns and tanks. 


. 


122 


" " cylindrical vessels 




119 


" pipes 




118 


" " rectangular tanks 




123 


Cementation process for making steel . 




200 


Charles' and Gay Lussac's law 




164 


Chimneys for boilers ..... 


158, 


161 


Circle, properties of .... 




260 


" table of , by eighths 


. 


271 


" " from 1 to 1000 




281 


Cisterns, capacity of .... . 


. 


122 


Commercial horse-power of boilers 




152 


Composition of air . . . . . 


. 


164 


" of water .... 




94 


Compound air compressors . . . . 


175, 


177 


Compound units, Metric and U. S. . 




253 


Compressors of air 


165, 


171 


Compressors for air .... 


. 175, 


180 


Condensation of steam in pipes . 




149 


Conversion table, Metric and U. S. 


. 


251 


Corrosion in boilers and tubes 


96 


98 


Cosines, table of .... . 


, 


268 


Cotangents ....... 




270 


Coverings for steam pipes 




147 


Cubes of numbers, table of . 




281 


Cylinder heads, strength of . . . 


■ 


223 


Decimals of an inch for each 1-64 . 




235 


" " a foot for each inch 


. 


235 


Deflection of beams 




212 


" pipes .... 


. 212-217 II 


Density of water 




94 


1 Depth of pump suction ... 




131 


1 Discharge of water from orifices and nozzles 




124 


i _ 







^ NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 315 ^ 



Discharge of water from pipes . 102, 105, 107, 108, 113 
Dry steam, definition of , . . . . 134 

Effective head for water pipes ..... 112 
" thickness of pipe ..... 217 

Efficiency of bolts 242 

" " air compressors . . . 178, 179 

Elastic limit, definition of .... . 210 

" " of materials ..... 206 

Elastic material . 210 

Elasticity, modulus of .... 206, 210 

Electrical equivalents 253-256 

Equivalents, mechanical, electrical and heat 249, 253-256 
" trigonometrical ..... 262 

Evaporation, unit of ..... . 152 

Expansion of air . . . , . . 165, 166 

Factor of safety .209 

Factors of evaporation, table of .... 137 

Feed-water heaters ...... 154 

Feed- water, impurities in .... 95-98 

Fifth roots and fifth powers . . . .277 

Flow of air in pipes 183-192 

" " gas " " 194,195 

" " steam in pipes ..... 142-147 
" "water" " . 101,105,107,110,112,113 

" " air through orifices ..... 182 
" " gas " " . . . . 194, 195 

" " steam" " .... 140, 141 

" " water " "...'.. 124 

Frictional heads 110-112 

Frost, trouble from, in gas pipes . . 194, 195 

Gas 194-198 

flow of, in pipes . . . " . . 194, 195 
frost, trouble from ...... 195 

holders, weight of . . . . . . 197 

services for burners . . . . .196 

vapor contained in . ... 196 

^1 n ^ 



^ 



316 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



'^^^ 



Gauges, standard . . . . . . 234 

Gay l/ussac's law . . . . . . . 164 

Grease in boilers ..... 96-98 

Head, definition of . . . . .101, 107 

effective .112 

" frictional 110-112 

' ' of water for given discharge . . . 102 

table of pressures due to . . . .99 

Heads, strength of cylinder .... 223 

Heat equivalents 249, 253-256 

" intensity ....... 253 

" loss from steam pipes .... 149, 150 

" mechanical equivalent of .... 164 

" specific heat of gases ... 165 

steam . . . . .134 

Horse-power, definition of ... . 151, 152 

' ' equivalents of . . . . . 249 

of boilers 152, 153 

" of engines .... 151, 154 

" of flowing water 

" of water-wheels 

" required for air compressors 

House-service pipes . ... 

Impurities in water ... 

Incrustation of boilers and pipes 
Indicated horse-power . ... 

Inertia, moment of. .... 

Inter-coolers for air compressors 

Internal bursting pressure .... 

Iron and steel ...... 

" " " tenacity of at different temperatures 
Iron , weight of plate ..... 

Isothermal compression and expansion of air, 



Latent heat of steam 
Lime in feed-water 
IvOgarithms, table of 



. 126 

. 126 

. 180 

113 

95-98 
- 95-98 

. 151 
211, 213 

175-178 
217-223 
200-208 
207, 208 
236-239 
167, 172 

. 134 

95, 97, 98 

. 281 



^13c 



irP 





^ 


NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 


317 


Mathematical tables ..... 


. 267 


Measurement of water 


. 126 


Measures .... . . 


246 


'' Metric System of . . . 


. 249 


Measure of work and power 


. . 249 


Mechanical equivalents .... 249, 253-256 1 1 


Mechanical equivalent of heat 


. 164 


Mensuration ...... 


. 258-261 


Metric conversion tables .... 


. 251 


Metric system of weights and measures . 


. 249 


Modulus of elasticity 


206,210 


Modulus of section, definition of 


. 213 


table of . . 


. 211 


Moisture in steam ..... 


. 153 


Moment of inertia, definition of 


. 213 


" " table of 


211 


Mud in feed-water .... 


95, 97 


Non-conducting coverings 


. 147 


Nuts, size of ...... 


232, 233 


" weight of . * . 


. 231-233 


Oil in boilers .... 


96-98 


Pelton water-wheel .... 


. 126, 127 


Pillars, strength of wrought iron 


. 224 


Pipe, effective thickness of . . . 


. 217 


" hangers for ..... 


. 216 


" sag of ..... . 


. 217 


" equivalents ...... 


114, 146 


Pipes, flow of air in . 


. 183-192 


" " " steam in .... 


. 142 


" ^^ "water in . . 103,104,107,108,113 | 


" relative discharge of steam 


. 146 


" " " " water 


. 114 


" water capacity of . . . . 


. 118 


Plastic material ..... 


. 210 


Plates, weight of ... 


236-239 


Polygons, regular . . . . 


. 259,260 


^n • 


—^ 





; 


318 NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY 




Power of boilers, . . 


152, 153 


" " engines .... 


. 151,154 


" " water fall. .... 


. 135 


" " " wheels .... 


. 125-127 


required to raise water 


. 130 


Powers, fifth ...... 


. 277 


' ' second and third . 


. 281 


Pressure curves of air 


. 172 


" internal bursting . 


217-223 


' ' of water column 


. 94 


under different heads 


99 


Pressures safe for boilers 


. 157, 222 


" safe for cast iron pipes 


. 115 


Prevention of corrosion and incrustation 


95-98 


Properties of the circle 


. 260 


" saturated steam 


. 136, 139 


Pump suction , depth of . . . 


. 131 


Pumping hot water .... 


. 131 


Pumps and pumping engines 


. 130 


Regular polygons ..... 


. 259, 260 


Relative discharging capacities of pipes 


. 114 


Resistance to flow by bends, etc. 


. 144, 190 


Rivets, strength of .... 


. 228 


' ' weight of .... . 


. 230 


Roots, table of fifth .... 


. 277 


" " " square and cube 


. 281 


Safety factors ..... 


. 209 


Safe pressures for cast-iron pipes 


. 115 


Safe working pressures in boilers 


. 157 


Sag of pipe ...... 


. 217 


Salt in feed -water .... 


96 


Saturated steam, definition of 


. 134 


" properties of 


136, 139 


Screw-threads . . . . • 


. 240-242 


Services for gas burners. 


. 196 


Shearing strength of materials 


. 206,210 


i^:: " "^'^^'^ • • 


. 228 ■ 









01^. 

319 ■ 




NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 


Sheet metal, weight of . . 


. 236-339 


Sines, 


table of . . . . . 


. 267 


Size of nuts ...... 


. 232, 233 


Solids, 


volumes of ..... 


. 261 


Specifications for steel .... 


202 


Specific gravity of steam .... 


. 135 


Specifi 


c heat of air .... 


. 165 


«' 


" " steam 


. 134 


Square 


; roots, table of .... 


. 281 


Squares of numbers, table of . . . 


. 281 


Standard gauges ..... 


. 234 


" 


screw-threads .... 


240-242 


" 


specifications for steel 


. 202 


Steam and steam apparatus 


134-161 


" 


condensation in pipes 


149 


" 


coverings for vSteam pipes 


. 147 


" 


dry, definition of . 


134 


<< 


factors of evaporation, table of 


. 137 


" 


feed-water heaters 


145 


" 


flow of from orifices 


140, 141 


" 


" " in pipes 


142-147 


" 


heat loss from pipes 


149, 150 


" 


horse-power of boilers 


152, 153 


" 


" " " engines 


151,154 


" 


latent heat of ... . 


134 


" 


moisture in .... . 


134, 153 


" 


non-conducting coverings 


147 


" 


pipe coverings .... 


147 


" 


" equivalents 


146 


" 


power of boilers . . ' . 


152, 153 


" 


"engines 


. 151, 154 


" 


properties of saturated . 


136, 139 


«' 


resistance to flow by bends, etc . 


. 144 


" 


safe working pressures in boilers . 


157 


" 


saturated, definition of 


. 134 


" 


' ' table of properties of 


. 136, 139 


( ( 


specific gravity of ... . 


135 


" 


heat of . 


. 134 



^ 



^ 



^ 



320 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 



^ 



Steam, super-heated, definition of 

" " " example of . . . 

unit of evaporation .... 
" wet, definition of .... 

" " example " 

Steel 

" properties of . . . . . 

" specifications for ..... 

" tenacity of, at different temperatures 
" weight of plate ..... 

Strain ........ 

Strain in bolts ...... 

Strength of boilers . . . . 157, 

" bolts . . . . . 

" " cylinders against bursting 

" " cylinder heads 

" " iron and steel at high temperatures 

" " materials ..... 

" " rivets ..... 

" " pipes . . . . . 

" " wrought iron pillars 
Stress ........ 

Suction, depth of . ... 

Superheated steam, definition of . . . 

" " example of . . . 

Tangents, table of 

Tanks, capacity of . 

Temperature conversion formula 

Tenacity of metals at different temperatures . 

Treatment of impure feed -water . 

Triangles, solution of .... . 

Trigonometry ...... 

Unit of evaporation ..... 

" " work ...... 

" working strength, definition of 

" shearing " 
Units, compound, Metric and U. S. 



. 134 
. 153 

. 152 
. 134 

153 
200-208 

206 
202-205 
207, 208 
236-239 

209 

244 
218 222 

243 
217-223 

223 
207, 208 
204-208 
. 228 
213-227 
. 224 

209 
. 131 

134 
. 154 



122, 



269 

123 

. 253 

. 207 

95-98 

264-266 

262-266 

. 152 

. 151 

. 209 

. 210 

. 253 



^ 



^: 



A 



NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 


321 


Vapor contained in air ... 


. 181 


'* gas . . . 


. 196 


Velocity of discharge .... 


101, 105, 107 


Vessels, capacity of cylindrical 


. 119 


Volumes of solids .... 


. .261 


Water 


. 94-131 




' acids in feed-water 


. 96 




analysis of . . 


. 98 




* capacity of cistern y and tanks 


. 122 




i <( (> cyiincirical vessels 


. 119 




' " " pipes 


. 118 




' " " rectangular tanks 


. 123 


' 


• composition of . 


94 




' depth of suction .... 


. 131 




' diameter of pipe for given discharge 


103-109 




' discharge from orifices and nozzles 


124 




" pipes 102, 105, 


107, 108, 113 




" " relative . 


114 




* effective head .... 


112 


; 


' flow of, in pipes . 101, 105, 107 


110, 112, 113 




" " " house service pipes . 


113 




' frictional heads ..... 


. 110 




' grease and oil in boilers 


. 96-98 




' greatest density of ... 


. 94 




head, definition of . . . 


101, 107 




' "in feet for given discharge 


. 102 




' ' ' table of pressures due to 


99 




' horse power of flowing water 


126 




" " water-wheels 


126 




' impurities in . 


95-98 




' lime in feed-water 


. 95, 97, 98 


; 


' measurements of . 


. 129 




' miners' inch .... 


. 129 




mud in feed -water .... 


. 95 




' oil and grease in boilers 


. 96-98 




• power of water fall 


. 125 


45^ 


" " *• wheels. 


125-127 



^ 



t^ 




^ 


322 


NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY. 




Water 


, power required to raise water 


. 130 ' 


" 


pressure of water column . 


94 


■■ 


under dififerent heads 


. 99 


" 


pressures, safe for cast-iron pipes 


. .115 




prevention of corrosion and incrustation 


. 95-98 ^ 


" 


pump suction, depth of . . . 


. 131 1 


" 


pumping hot water .... 


. 131 i 


" 


pumps for water .... 


130 ' 


" 


relative discharging capacities of pipes . 


. 114 


<< 


salt in feed-water . . 


96 ,| 


" 


suction, depth of 


. 131 

im- 


" 


tabular view of troubles, etc., caused by 




purities in feed-water 


. 97 •; 


" 


treatment of impure 


95-98 ' 


" 


velocity of discharge ... 101 


, 105,107 - 


" 


wheels and motors . . . 


125-127 


•' 


weight of ..... . 


. 94 


" 


" "in pipes .... 


12,1 


Weight of air . . . . . 


164, 181 


" 


" bolts and nuts . . . . 


231 


" 


" rivets 


230 


" 


" sheet and plate metal 


236 


" 


" water 


94 


'■ 


" " in pipes . . . . 


. 121 


Weights and measures .... 


246.- 


" 


of gas-holders ..... 


. 197 I 


" 


Metric system of . . 


. 249 


Wet steam, definition of .... 


. 134^ 


" 


' ' example of .... 


154 i 


Work 


, definition of . . 


. 151 


it 


unit of ..... . 


• 151 j 


Work of compression of air .... 


167, 170 ] 


Working strength, definition of . . 


. 209 i 


■ . • 


ir^^au 


ll 



^Or 









*o 



o^.-^J^v--^^ 




""> 














t^d« 



C" » 



.■?- 



H°<. 











<J> 



^ 



:» '^..^^ •' 








„ OOBBS BROS. 

LlBIUBy BlNOliia 



*;J««i - re -J 





FLA. >i 



32084 -^^ Q« 






UBRARV0FC0NC1KS 




i 003 299 926 8 • 



